Substation Automation and REL 670 Line Distance

Protection Training Protection IED

Distance protection basics

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

1

The principle of distance protection

ZK=Uk/ Ik

Uk Uk=0
Zk metallic fault

A B

Z< Ik
The impedance is proportional to the distance!
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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The principle of distance protection
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

3

The principle of distance protection

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

4
The principle of distance protection
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

5

The principle of distance protection

Reach (measurement)
independent of fault
current level
ABB AB, 2007

Local current and voltage measurement.

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

I can measure the fault distance.

I can put some timers..

What can I do?

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

7

Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

A B C

Z< Z<

Distance protection has different functional zones with different

impedance reaches
With a combination of distance reach setting and functional delay
for each zone selectivity is relatively easy to achieve.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

A B C

Z< Z< Z< Z<

t3
t2
t1
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

9

Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

A B C

f1 f2

Z< Z<

t3
t2
t1
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

10
Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

A B C

f3

Z< Z< Z< Z<

t3
t2
t1
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

11

Which characteristic area? Metallic fault

The relay measures one impedance

The impedance is a vector in the

impedance plane (phasor).

For a metallic fault (fault resistance =

0), the distance is proportional to the
line impedance ZL.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Which characteristic area? Resistive fault

The relay measures the sum between

line impedance (if fault at 100% of the
line) and the fault resistance

The impedance is a vector in the

impedance plane (phasor).
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

13

Radial feeder mapping of faults in Z plane

How will a resistive fault look like in the impedance plane?

I Z1
L1

Z1
L2
Tower Footing Resistance
R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
Z1
L3 R1
ZN

N
Z1
I ZN R2

R3

R4

R5
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Radial feeder Quadrilateral characteristic
The white region is the impedance locus we want to cover with the distance
protection characteristic.

R1
ZN

Z1

R2

R3

R4

R5
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Quadrilateral vs. MHO characteristics

Short line Long line

X X
RF
Quad

Rf Mho

ZL ZL

LOAD LOAD
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Power mapped in the Impedance Plane
From Power data to PHS load data:
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Power mapped in the Impedance Plane

jX

R
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Resistive fault, double infeed

VA = Z A I A + (I A + I B ) RF VA I +I
Zm = = Z A + A B RF
IA IA
The fault has more or less fault resistance.
If the fault is an arcing fault the fault resistance is normally very small.
The influence of the fault resistance depends on the fault current
infeed from the remote line end.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

19

Resistive fault, double infeed

The fault resistance seen by the UNDERREACH!

distance protection can be
I A + IB
increased compared to its real RF
value. IA
RF

I A + IB
Zm = Z A + RF
IA ZA

Fault resistance settings according to radial feeder settings may not

be enough. SOLUTION IS IN SETTINGS.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Resistive fault, double infeed load export
The apparent fault resistance OVERREACH!
can also get a phase shift,
depending on the load
conditions before the load.
There is a risk that zone 1 will
trip for faults outside its border RF
on the reactive direction!.
I A + IB
I A + IB RF
Zm = Z A + RF ZA IA
IA

SOLUTION IS IN THE DISTANCE PROTECTION ALGORITHM

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

21

Resistive fault, double infeed load export and import

A Import
B
Export
ZL

Um Um No compensation
Z< Z<

Dynamic
Import
Export compensation X
X

ZL

R
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Export of load compensation for ZM01

Automatic dynamic
No compensation:
compensation:
ZM02, ZM03, , ZM05
ZM01
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

23

Remote faults and remote back-up

Due to fault current contribution substation B (not seen by

relay in A), the distance protection in station A will measure
a higher impedance than the "true" impedance to the fault.
The relay will underreach and this means in practice it can
be diffcult to get a remote back-up.
A B IB2
ZL IA

IB1 If=IA+IB1+IB2
UA ZF

Z<

VA = Z L I A + (I A + I B1 + I B 2 ) Z F
VA I +I +I
Zm = = Z L + A B1 B 2 Z F
IA IA
SOLUTION IS IN LARGER SETTINGS and in the use of
DIFFERENT SETTING GROUPS
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Remote faults and remote back-up
X ZM04 Remote back-up
Remote fault I
want to see

ZM03 Remote back-up

ZM02
LOAD
ZM01

ZM05
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Remote faults and remote back-up

X ZM04 Remote back-up Remote fault I
want to see

BUT I CANT SEE

BECAUSE
I HAVE REDUCED
THE RESISTIVE REACH!
ZM03 Remote back-up

ZM02
LOAD
ZM01

ZM05
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Remote faults and remote back-up
X ZM04 Remote back-up
Remote fault I
want to see

A
RE
NTA
E
HM
O AC
CR
ZM03 Remote back-up
D EN
L OA

ZM02
LOAD
ZM01

ZM05
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Additional applications

Isolated or High Impedance Grounded Networks

Series Compensated Lines

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Isolated Networks

First ground fault (A):

Distance protections (Z<1 and

Z<2) cannot see any fault.
There is almost no fault
current.

UL1 drops in the network

There is a phase-ground fault,

but the system can be kept
energized and can continue to
run.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Isolated Networks

Second ground fault (B):

Distance protections (Z<1 and

Z<2) will see this as 2-phase
fault:
UL1 and UL2 drop in the
network.
Both relays would trip three-
phase.

We want to trip only one line

instead, and keep the system
running with one ground-fault.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Isolated Networks Phase preference Logic

The logic is controlled by

3I0, 3U0 and cross-country fault
detection.

When a cross country fault is

detected (fault presence in more
than one phase), only one line is
tripped, according to the phase
preference logic:

cyclic 132, 312

acyclic 132, 123, 321, 312, 213, 231
acyclic bl. 132, 123, 321, 312, 213, 231
no preference
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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