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Edhie - IR4UHC Learning Jkki

This document discusses Indonesia's national health insurance program, JKN. It provides evidence from surveys and studies on JKN's implementation and impact. Charts show trends in government health spending and private out-of-pocket spending declining as JKN enrollment increases. While JKN enrollment has reached 70% of the population, coverage may be uneven, with lower coverage among private sector and informal workers. The government contributes substantially to JKN's financing.

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Imam Rizaldi
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
51 views29 pages

Edhie - IR4UHC Learning Jkki

This document discusses Indonesia's national health insurance program, JKN. It provides evidence from surveys and studies on JKN's implementation and impact. Charts show trends in government health spending and private out-of-pocket spending declining as JKN enrollment increases. While JKN enrollment has reached 70% of the population, coverage may be uneven, with lower coverage among private sector and informal workers. The government contributes substantially to JKN's financing.

Uploaded by

Imam Rizaldi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Riset Implementasi:

Proses Pembelajaran untuk


Menguatkan Penyelenggaraan JKN

Edhie Santosa Rahmat, MD, MSc


Penasehat untuk Penguatan Sistem Kesehatan
USAID Indonesia Office of Health
Jl. Budi Kemuliaan I No. 1 Jakarta 10110
[email protected]

1
25 Oktober 2017
Source: http://www.healthfinancingafrica.org/home/a-picture-is-worth-a-thousand-words-what-if-
we-sketched-universal-healthcoverage-together
KERANGKA PRESENTASI

1. Bukti-bukti dari Survey/Studi (NHA,


Susenas, Studi Viabilitas JKN dll)
2. Riset Implementasi - JKN
3. Pembelajaran

3
25 Oktober 2017
OOP = Proksi Perlindungan JKN
Prastuti Suwondo, 2017 INAHEA, Pre-session on JKN Financial Viability
160.0 41.4% 225.0 68.1% 67.6% 64.5% 70.0%
37.2% 40.0% 61.9%
140.0 34.6% 200.0 57.8%
35.0% 60.0%
31.0% 31.5%
120.0 175.0
30.0% 50.0%
150.0
100.0

IDR Trillion
IDR trillion

25.0% 40.0%
125.0
80.0 20.0%
100.0 30.0%
60.0 15.0% 75.0
20.0%
40.0 10.0% 50.0
20.0 5.0% 10.0%
25.0
0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Ministry of Health Other Ministries Private Insurance OOPs
Provincial government District government NPISH Parastatal
Social security funds GGHE as % of THE Private Companies PvtHE as % of THE

Tren Pengeluaran Kesehatan Pemerintah Tren Pengeluaran Kesehatan Swasta

Subnasional (pemerintah provinsi OOP masih merupakan sumber


& kab/kota) memiliki pengeluaran pembiayaan terbesar.
terbesar pada sector pemerintah Namun proporsi OOP terhadap
~22.3% (2014) pengeluaran kesehatan nasional
Pengeluaran jaminan kesehatan mengalami penurunan, terutama sejak
sosial menunjukkan tren implementasi JKN.
peningkatan.
Kontribusi Pemerintah
Total contribution revenue 2014-2016
80 GOI contributes into
70
these segments

60
IDR trillions

50 18

40 11
15
30 14 15
20
25
10 20 20

-
2014 2015 2016
PBI APBN PPU P PPU BU PBPU PBI APBD

42% of contribution revenue for JKN came from GOI in 2016 (55%
including government contributions for the PPU P segment)
GOI has also funded annual deficits in the range of IDR 3-7tn
Any increase to PBI contribution rates, implicitly increases the amount of 5
subsidy GOI provides for the JKN scheme
Kesenjangan cakupan peserta

JKN enrolment scale up


300 ~70% of population
Actual Projected enrolled as of Aug 17
(180.7 million people)
Members (in millions)

250

200
Poor make up 51% of the
enrolled population
150 though effective coverage
may be an issue
100 Public sector is at 85%
coverage nationally,
50
while private sector and
informal sector are at
-
25% coverage
Jan-14

Jan-15

Jan-17

Jan-18

Jan-19

Jan-20

Jan-21
Jan-16
Jul-14

Jul-15

Jul-16

Jul-17

Jul-18

Jul-19

Jul-20

Jul-21

6
Enrolment progress by
segment
All segments are growing
Total enrolment by segment but growth has slowed over
200
time
180,735,289
180 171,939,256
156,790,287 23
160 19
140 133,423,653 15
25 PBI and PPU P segments are
25
9 22 decreasing as a proportion
120
Members (in millions)

10 16 18 of total members due to


15
100 14 high saturation early on
80

60

86 88 91 92
40 Remaining growth will come
20 more from PPU BU and
PBPU PPU BU has
0 stagnated at under 25m
2014 2015 2016 Aug 2017
from 2016
Poor (national) Poor (regional) Formal (public)
Formal (private) Informal Other
7
Collectability needs to
improve Efforts underway to improve
collectability:

PBPU average collectability Increased waiting periods


83%
77%
Promoting household rather
than individual enrolment
65%
% Collectability

58% Linking JKN scheme


enrolment to other public
services (e.g. drivers
license renewal and
electricity payment)

2014 2015 2016 2017

Collectability: Once enrolled, the schemes


success in continuing to collect monthly
premiums from members. Reducing the
incidence of drop out and re-enrolment.
41
Source: BPJS-K data, 2017 estimated
Faktor besaran tarif INA-CBGs

INA-CBG reimbursements account for almost


80% of total JKN healthcare expenditure
80 Total JKN healthcare expenditure Promotive and
70 Preventive
60 Non-CBGs
USD millions

50
39
40 32 78% INA-CBGs (IPD)
30 28 76%
79%
20 16 INA-CBGs (OPD)
12
10 8
8 10 12
0 Capitation
2014 2015 2016

Source: BPJS-K & JKN Comprehensive Assessment. 2016 values are projected
9
Majority of INA-CBG OPD costs
coded as miscellaneous
Total INA-CBGs cost by major CMGs, IPD and OPD (2016)
6

5 Q = Miscellaneous
N = Nephro-urinary
4
IDR trillions

I = Cardiovascular
3 K = Digestive
O = Deliveries
2

0
Q N I K O J A M G Z H W L C U P E D B V F S T
IPD OPD

Miscellaneous CMG contributes greatest OPD cost, almost double the second
highest OPD cost (nephro-urinary)
Cardiovascular + digestive diseases, and obstetric deliveries contribute greatest
IPD costs
10
Region 1 incurs higher INA-CBG
costs per capita than other
regions
Share of total JKN population, Share of total INA-CBG
2016 costs, 2016
3% 1% 4%
7%

18%
19%

57% 11%
65%
14%

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3


Region 4 Region 5

Region 1 consumes a disproportionate share of INA-CBG costs relative to its


share of population
Part of the reason could be referrals from outside Java to specialist hospitals in
Region 1 11
Majority of INA-CBG IPD cases
and associated cost are lowest
severity
INA-CBG IPD Cost and Caseload (2016)
25 7
22 6
6

Cases (millions)
20
IDR Trillions

5
15 4
10 3
7
1 5 2
5
0 1
0 0
I II III
Cost Cases
I = least severe II = moderately severe III = most severe
Opportunity to consider what low severity cases can be referred back to PHC
Addressing upcoding behavior may have limited impact on reducing total cost
of inpatient care as most severe cases account for ~15% of total inpatient cost.
12
UTILISASI= Proksi Akses
ANALISIS SUSENAS 2011-16

RAWAT JALAN RAWAT INAP


20%
6%
18%
5%
16%

IPD
14% 4%
OPD

12%
3%
10%
2%
8%

6% 1%

4% 0%
2%

0%
2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Poor Near-poor Rich

13
UTILISASI BY REGIONS
ANALISIS SUSENAS 2011-16

RAWAT JALAN RAWAT INAP


5%
20%

4%

15%
OPD

IPD
3%

10%
2%

5% 1%

JAVA SUMATERA
0%
0%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 KALIMANTAN SULAWESI

TIMUR INDONESIA

14
Increasing Equity in Skilled Birth
Attendance among JKN enrollees since
2014
100%
skilled birth attendant deliver their last
Percentage (%) of mothers who had a

90%

80%

70%

60%
child

50%

40%
JKN
30%

20%

10%

0%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Poor Near-poor Middle Rich

Source: SUSENAS data analysis by TNP2K and HP+ project


triBUKTI/TEMUAN SURVEY/STUDI
1. ADA BUKTI DAMPAK JKN
AKSES (UTILISASI NAIK)
EKUITAS MEMBAIK WALAU BELUM spt HARAPAN
PROTEKSI (OOP TURUN), DATA 2015-16?
SEDIKIT DATA MUTU ??
2. KESENJANGAN INFORMASI:
CERMIN TINGKAT NASIONAL,
JEDA WAKTU
BUKAN GAMBARAN KEBIJAKAN VS. IMPLEMENTASI
BUKAN GAMBARAN FAKTOR PENGARUH

16
25 Oktober 2017
Kebijakan/program dibuat untuk memperbaiki sistem
kesehatan TETAPI selalu ada tantangan dalam
pengimplementasian, termasuk JKN
Policy
outcomes

Riset
Policy Implementasi
objectives

17
25 Oktober 2017
Riset Implementasi
Berusaha menjawab:
Apakah dilaksanakan sesuai rencana?
Faktor apa yang menggangu di tengah jalan?
Apa dampak yang diinginkan tercapai?
Adakah akibat sampingan terjadi (+/-)?
Bagaimana memperbaiki?
Bisakah cara itu diperkuat/disebarkan?

18
25 Oktober 2017
Ex. 1: IR to Strengthening an Existing Policy

Improving Bogors Smoke Free Law


In 2009, Bogor was first Indonesian city to pass a comprehensive
smoke free law, banning smoking in all public places
By 2011, most venues were smoke free, but non compliance was
greatest in traditional markets, restaurants and government
buildings, with little/no enforcement
Bogor officials relied on implementation research to understand
social norms and develop ways to improve compliance and
enforcement
Promote the law and the dangers of smoking and second hand smoke
Make government enforcement more visible (mobile fine collectors)
Enlist role models Source: Kaufman, et al. Health Policy and Planning, 2014
REKOMENDASI SIKLUS - I
PENGUATAN PERAN DESENTRALISASI
ISU DANA KAPITASI
DINKES KABUPATEN BPJS KESEHATAN
Nasional: Dinkes & Pemda
Peningkatan kompetensi memiliki akses Nasional:
pejabat pengelola untuk Adanya forum
keuangan daerah. menggunakan & koordinasi JKN di
Penguatan PPKAD propinsi. menganalisa P- tingkat
propinsi/kabupaten.
care data.
Kabupaten:
Penyesuaian besaran tarif Kabupaten:
kapitasi sesuai konteks Puskesmas tidak Integrasi kepesertaan
SOLUSI lokal. hanya melaporkan JKN dengan E-KTP.
Penyesuaian pembobotan register P-care ke Aturan BPJS harus
point jasa pelayanan BPJS saja, tetapi mempertimbangkan
kepala Puskesmas. juga ke Dinkes. keadaan wilayah.
Penambahan point Sosialisasi aturan SK
pembobotan untuk SDM bersama & membuat
non PNS/non PTT.
Dinkes lebih juknis (perda).
Pendataan kepesertaan bertanggung Dalam rekruitmen
sesuai kewilayahan. jawab dalam pegawai, BPJS harus
Dukungan operasional dari monitoring & mempertimbangkan
Dinkes untuk pembinaan supervisi basic kesehatan
dan fungsi kontroling. implementasi pay daerah.
per performance.
Riset Implementasi JKN
Harus ber-kolaborasi, kontekstual, dan memberikan
pembelajaran cepat untuk pengambilan keputusan
PLAN IR with national,
regional, and local level
stakeholders

STRENGTHEN UHC
IMPLEMENT IR in the
policy and
selected locations
implementation

FEED BACK to national,


LEARN from the IR
regional and local level
results
stakeholders
Apa yang beda?
Fokus pada implementasi (vs. impact)
Fokus pada konteks dunia nyata yang kompleks (vs. controlled
settings)
Dirumuskan oleh pelaksana dan pengambil kebijakan (vs.
researchers)
Sangat praktis & berorientasi aksi/tindakan (vs. theoretical)
Menggunakan metoda campuran
Melihat pada dampak implementasi yang tersembunyi (vs.
service or health outcomes)
Didisain untuk mendukung kebijakan dan prakteknya, bukan
mencari kegagalan
23
25 Oktober 2017
IR itu Penting tapi penuh tantangan
Pembuat Kebijakan & Riset sebagai
Para Pihak bagian proses
pengambilan
kebijakan
belajar dan
Realitas Implementasi
berkolaborasi
memecahkan
masalah
Berusaha
tidak terikat
oleh sumber
daya agar
semuanya
berjalan baik
(Peters, Tran, Adam,
2013)
Peneliti
IR JKN: Tahap Persiapan 2014-2015
CUKUP LAMA
Pemetaan Penelitian tentang JKN:
Sedikit studi tentang Faskes Primer
Sedikit sekali penerapan IR di Indonesia
Hampir tidak ada lembaga dengan mampu IR
Sulitnya Pengenalan IR kepada para pihak (Kemkes,
BPJSK, DJSN, Bappenas, Kemdagri, dlsb)
Lamanya Perekrutan Pelaksana Riset
Mampu menjadi pusat pembelajaran
Punya jaringan dengan universitas lain
Punya pengalaman dengan para pihak
IR baru bagi penyelenggara, pengambil
kebijakan dan periset
Penyelenggara & Pengambil
Kebijakan Periset
Konsep: Konsep
Perumusan Isu Riset sebaiknya Melibatkan pembuat kebijakan
berdasar kebutuhan dan penyelenggara sejak
Penyelenggara pengusulan proposal
(penentuan isu riset)
Bekerja bersama pembuat
Fakta: kebijakan dan penyelenggara
Belum paham konsep IR, salah selama riset
tangkap: IR sebagai riset evaluasi Fakta:
Bukan tradisi bagi periset

26
Tindak Lanjut Rekomendasi
Belum
optimal

1) Kompleksitas pembuatan kebijakan &


implementasi (Nasional vs. daerah -- agenda
politik & ekonomi)
2) Perbedaan konteks, budaya, sumber daya
Integrasi IR dalam monev JKN
1. IR - umpan balik real time, fokus pada
tantangan implementasi untuk perbaikan
kebijakan & operasi
2. Butuh komitmen & keterlibatan aktif semua
pihak, periset - independen
3. Contextual, specific topic
4. Bukan selalu gambaran umum,
5. Tindak lanjut sesuai kondisi setempat, sesuai
agenda politik & ekonomi universitas lokal
28
25 Oktober 2017
PEMBELAJARAN IR
1) JKN, kebijakan yang baik, tapi berjalan dalam
konteks yang bervariasi
2) IR = metode memotret kebijakan dan
tantangan implementasi, bukan alat evaluasi
dampak, perlu kolaborasi semua pihak untuk
belajar & berubah
3) Proses perbaikan kebijakan tergantung agenda
politik & ekonomi, konteks dan budaya tertentu

29
25 Oktober 2017

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