NANOPARTICLES
ALUMUNIUM OXIDE
3rd GROUP :
1. Christine Melani I0512013
2. Danan Jaya Risantono I0512014
3. Dimas Prasetyotomo I0512018
4. Endah Aprilliani I0512019
5. Furqon Mubarok W.U. I0512023
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2013
A. PROPERTIES
Compounds of aluminium and oxygen are referred to as aluminium
oxides (Al2O3). Alpha-Al2O3 (corundum) is the most well-known and
significant form of the existing Al2O3 modifications.
B. OCCURENCE AND PRODUCTION
Aluminum oxide is produced industrially from the mineral bauxite.
The Bauxite deposits are estimated at approximately 20 billion tons
worldwide, the worldwide annual output amounts to about 100 million
tons. Australia has the largest output and deposits. The sapphire, well-
known as a precious stone, is a quite rare but at the same time the most
beautiful modification of aluminum oxide.
Aluminum and aluminum oxide are manufactured by means of the
Bayer method: Bauxite is crushed, dried, and dissolved using concentrated
sodium hydroxide solution. The impurities iron, silicon, and titanium are
separated from the bauxite in the so-called red mud. Aluminum hydroxide
is precipitated from the solution and calcinated at 1200-1300C to form
Al2O3.
C. USE
Due to its high hardness, corundum is used as a bearing jewel in
watches and as a grinding and polishing agent for precious stones, metals,
and Si wafers. Mixed with binders, especially with other oxides, corundum
powder is used for manufacturing crucibles, dishes, sheath tubes, electrical
insulators, artificial joints (artificial hip or knee joints), dental ceramics,
burner tubes, catalyst carriers, wear protections, hard-facings, furnace
linings, and metal forming and machining tools.
D. APPLICATION
1. Alumina Ceramic Beads
Picture 1.1 Alumina Ceramic Beads
a. Product Description
Ceramic Beads for Flexible Ceramic Pad Heater. Ceramic
beads as components of ceramic pad and channel heaters using
pre- and postheat treatment against stress relieving at welding
operation.
Application: As ceramic parts of flexible pad and channel
heaters at operations of pre and postweld heat treatment; Welding
process, stress-relieving, pre-heating & post heating, ship-
building, other resistance-heating environment.
Properties: Higher density, higer surface finish and
unifomity than heat press cast method, excellent thermal
condictivity and heat transfer, resistance against thermal shock
and mechanical abuse.
2. Alumina Ceramic Tile (ZALY)
Picture 1.2 Alumina Ceramic Tile (ZALY)
a. Product Description
Alumina Wear Tile / Alumina Ceramic Tile / Alumina Plain
Tile.
Alumina Ceramic Tile is of high wear resistance, acid and alkli
resistance, effectively prolong the service life of equipment and
considered to be the best choice of anti-wearing and anti-corrosion
material; Wear resistance of ceramic is 266 times than that of special
manganese, 171.5 times to high chrome cast iron; Hardness is much
higher than that of wear-resistant steel and stainless steel.
Application: Oil, mining, steel, power, mechanism, colliery,
chemical, cement, industry.
3. Alumina Ceramic Cylinder
Picture 1.3 Alumina Ceramic Cylinder
Product Description
Alumina Ceramic Cylinder (Alumina Grinding Cylinder)
Al2O3: 92%, 95%, 99%, Density: 3.58~3.8g/cm3.
Characters: High density with smooth surface; Excellent wear
resistance, high impact strength, variety of quality and media size.
4. Alumina Weldable Tile
Picture 1.4 Alumina Weldable Tile
a. Product Description
Alumina Wear Tile / Alumina Weldable Tile.
Alumina Ceramic Tile is of high wear resistance, acid and alkli
resistance, effectively prolong the service life of equipment and
considered to be the best choice of anti-wearing and anti-corrosion
material; Wear resistance of ceramic is 266 times than that of special
manganese, 171.5 times to high chrome cast iron; Hardness is much
higher than that of wear-resistant steel and stainless steel.
Application: Oil, mining, steel and power industry.
5. Hexagonal Alumina Ceramic Tile & Small Tile
Picture 1.5 Hexagonal Alumina Ceramic Tile
Product Description
Alumina Wear Tile / Hexagonal Alumina Ceramic Tile & Small
Tile.
Alumina Ceramic Tile is of high wear resistance, acid and alkli
resistance, effectively prolong the service life of equipment and
considered to be the best choice of anti-wearing and anti-corrosion
material; Wear resistance of ceramic is 266 times than that of special
manganese, 171.5 times to high chrome cast iron; Hardness is much
higher than that of wear-resistant steel and stainless steel.
Application: Oil, mining, steel and power industry.
E. ALUMINA AS SCRATCH-RESISTANT FILLER IN
TRANSPARENT COATINGS
To use alumina as scratch-resistant filler in transparent coatings, the
particle size must be sufficiently small to overcome its refractive index
mismatch.
Physical Vapor Synthesis (PVS) process that is capable of producing
metal oxide nanoparticles via a bottoms-up method starting from metallic
feed.
This process allows production of nonporous crystalline metal
oxides having primary particle sizes less than 100 nm at economically
viable rates with essentially no byproducts or waste streams.
Picture 1.6 Alumina as scratch-resistant filler in transparent coatings
( glasses an astronot)
F. USE OF ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES IN POTENTIAL
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
1. A polymeric membranes have been widely investigated for their
performances in drug delivery.
2. Recently polyethersulfone/ aluminium oxide membranes with higher
porosity have been developed for drug delivery applications. Another
notable study observed that the addition of alumina nanoparticles to
PVDF membranes led to the effective improvement of the membrane
performance. The study observed that with increased alumina
concentrations, the water permeate fluxes, mechanical properties as
well as the hydrophilicity increased. The authors also reported that the
addition of alumina nanoparticles to the polymeric membranes needed
to be carried out with utmost care since excessive addition could lead
to decrease in membrane strength.
a. Drug delivery
Most of the drugs are delivered into the body predominantly
using the oral or intravenous route. However other strategies need
to be adopted to deliver drugs containing biological agents such as
proteins and this is when nanoparticles come. Alumina
nanoparticles are also considered for drug delivery applications due
to their potential scavenging behaviour. The scavenging property
has been related to their ability to act as direct antioxidants, block
ROS production and also cause a reduction in ROS production.
b. Orthopedics
Ceramic nanocomposites are being considered as potential
third generation orthopaedic biomaterials in view of their ability to
match the chemical, biological and the mechanical properties of
natural bone. The material that is to be used in orthopaedics should
possess high fracture resistance, ductility and weight to strength
ratio.
G. AS COSMETICS
Data on ingredient usage are provided to the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Voluntary Cosmetic Registration Program.
A survey has been conducted by the Personal Care Products Council
(Council) of the maximum use concentrations.
Alumina was reported to be used in 523 leave-on products at
concentrations up to 60% (in nail products). It is reported to be used in 40
rinse-off products. Formulations include 84 products used around the eye
at concentrations up to 30%, 87 lipsticks up to 6.7%, and 104 skin care
preparations up to 25%.
Aluminum hydroxide was reported to be used in 572 leave-on
products up to 10.1% and 6 rinse-off products up to 8.8%. Formulations
include 80 products used around the eye up to 10.1%, 154 lipsticks up to
7%, oral hygiene products up to 8.8%, and 6 suntan preparations up to
0.9%.
H. ALUMINA USED AS A SUPPORT FOR METAL CATALYSTS
It has been considered as one of the most promising advanced
materials for a variety of applications due to its distinctive chemical,
mechanical and thermal properties. The high surface area to volume ratio
in nanoparticles can lead to modifications in structure and properties.
There is great interest in the study of the surfaces of gamma-alumina
nanoparticles as their catalytic activity is closely related to the structure of
exposed crystalline faces. Inasmuch as gamma-alumina is widely used as a
catalyst support, its structure and properties had been the subject of
numerous studies.
Gamma-alumina has been conventionally described as a defect
spinel (Fdm).
The characterisation of gamma-alumina nanoparticles with
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried out using a Philips
CM200 thermally assisted field emission gun TEM operated at 197 kV
(point resolution of 0.24nm) equipped with a UTW Oxford Instruments
EDX detector running ISIS software and Gatan (GIF200) imaging filter.
All TEM samples were examined using standard holey carbon films
supported on 400 mesh copper grids. The sizes of the nanoparticles were
determined by measuring the length and width (aspect ratio) of the crystals
for at least 100 particles in each sample.
Picture 1.7 Alumina Used as a support for Metal Catalysts
