244

CROP IMPROVEMENT IN L UPINUS M UTA BIL IS FOR AUSTRALIAN

AGRICULTURE PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
J.C. Clements1,2, M.S. Sweetingham2, L. Smith2, G. Francis1, G. Thomas2 and S. Sipsas2
1
Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley
6009, Australia
2
Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre, South Perth
6983, Australia

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Lupinus mutabilis (Andean or Pearl Lupin) populations exist in semi-domesticated form, with non-
originates from South America where it has been shattering pods, large, permeable seed, reduced seed
grown for centuries by the indigenous peoples of coat pigmentation and a more or less annual life cycle.
Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and is consumed as a In phylogenetic studies L. mutabilis falls within an
traditional food after de-bittering. The species suits Andean clade of Western New World species having
annual cropping systems and the seed has the highest 2n = 48 (Ainouche and Bayer, 1999; Ainouche et al.
whole seed protein and oil of all the domesticated 2004; Hughes and Eastwood, 2006). It is included with
lupins. It therefore provides good prospects as a high the Old World species L. albus, L. angustifolius,
value feed and food legume grain. L. mutabilis has L. luteus as among those achieving crop status from
been domesticated and bred through South among the 200+ lupin species that exist with the
American and European programs to a level where majority distributed in the New World (Dunn and
low to moderate yields have been achieved, Gillett, 1966; Gladstones, 1974). The phenotypic
highlighting a number of limitations. In a crop plasticity, presence of both annuals and perennial
development and pre-breeding program for species in North and South America, ability to adapt to
L. mutabilis we have assessed the species for diverse environments and considerable outcrossing has
agronomic, adaptation and disease traits. Low made taxonomic delimitation very difficult, and many
alklaloid levels (0.001-0.006%) and good seed protein so-called taxa are often no more than ecotypes
and oil contents (average 43%, 15% respectively) (Planchuelo, 1994). Dunn (1984) demonstrated the
have been combined with early flowering and heterogeneity of populations noting that for example,
maturity. Current breeding lines generally have a the L. mexicanus-L. exaltatus complex in Mexico
lower harvest index and yield than current cultivars contains both annual and perennial species, which are
of L. angustifolius and L. albus. L. mutabilis morphologically indistinguishable and interfertile.
nodulates well with standard rhizobia and the crop Because L. mutabilis stands out as having the
appears to be suited to better soil types, similar to highest protein and oil content in whole seed compared
those for L. albus. Breeding lines show moderate to with the other crop species, it has been the focus of
high aphid resistance based on field and glasshouse breeding efforts in South America, Europe and more
results. It is highly susceptible to brown spot foliar recently in Australia (von Baer and Gross, 1977;
disease caused by Pleiochaeta setosa, but with some Williams et al. 1984; Caligari et al. 2000; Clements
genetic variation and moderately susceptible to et al. 2005a; Sweetingham et al. 2005, 2006). This
Anthracnose. Good tolerance to post-emergent paper summarises the breeding and development of the
metribuzin herbicide has been demonstrated. This crop in Western Australia, with reference to research
paper discusses past and present progress in done elsewhere over the past several decades.
germplasm evaluation and crop improvement of
L. mutabilis and outlines future breeding objectives.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
KEYWORDS Crosses and early generation advancement was
carried out in conditions suited to lupin in glasshouses
Andean lupin, pearl lupin, crop domestication, protein and screenhouses at the University of Western Australia
with temperatures averaging 22C day and 13C night
INTRODUCTION and complete fertiliser applied at approximately
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (Andean lupin, pearl lupin) 200 g/ha twice during the growing season. Field trials at
is a New World lupin species cultivated as an Mt Barker (rainfall during growing season of 580 mm,
indigenous food crop throughout the Andes region of 2007) were carried out on sandy loam soils, receiving
South America. Domesticated independently from Old fertilisers at rates recommended as district practice for
World crop lupins in the Mediterranean, L. mutabilis lupins, with adequate nodulation by rhizobia. Seed
chemical analyses were according to Petterson et al.

IN J.A. Palta and J.B. Berger (eds). 2008. Lupins for Health and Wealth Proceedings of the 12th International Lupin Conference,
14-18 Sept. 2008, Fremantle, Western Australia. International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand. ISBN 0-86476-153-8.
 PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE 245

(1997) and disease incidence using methods described that were entirely bitter and F2 populations that
by Yang et al. (1996) and Thomas and Sweetingham segregated in proportions consistent with a single
(2003). recessive gene model for low alkaloid, although
proportions of low alkaloid plants have been found to be
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION consistently slightly higher than 1:4 indicating that
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW ALKALOID, EARLY additional minor alleles are likely to be present as
FLOWERING BREEDING LINES IN WESTERN
proposed by Williams et al. (1984) and von Baer and
AUSTRALIA AND IDENTIFICATION OF MALE STERILITY Ibanez, 1986). By 2004 we had developed a large
number of F3-derived F4 lines (referred to as Stream 1)
After having made selections in L. angustifolius and using a pedigree method of breeding that combined
L. luteus in 1928-29 from 1.5 million plants, low relatively early flowering with low alkaloid levels, both
alkaloid genotypes of L. mutabilis were selected during traits segregating independently. Further crossing cycles
the 1930s by Von Sengbusch and other workers (Streams 2 and above) have involved single plant
(Williams et al. 1984). Brucher (1971) and Pakendorf selection from F4 bulks. Our work has indicated levels
(1974) also reported low alkaloid L. mutabilis but in all of heterosis of 30% in L. mutabilis F1 populations above
cases lines were apparently not developed or preserved. best parent mean yield based on small plot trials in
Through the use of mutation breeding to generate the screenhouses. Hardy and Huyghe (1997) reported 46%
mutal gene followed by successive selection, lines were mean heterosis for seed yield and this phenomenon
developed with total alkaloids of 0.2-0.3% cf. 2.2% in could be exploited within breeding programs.
bitter parents (Williams et al. 1984). It was suggested
that the reselection process recombined additional minor In 2003, prior to the development of improved
alleles at several loci to lower alkaloid levels. Von Baer crossing methods in L. mutabilis, several plants were
and Gross (1977) began with a few seeds from plants observed that were not setting pods in proximal
identified as natural mutants by Oscar Blanco (Cusco, positions on main stem racemes. Closer inspection of
Peru; Blanco 1974; Blanco 1982), and reselected these flowers revealed these to contain pale green anthers
over several generations to produce lines with ca 0.4% resulting in male sterility. These sterile flowers were
alkaloids. This process was taken further to produce cv. hand-pollinated using a fully fertile pure line (JC243).
Inti with an extremely low alkaloid level of 0.0075% The F1 seed from one of these rescued plants
(Gross et al. 1988). Inheritance of the low alkaloid trait (27033MS4 F1) and the subsequent F2 and BC progenies
in cv. Inti is recessive but polygenic in nature such that showed that the sterility was monogenic recessive and
approximately 12% F2 plants give low alkaloid seeds that it was cytoplasmically inherited. A range of restorer
(von Baer and von Baer, 1988). The major alkaloids in and maintainer accessions have been identified. Two
L. mutabilis have been reported to be lupanine, additional plants were identified in a mutation
sparteine, 4- and 13-hydroxylupanine (Williams et al. population of P25954 that were sterile and these sources
1984; Wink et al. 1995). appear to be single recessive nuclear male sterile lines.
Male sterility was used in crossing during 2003-2004
Preliminary crossing in Western Australia during because it greatly improved F1 seed set. Currently,
1999-2002 using standard methods used in the crossing is now done both with and without male
L. angustifolius breeding program (J.S. Gladstones, sterility with good success.
unpublished) provided very few F1 seeds. Experiments
conducted using delayed pollination proved successful GERMPLASM EVALUATION FOR PLANT AND SEED
and routine crossing to produce high progeny seed TRAITS
numbers was then possible (Clements et al. In the Australian Lupin Collection (ALC) a useful
unpublished). A first set of successful crosses combined range of plant characters are available in L. mutabilis
low alkaloid from cv. Inti (donated by E. von Baer) and germplasm consisting of wild or landrace accessions
P28027 (donated from Ecuador, of Peruvian origin) (from Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Argentina) and
with early and mid flowering bitter accessions from the breeding lines, selections and genotypes from a
UK (donated by W. Williams), mid flowering mutation program of Pakendorf (1974). A full range of
accessions from South Africa (ex. K.W. Pakendorf) and days to flowering and seed size has been found with
Ecuador, and a mid-late flowering horticultural potentially exploitable variation for other characters
accession. In crosses between early flowering and very such as seed coat and pod wall proportion and seeds per
late flowering lines such as P26961 and cv. Inti, we pod (Table 1). Seed shape variability has been observed
found early flowering to be recessive. Very late among different accessions that range from large and
flowering lines such as cv. Inti were found to be almost spherical to round-oval or tear-drop shaped and
responsive to vernalisation, mid-flowering lines such as also flattish.
P27808 were partially responsive while the early Flower colours include purple, purple/yellow,
flowering P26961 did not respond. Lupinus mutabilis purple/white/yellow, blue/yellow, blue/white/yellow,
has been reported to have a day neutral photoperiod white/yellow, pink/white/yellow, pink and white. Seed
response (Hackbarth, 1936) and generally responsive to colours vary from black, marbled, white with black
vernalisation (Hardy et al. 1998). Crosses between cv. hilum, crescent or eyebrow, and fully white. Seed coat
Inti (low alkaloid) and P26961 produced F1 populations proportion in L. mutabilis is very low relative to other
246 PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE

lupin species and is approaching values reported for similar to Perez et al. (1984) (r = -0.71 over 217
field pea and soybean (Clements et al. 2005b). This ecotypes). Correlations between seed yield, oil and
makes L. mutabilis highly suitable for dehulling or for protein were much lower: r = -0.50 and 0.41,
use as whole seed with relatively low proportions of respectively. A much lower correlation between oil and
seed coat fibre. Levels of non-starch polysaccharides protein was found in a group of breeding lines
(NSPs) found mainly in kernels are around 9% indicating that it was possible to combine high levels of
(Brillouet and Riochet, 1983). In contrast, the NSPs both components through selection (Remer and Jahn-
contributed by thick cell walls in L. angustifolius Deesbach, 1988). We have found L. mutabilis to have
kernels form approximately 23% of seed weight. low Cd accumulation in seed, in contrast to, for
Although this NSP is a valuable dietary fibre, with example, L. luteus.
cholesterol-lowering properties (Evans, 1994), it can 50
reduce digestible energy in monogastric diets. 48
46
Table 1. Variation for plant and seed traits in 44

Protein %
L. mutabilis wild and landrace accessions, breeding 42
lines and mutants in the Australian Lupin Collection. 40
38
Traits n Min. Mean Max. 36
34
Wild types and landraces 2
R = 0.5981
32
Days to flowering 33 65 88 114 10 12 14 16 18
Oil %
Seed weight (mg) 31 68 186 255 Fig. 1. Relationship between whole seed protein and oil
Seed coat (%) 36 10.6 12.9 16 percentage in L. mutabilis low alkaloid breeding
Pod wall (%) 17 35.8 45.1 52.6 lines (n = 29) and parental accessions (n = 7).
Seeds per pod 16 2.7 4.4 5.5 DISEASE AND PEST STUDIES
Breeding lines, selections, mutants Aphid colonisation of these low alkaloid lines
indicates that they were all less susceptible than the
Days to flowering 63 65 89 114 yellow lupin cv. Wodjil. Several lines (e.g. P26961) are
Seed weight (mg) 62 103 157 246 less susceptible to Anthracnose than L. albus cv. Kiev
Seed coat (%) 63 11.3 12.6 15.6 Mutant, but well short of the resistant of L. angustifolius
cv. Tanjil. Variation exists for brown spot resistance
Pod wall (%) 9 39.4 44.7 53.1 (e.g. P27809 being one of the best, Table 2), but all
Seeds per pod 9 3.1 5.1 6.8 lines are relatively susceptible. Glasshouse screening
has shown the best pearl lupin breeding lines were as
Seed protein and oil contents in germplasm tolerant to metribuzin as the best cultivars of narrow-
collections of L. mutabilis can vary widely. Results leafed lupin.
presented in Table 2 show ranges from 37.9 to 46.7%
YIELD AND AGRONOMIC TRIALS
for breeding lines and germplasm with the highest
protein found in cv. Inti. Values ranging from 35-50% In a field trial in a medium-high rainfall zone
for protein (mean of 42%) and from 13-24% (mean of (Mt Barker, Western Australia) looking at more detailed
20%) for oil have been demonstrated elsewhere (Rmer agronomic and yield related traits, L. mutabilis was
and Jahn-Deesbach, 1986; Caligari et al. 2000). It has found to have generally higher early and final biomass
been reported that the crop produces more protein but compared to L. angustifolius cv. Mandelup but to
less oil in European conditions (summer grown) relative produce fewer main stem leaves, lower harvest index
to South American conditions (September to May and most lines producing lower yield (Table 3). Few
growing season (Caligari et al. 2000). Wild genotypes lines flowered earlier than cv. Mandelup. Traits most
were noted as having the highest protein contents by highly correlated with seed yield per plant were final
Mujica et al. 2004. The protein profile of L. mutabilis plant above ground biomass, number of first order
shows a similar level of sulphur amino acids to that of branches, number of first and second order branch pods
L. angustifolius and soybean while lysine is higher in and total number of pods. The data indicated that final
L. mutabilis than L. angustifolius and similar to that in plant height in L. mutabilis was associated with total
soybean. Oil percentages in breeding lines and number of pods per plant. There was a low correlation
germplasm have ranged from 11.9 to 17.2% (Table 1). between seed yield and flowering time and the highest
The fatty acid profile has high polyunsaturated fatty yielding L. mutabilis accession (P28029, yielding 50%
acids, with an average profile of oleic (50%), linoleic more than cv. Mandelup) flowering 17 days later than
(26%), palmitic (11%), stearic (8%) and linolenic (4%) cv. Mandelup. Additional field trials have shown
with no significant levels of erucic oil. These results Stream 1 breeding lines to yield consistently lower than
were comparable to those found by Williams (1979). both L. angustifolius and L. albus cultivars, typically by
We found a negative correlation between protein and oil 40 and 25% respectively. Some limiting agronomic
concentrations in seed (r = -0.77, r2 = 0.60, Fig. 1), factors identified in L. mutabilis in Europe have been
 PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE 247

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
shown to include low leaf area development early in the The authors wish to thank the Grains Research and
growth cycle, a lower conversion of PAR into dry Development Corporation for funding the majority of
matter and a short duration where LAI was greater than this work.
2.5 resulting in lower yield potential (Hardy et al. 1997;
Hardy et al. 1999). Limited studies in Western Australia LITERATURE CITED
indicate that little may be gained for L. mutabilis by Ainouche, A. and R.J. Bayer. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships
sowing in wide row spacings. For an environment that in Lupinus (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal
was not water limited, it was demonstrated that transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal
significantly higher yields could be obtained for some DNA. American Journal of Botany 86: 590-607.
species such as L. luteus (Pootalong) and L. mutabilis Ainouche, A., R..J. Bayer. and M.-T. Misset. 2004. Molecular
(P26961) from narrow rows (20 cm) compared to wide phylogeny, diversification and character evolution in
rows (60 cm; Smith et al. 2006). Lupinus (Fabaceae) with special attention to
Mediterranean and African lupines. Plant Systematics and
FUTURE WORK Evolution 246: 211-222.
We have found germplasm that overcomes Blanco, G.O. 1974. Investigaciones Agricolas en Tarhui en la
previously reported problems of low biomass Universidad del Cusco. Informe #2. Proyecto Lupino,
production but breeding efforts need to focus on GTZ-Instituto de Nutricin, Lima, Peru.
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increase pod production, seed yield and harvest index mutabilis Sweet). pp. 33-49. IN Agricultural and
and to attempt to incorporate the best material identified Nutritional Aspects of Lupines: Proc. 1st Int. Lupine
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Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn.
development is recommended. We need to understand
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and lignin in cotyledons and hulls of seeds from various
and genetic variation available in wider germplasm
lupin (Lupinus L.) species. Journal of Science of Food and
collections. Characterising collection site climate data Agriculture 34: 861-868.
could identify collections that may better suit particular
Brucher, H. 1971. Neutron induced low-alkaloid mutations in
growing environments in Australia. It appears that
autochthonous species of Lupinus from South America.
L. mutabilis is less able to tolerate moisture stress and Plant Breeding Abstracts 41: 14.
therefore, water use studies are required to ascertain the
Caligari, P.D.S., P. Romer, M.A. Rahim, C. Huyghe,
need for drought tolerance. We need to understand the J. Neves-Martins and E.J. Sawicka-Sienkiewicz. 2000.
nutritional requirements of L. mutabilis in relation to The potential of Lupinus mutabilis as a crop. In: Linking
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lupin species to L. mutabilis from the Andean region (R. Knight, Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
and Western North American regions, most of which pp. 569-573.
are known or assumed to have the same chromosome Clements, J.C., L. Prilyuk, J. Quealy and G. Francis 2008.
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2008, this conference). Our work has indicated that for L. mutabilis crop improvement. IN Proceedings of the
heterosis exists in L. mutabilis F1 populations. Because 12th International Lupin Conference, Lupins for Health
of variable outcrossing rates both within L. mutabilis and Wealth. Fremantle, Western Australia. (Eds J.A. Palta
and J.D. Berger).
and among related New World species, it may be
possible to exploit this for yield improvement, either Clements, J.C., B.J. Buirchell, H. Yang, P.M.C. Smith,
through inherent levels of heterozygosity within a M.W. Sweetingham and C.G. Smith. 2005a. Chapter 9:
Lupin. IN R. Singh and P. Jauhar (eds.), Genetic
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through the production of hybrid lines via male sterility. Improvement, Series-II Grain Legumes, CRC Press.
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Clements, J.C., M. Dracup, B.J. Buirchell and C.G. Smith
from the introduction of smaller seed size which is 2005b. Variation for hull and pod wall percentage and
available within germplasm of the species, or from other traits in a germplasm collection and historical
interspecific crossing with species such as L. mexicanus cultivars of lupins. Australian Journal of Agricultural
(L. hartwegii). This would allow a higher reproductive Research 56: 75-83.
ratio which allows a higher F1 seed production for Dunn, D.B. 1984. Cytotaxonomy and distribution of New
commercial purposes. Further studies will be carried out World lupin species. IN Proc. 3rd Int. Lupin Conf. La
to determine the potential of pearl lupin for inclusion in Rochelle, France. International Lupin Association,
fish and pork feed rations. The current research has so pp. 67-85.
far demonstrated that L. mutabilis has clear potential as Dunn, D.B. and J.M. Gillet. 1966. The lupines of Canada and
a high value legume crop for production under winter - Alaska. Canadian Department of Agriculture Monograph
spring cropping systems in Australia. 2, Ottawa.
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Evans, A.J. 1994. The carbohydrates of lupins, compositions Planchuelo, A.M. 1994. Wild lupins distribution and its
and uses. IN Proc. 1st Australian Lupin Tech. Symp. implication as germplasm resources. In: Advances in
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and Africa. Technical Bulletin No. 26, Western Australian Rmer, P. and W. Jahn-Deesbach. 1986. Developments in
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Hackbarth, J. 1936. Versuche ber photoperiodismus Response of the crop lupin species to row spacing. IN
III. Zcher 8: 81-92. Crop Updates 2006, Perth, Western Australia.
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of Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) for Australian
Hardy, A., C. Huyghe and J. Papineau. 1997. Dry matter agriculture. IN E. van Santen and G.D. Hill (eds.) Where
accumulation and partitioning and seed yield in Old and New World Lupins Meet. Proceedings 11th
indeterminate Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet.). International Lupin Conference, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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Sweetingham, M.W., J.C. Clements, G. Thomas,
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interception efficiency and conversion rate in Andean 2006. Progress in the development of Pearl lupin (Lupinus
lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet.). IN Proc. 8th Int. Lupin mutabilis) for Australian agriculture. IN Crop Updates
Conf. Asilomar, California, International Lupin 2006, Perth, W. Australia.
Association. pp. 22-26.
Thomas, G.J. and M.W. Sweetingham.(2003. Fungicide seed
Hondelmann, W. 1984. The lupin ancient and modern crop. treatments reduce seed transmission and severity of lupin
Theoretical and Applied Genetics 68: 1-9. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes.
Hughes, C. and R. Eastwood. 2006. Island radiation on a Australasian Plant Pathology 32: 39-46.
continental scale: Exceptional rates of plant diversification von Baer, E. and R. Gross. 1977. Selection of low alkaloid
after uplift of the Andes. Proceedings of the National forms of Lupinus mutabilis. Plant Breeding 79: 52-58.
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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and stable. IN Proceedings 4th International Lupin
Mujica, A., S. Jacobsen and J. Izquierdo. 2004. Andean lupin Conference, Geraldton, Western Australia, p. 283.
(Lupinus mutabilis Sweet.) forty years research in Peru.
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Lupin Association. oil and protein. Euphytica 28: 481-488.
Pakendorf, K.W. 1974. Studies on the use of mutagenic agents Williams, W., J.E.M. Harrison and S. Jayasekera. 1984.
in Lupinus. II Some mutants of Lupinus mutabilis after the Genetic control of alkaloid production in Lupinus
application of gamma-irradiation. Plant Breeding mutabilis and the effect of a mutant allele Mutal isolated
72: 152-159. following chemical mutagenesis. Euphytica 33: 811-817.
Perez, J.F., R.D. Quidiello and M.V.T. Sainz. 1984. Wink, M., C. Meibner and L. Witte. 1995. Patterns of
Determinacion de la produccion y contenidos proteico y quinolizidine alkaloids in 56 species of the genus Lupinus.
graso de 217 ecotipos de L. mutabilis Sweet. In: Proc. 3rd Phytochemistry 38: 139-153.
Int. Lupin Conf. La Rochelle, France. International Lupin Yang, H.A., M.W. Sweetingham and W.A. Cowling. 1996.
Association, pp. 548-549. The leaf infection process and resistance to Pleiochaeta
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Grain Legumes (2nd Ed.). Grains Research and
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 PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE 249

Table 2. Agronomic, disease and quality traits for 13 advanced, low alkaloid L. mutabilis breeding lines and control
cultivars grown at the University Field Station, Shenton Park in 2005-2006. Data for seed quality were for
screenhouse-grown seed (2004-2005) and disease ratings were derived from South Perth and Medina plots for
brown spot and Anthracnose ratings respectively. Other species identified as follows: *L. albus,
**L. angustifolius, ***L. luteus.

Height Flowering Brown spot Anthracnose

Genotype Yield (g/m2) Oil (%)
(cm) (DAS) severity severity
ID13 91 85 301 4.0 3.4 14.9
ID18 101 97 359 4.4 4.0 14.6
ID32 105 96 359 3.4 3.6 12.8
ID33 113 98 431 3.2 3.2 13.2
JC243 85 79 290 4.3 3.6 11.9
P27808 100 95 294 3.0 4.4 13.7
P28725 115 97 296 3.3 11.9
Inti 118 120 130 2.7 12.6
P26961 79 81 285 4.2 2.4 17.2
P27809 100 121 135 1.7 3.9
Andromeda* 98 84 642 1.3 3.8 9.0
Tanjil** 93 81 668 1.4 1.3 6.0
Wodjil*** 80 82 397 1.7 - 6.0
LSD(0.05) 9 4 45 0.7 0.4 1.5
Tot. alkaloids 100 seed wt
Genotype Protein (%) S (ICP) %db Seed coat %
(%) (g)
ID13 44.2 0.001 0.34 18.2 13.1
ID18 43.9 0.001 0.36 22.4 11.3
ID32 45.4 0.001 0.38 16.5 12.3
ID33 44.8 0.001 0.35 17.7 11.6
JC243 42.9 2.93 0.35 21.1 13.7
P27808 42.3 3.36 0.35 25.5 13.9
P28725 42.9 4.07 0.28 14.3 12.8
Inti 46.7 0.01 0.35 14.4 13.4
P26961 38.9 3.39 0.30 21.9 11.1
P27809 18.7 13.3
Andromeda* 35.0 0.015 0.25a 30.0 15.0
Tanjil** 31.5 0.015 0.23a 14.0 24.0
Wodjil*** 38.0 0.005 0.46a 12.7 25.0
LSD (0.05) 2.3 0.001 0.03 1.8 0.8
250 PROCEEDINGS 12TH INTERNATIONAL LUPIN CONFERENCE

Table 3. Agronomic characteristics for L. mutabilis germplasm and breeding lines compared with L. angustifolius
cv. Mandelup grown at Mt Barker, Western Australia, 2007.
Early
Early height Mature 1st order 2nd order Main stem
Genotype biomass
(mm) height (mm) branches branches leaves/plant
(g/plant)
ID13 128 2.9 827 2.7 1.7 15.3
ID33 123 2.7 823 1.3 0 18
ID8 106 2.5 663 1 0.3 15
JC243 143 2.8 717 2.3 1.7 15.7
P25955 173 2.8 780 2 0.3 15
P26961 151 2.7 727 2 1.3 16.3
P27806 160 2.8 900 3.7 0.7 18
P27808 74 2.8 567 3 2.5 15.5
P28028 133 3 917 2.7 3.3 20.3
P28029 120 2.8 983 3.3 3.3 15.3
P28623 140 2.7 743 2.7 0 15.3
P28725 72 3.4 743 1 0 18
Mandelup* 102 2.6 610 4 1.3 18
LSD (0.05) 23 0.3 274 1.7 3.7 2.1
Mature
Days to Seed yield 100 seed
Genotype biomass Pods/plant HI
flowering (g/plant) weight (g)
(g/plant)
ID13 97 20 5.9 19.3 0.2 13.9
ID33 109 41 10.4 18 0.23 13.9
ID8 99 10 4.3 11 0.28 13.2
JC243 91 21 6.1 17 0.27 22.1
P25955 84 45 13.3 15 0.26 24.1
P26961 93 12 2.3 13.3 0.33 20.9
P27806 106 48 13.6 22.3 0.22 20.5
P27808 108 58 12.7 17.5 0.22 22
P28028 107 44 8.3 18.3 0.18 24.2
P28029 103 90 17.7 38 0.17 24
P28623 90 19 5.8 13.3 0.29 16.5
P28725 111 31 4.8 20 0.13 17
Mandelup* 90 16 11.2 16 0.42 16.1
LSD (0.05) 4 27 7.9 10.2 0.13 3.7