EVOLUTION OF
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
OF MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS
Yogendra Singh
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
9/12/2017 9/12/2017 STAGE - 1
EVOLUTION OF EVOLUTION OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
V
? Lack of Knowledge
on Earthquake
V Elastic Forces
Reduced for
Design by R
Demand and Building
Capacity
Inelastic
Vdes Linear Elastic Vdes
Response
Building Response
yield max
9/12/2017 STAGE - 2 9/12/2017 STAGE - 3
INTENDED PERFORMANCE IN EVOLUTION OF
IS:1893-2002 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
Page 2 (Foreword):
Demand Reduced
It is not intended in this standard to lay Sa Based on Inelastic
Capacityof building
down regulation so that no structure shall
suffer any damage during earthquake of
all magnitudes. It has been endeavored
to ensure that, as far as possible,
Performance Point
structures are able to respond, without
structural damage to shocks of moderate
intensities and without total collapse to
shocks of heavy intensities. Sd
des
9/12/2017 9/12/2017 STAGE - 4
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Desired level of seismic performance of the
Design methodology in which structural building expressed in terms of structural and
design criteria is expressed in terms of non-structural damage.
achieving a performance objective. Based on
- Threat to life safety of occupants
WHILE - Post earthquake serviceability
IN CONVENTIONAL DESIGN In terms of
Limits are applied on member forces. - Inelastic member deformations
- Inter-storey Drift
- Floor Acceleration
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
AVAILABLE GUIDELINES FOR PBD AVAILABLE GUIDELINES FOR PBD
Codes for new construction
include many provisions that
encourage or require the
development of designs with features
important for good seismic
performance, including regular
configuration, structural continuity,
ductile detailing, and materials of
appropriate quality. Many existing
buildings were designed and
constructed without these features
and contain characteristics, such as
unfavorable configuration and poor
detailing, that preclude application of
regulatory or building code provisions
for their seismic evaluation or
9/12/2017 retrofit. 9/12/2017
HAZARD LEVELS (ASCE 41-13) HAZARD LEVELS (DBD09)
Probability of Mean Return Seismic
Exceedance Period (years) Hazard Level
50%/30 years 43
50%/50 years 72 SE
20%/50 years 225 BSE-1E
10%/50 years 475 DBE
5%/50 years 975 BSE-2E
2%/50 years 2,475 MCE/BSE-2N
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
PERFORMANCE LEVELS (ASCE 41-13)
Building Performance levels
STRUCTURAL
Nonstructural Structural Performance Levels PERFORMANCE
performance
Levels
SP-1
immediate
SP-2
Damage
SP-3
Life
SP-4
Reduced
SP-5
Collapse
SP-6
Not
LEVELS
Occupancy Control safety Safety Prevention Considered (ASCE 41-13)
(Range) (Range)
NP-A 1-A 2-A NR NR NR NR
Operational Operational
NP-B 1-B 2-B 3-B NR NR NR
Position Immediate
Retention Occupancy
NP-C 1-C 2-C 3-C 4-C 5-C 6-C
Life Safety Life Safety
NP-D NR 2-D 3-D 4-D 5-D 6-D
Not
Considered
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES EQUIVALENT TO NEW
BUILDING STANDARDS (ASCE 41-13) PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES (DBD09)
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR PBD
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
Demand Capacity Ratio Method
(DCR LSP or LDP)
Non-Linear Static Procedure
(NSP)
Non-Linear Dynamic Procedures
(NDP or NL-THA)
9/12/2017
Unconfined and confined concrete
CONFINING OF CONCRETE
CONFINING OF
CONCRETE
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
CONFINING OF CONCRETE MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
9/12/2017
Reinforcing Steel
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY SECTION NONLINEARITY
Reinforcing Steel RC Sections
SECTION NONLINEARITY SECTION NONLINEARITY
y fy
dp
d d
'
dp
y
Steel Sections RC Sections
MEMBER NONLINEARITY MEMBER NONLINEARITY
RC Sections RC Sections
MEMBER NONLINEARITY MEMBER NONLINEARITY
L p kL c L sp 2 L sp
Lsp 0.022 f ye d bl
f
k 0.2 u 1 0.08
f
y
Lc = length from the critical section to the
point of contra-flexure
RC Sections RC Sections
MEMBER NONLINEARITY CHORD ROTATION
c s s
c
c d c d
cy sy
y or
c d c
cc su
u or /2
c d c
y H Lsp
2
y /2
3
u y u y L p H
RC Sections
CHORD ROTATION ELASTO-PLASTIC IDEALISATION
INELASTIC CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR INELASTIC CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR
STRUCTURAL STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE
INELASTIC CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR CYCLIC BACK-BONE CURVE
ASCE 41-2013
MASONRY Backbone curve
BACKBONE CURVE
ASCE 41-2013
9/12/2017
USABLE STRAIN LIMITS
ASCE 41-2013
10.3.3.1 Usable Strain Limits Without confining
transverse reinforcement, the maximum usable strain at
the extreme concrete compression fiber shall not exceed
0.002 for components in nearly pure compression
and 0.005 for other components, Maximum
compressive strains in longitudinal reinforcement shall not
exceed 0.02, and maximum tensile strains in longitudinal
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.05. Monotonic coupon
test results shall not be used to determine reinforcement
strain limits. If experimental evidence is used to determine
strain limits, the effects of low-cycle fatigue and transverse
reinforcement spacing and size shall be included in testing
procedures.
9/12/2017 RC Sections
MODELLING OF COUPLED BEHAVIOUR OF JOINTS
SHEAR WALLS
BEHAVIOUR OF JOINTS LUMPED PLASTICITY MODEL OF A
FRAME
Moment
Hinges
Shear
P-M-M Hinges
Hinges
SIMPLIFIED MODELING OF BEAM- BEHAVIOUR OF SHEAR-WALLS
COLUMN JOINTS
PLASTIC HINGES IN SHEAR-WALLS CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD
ASCE 41-2013
Base Shear Sa
LS CP
IO
Damage Limited Safety
Control
Roof displacement Sd
Capacity curve Capacity Spectrum
Conversion to AD format S ai Vi /(W1 )
S di Ti 2 S ai g /( 4 2 ) S di roof /( PF11 , roof )
4. APPLY GRAVITY LOADS
STEPS FOR CAPACITY CURVE GENERATION
5. OBTAIN MEMBER FORCES FOR LATERAL AND
1. CREATE A COMPUTER MODEL GRAVITY LOADS INCLUDING P-DELTA EFFECTS
2. CLASSIFY EACH MEMBER IN THE CATEGORY OF 6. ADJUST LATERAL FORCES SO THAT A GROUP
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY OF ELEMENTS IS STRESSED TO WITH 10% OF
3. APPLY LATERAL STOREY FORCES YIELD STRENGTH
A SINGLE LOAD AT TOP 7. RECORD BASE SHEAR, ROOF DISPLACEMENT,
MEMBER FORCES AND MEMBER
PARABOLIC DISTRIBUTION AS SUGGESTED
DISPLACEMENTS
BY CODE
8. REVISE THE MODEL USING ZERO OR VERY
IN PROPORTION TO FIRST MODE SHAPE
SMALL STIFFNESS FOR THE YIELDING
IN PROPORTION TO FIRST MODE SHAPE ELEMENTS
UPTO FIRST YIELDING AND THEN ADJUST TO
9. APPLY A NEW INCREMENTAL LOAD ON THE
DEFORMED SHAPE
REVISED MODEL
EFFECT OF HIGHER MODES ALSO INCLUDED
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
DEMAND CURVE
10. CALCULATE CUMULATIVE BASE SHEAR, ROOF
DISPLACEMENT, MEMBER FORCES AND DEMAND CURVE IS ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
MEMBER DISPLACEMENTS REDUCED TO THE DAMPING RATIO
CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFORMATION STAGE OF
11. REPEAT TILL THE STRUCTURE BECOMES
THE BUILDING
UNSTABLE OR THE DEFORMATION OF
MEMBERS IS SUCH THAT LOSS OF GRAVITY
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY TAKES PLACE
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
ESTIMATION OF DAMPING DUE TO ESTIMATION OF DAMPING DUE TO
NON LINEAR DEFORMATIONS NON LINEAR DEFORMATIONS
HYSTERESIS DAMPING CAN BE REPRESENTED AS
EQUIVALENT VISCOUS DAMPING
eq 0 0 . 05
1 E
0 D
4 E s 0
E D = energy dissipated due to damping
E s0 = maximum strain energy
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
ESTIMATION OF DAMPING DUE TO
NON LINEAR DEFORMATIONS ADRS SPECTRA
FOR COMPARISON THE DEMAND CAPACITY NEEDS
TO BE PLOTTED IN THE SAME COORDINATES
ACCELERATION-DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE
SPECTRA IS THE CONVENIENT FORMAT FOR THIS
PURPOSE
S di i2 S a i g
Ti 2
S di S ai g
4 2
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
CONVERSION OF CAPACITY
CURVE TO CAPACITY SPECTRA
FIRST MODE SPECTRAL COORDINATES ARE
CALCULATED
Vi
roof
S ai W S di
1 ( PF1 1,roof )
1 = modal mass coefficient for mode 1
PF1 = participation factor for mode 1
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD VARIANTS OF PUSHOVER
ANALYSIS
5% demand line
Spectral accln. Sa
Constant T line
CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD
Reduced demand line
DISPLACEMENT COEFFICIENT METHOD
ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
MULTI MODAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
Spectral displacement Sd
Performance point (ap,
dp)
9/12/2017
INELASTIC SPECTRUM APPROACH REDUCTION FACTOR
- REDUCTION FACTOR
1 Tn Ta
Ry 2 1 Tb Tn Tc
Tn Tc
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
INELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM INELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
ACHIEVING TARGETED PERFORMANCE ACHIEVING TARGETED PERFORMANCE
Strengthening Stiffening
ACHIEVING TARGETED PERFORMANCE
Ductility Enhancement FLAT SLAB SYSTEMS
Drop Panel
Column Head
9/12/2017
TRANSFER OF MOMENTS AT TRANSFER OF MOMENTS AT
BEAM-COLUMN JOINT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
TRANSFER OF MOMENTS AT PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE OF
SLAB-COLUMN JOINT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
FAILURE OF FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS FAILURE OF FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
SHEAR AT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT SHEAR AT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT
Out of total unbalanced moment, part
is transferred through flexure and part
is transferred through torsion v 1 f f = factor for
Shear stress at critical section is unbalanced moment
resultant of gravity and torsional transferred by flexure at
1
actions f slab-column connections
2 b1
Vg M c 1 v = factor for
vn v u 3 b2 unbalanced moment
b0 d J transferred by torsion at
slab-column connections
9/12/2017 9/12/2017
MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS
Explicit Transverse Torsional Element Model
Equivalent width of slab
l
Interior Supports l 2 2 c1 1
3
l
Exterior Supports l 2 c1 1
6
MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS INTER-STOREY DRIFT LIMIT
Stiffness of Torsional Element 5
Maximum Inter Storey Drift (%)
Hueste and Wright
ASCE/SEI 41 [NC]
4
9 EC
Kt
ASCE/SEI 41 [C]
l 2 1 c 2 l 2
ACI 318-05
3 3
xx y 3
C 1 0.63 1
y 3 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Gravity Shear Ratio
9/12/2017
MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS
Elwood et al. (2007)
Q b
a
c
or
Conditions Modelling parameters
Gravity shear Continuity Plastic rotation angle (radians) Residual strength
ratio reinforcement a b ratio (c)
0 Yes 0.035 0.050 0.2
0.2 Yes 0.030 0.040 0.2
0.4 Yes 0.020 0.030 0.2
0.6 Yes 0.000 0.020 0.0
0 No 0.025 0.025 0.0
0.2 No 0.020 0.020 0.0
0.4 No 0.010 0.010 0.0
0.6 No 0.000 0.000 0.0
THANK YOU !!
9/12/2017
