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Operators in C

C programming has various operators that perform operations on values and variables. These operators can be classified into arithmetic, increment/decrement, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, and special operators. Each operator has a specific purpose - for example, arithmetic operators perform math operations like addition and subtraction, while relational operators check relationships between operands. Examples are provided to demonstrate the usage and behavior of different operator types in C code.

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484 views

Operators in C

C programming has various operators that perform operations on values and variables. These operators can be classified into arithmetic, increment/decrement, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, and special operators. Each operator has a specific purpose - for example, arithmetic operators perform math operations like addition and subtraction, while relational operators check relationships between operands. Examples are provided to demonstrate the usage and behavior of different operator types in C code.

Uploaded by

mandalokhande
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operators in C programming

An operator is a symbol which operates on a value or a variable. For example: + is an operator


to perform addition.
C programming has wide range of operators to perform various operations. For better
understanding of operators, these operators can be classified as:

Operators in C programming
Arithmetic Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Conditional Operators
Bitwise Operators
Special Operators

C Arithmetic Operators
An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction and
multiplication on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator Meaning of Operator


+ addition or unary plus
- subtraction or unary minus
* multiplication
/ division
% remainder after division( modulo division)

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Example #1: Arithmetic Operators

// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators


#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c;

c = a+b;
printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

c = a-b;
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);

c = a*b;
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);

c=a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);

c=a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

return 0;
}

Output

a+b = 13
a-b = 5
a*b = 36
a/b = 2
Remainder when a divided by b=1
The operators +, - and * computes addition, subtraction and multiplication respectively as you
might have expected.

In normal calculation, 9/4 = 2.25. However, the output is 2 in the program.

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It is because both variables a and b are integers. Hence, the output is also an integer. The
compiler neglects the term after decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25.

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 9 is divided by b = 4, the remainder
is 1. The % operator can only be used with integers.

Suppose a = 5.0, b = 2.0, c = 5 and d = 2. Then in C programming,

a/b = 2.5 // Because both operands are floating-point variables


a/d = 2.5 // Because one operand is floating-point variable
c/b = 2.5 // Because one operand is floating-point variable
c/d = 2 // Because both operands are integers

Increment and decrement operators



C programming has two operators increment ++ and decrement -- to change the value of an
operand (constant or variable) by 1.

Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases the value by 1. These
two operators are unary operators, meaning they only operate on a single operand.

Example #2: Increment and Decrement Operators


// C Program to demonstrate the working of increment and decrement operators
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 10, b = 100;
float c = 10.5, d = 100.5;

printf("++a = %d \n", ++a);

printf("--b = %d \n", --b);

printf("++c = %f \n", ++c);

printf("--d = %f \n", --d);

return 0;
}
Output

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++a = 11
--b = 99
++c = 11.500000
++d = 99.500000
Here, the operators ++ and -- are used as prefix. These two operators can also be used as
postfix like a++ and a--. Visit this page to learn more on how increment and decrement
operators work when used as postfix.

C Assignment Operators
An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most common
assignment operator is =

Operator Example Same as

= a=b a=b

+= a += b a = a+b

-= a -= b a = a-b

*= a *= b a = a*b

/= a /= b a = a/b

%= a %= b a = a%b

Example #3: Assignment Operators


// C Program to demonstrate the working of assignment operators
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 5, c;

c = a;
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c += a; // c = c+a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c -= a; // c = c-a

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printf("c = %d \n", c);

c *= a; // c = c*a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c /= a; // c = c/a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c %= a; // c = c%a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

return 0;
}
Output

c=5
c = 10
c=5
c = 25
c=5
c=0

C Relational Operators
A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it
returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.

Operator Meaning of Operator Example

== Equal to 5 == 3 returns 0

> Greater than 5 > 3 returns 1

< Less than 5 < 3 returns 0

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 returns 1

>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 returns 1

<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 return 0

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Example #4: Relational Operators
// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10;

printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, b, a == b); // true


printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, c, a == c); // false

printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, b, a > b); //false


printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, c, a > c); //false

printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, b, a < b); //false


printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, c, a < c); //true

printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, b, a != b); //false


printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, c, a != c); //true

printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, b, a >= b); //true


printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, c, a >= c); //false

printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, b, a <= b); //true


printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, c, a <= c); //true

return 0;

}
Output

5 == 5 = 1
5 == 10 = 0
5>5=0
5 > 10 = 0
5<5=0
5 < 10 = 1
5 != 5 = 0
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5 != 10 = 1
5 >= 5 = 1
5 >= 10 = 0
5 <= 5 = 1
5 <= 10 = 1

C Logical Operators
An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether
expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in C
programming.

Operator Meaning of Operator Example

Logial AND. True only if all If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c ==


&&
operands are true 5) && (d > 5)) equals to 0.

Logical OR. True only if either If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c ==


||
one operand is true 5) || (d > 5)) equals to 1.

Logical NOT. True only if the If c = 5 then, expression ! (c == 5) equals


!
operand is 0 to 0.

Example #5: Logical Operators


// C Program to demonstrate the working of logical operators

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;

result = (a == b) && (c > b);


printf("(a == b) && (c > b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) && (c < b);


printf("(a == b) && (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);


printf("(a == b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

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result = (a != b) || (c < b);
printf("(a != b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a != b);


printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a == b);


printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

return 0;
}
Output

(a == b) && (c > b) equals to 1


(a == b) && (c < b) equals to 0
(a == b) || (c < b) equals to 1
(a != b) || (c < b) equals to 0
!(a != b) equals to 1
!(a == b) equals to 0
Explanation of logical operator program

(a == b) && (c > 5) evaluates to 1 because both operands (a == b) and (c > b) is 1 (true).


(a == b) && (c < b) evaluates to 0 because operand (c < b) is 0 (false).
(a == b) || (c < b) evaluates to 1 because (a = b) is 1 (true).
(a != b) || (c < b) evaluates to 0 because both operand (a != b) and (c < b) are 0 (false).
!(a != b) evaluates to 1 because operand (a != b) is 0 (false). Hence, !(a != b) is 1 (true).
!(a == b) evaluates to 0 because (a == b) is 1 (true). Hence, !(a == b) is 0 (false).

Bitwise Operators

During computation, mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, addition and division
are converted to bit-level which makes processing faster and saves power.

Bitwise operators are used in C programming to perform bit-level operations.

Operators Meaning of operators


& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR

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~ Bitwise complement
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

Other Operators

Comma Operator
Comma operators are used to link related expressions together. For example:

int a, c = 5, d;
The sizeof operator
The sizeof is an unary operator which returns the size of data (constant, variables, array,
structure etc).

Example #6: sizeof Operator


#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a, e[10];
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf("Size of int=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(c));
printf("Size of char=%lu byte\n",sizeof(d));
printf("Size of integer type array having 10 elements = %lu bytes \n", sizeof(e));
return 0;
}
Output

Size of int = 4 bytes


Size of float = 4 bytes
Size of double = 8 bytes
Size of char = 1 byte
Size of integer type array having 10 elements = 40 bytes
C Ternary Operator (?:)
A conditional operator is a ternary operator, that is, it works on 3 operands.

Conditional Operator Syntax

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conditionalExpression ? expression1 : expression2
The conditional operator works as follows:

The first expression conditionalExpression is evaluated first. This expression evaluates to 1 if it's
true and evaluates to 0 if it's false.
If conditionalExpression is true, expression1 is evaluated.
If conditionalExpression is false, expression2 is evaluated.
Example #7: C conditional Operator
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
char February;
int days;
printf("If this year is leap year, enter 1. If not enter any integer: ");
scanf("%c",&February);

// If test condition (February == 'l') is true, days equal to 29.


// If test condition (February =='l') is false, days equal to 28.
days = (February == '1') ? 29 : 28;

printf("Number of days in February = %d",days);


return 0;
}
Output

If this year is leap year, enter 1. If not enter any integer: 1


Number of days in February = 29

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