INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

GRAPHICS
ITC 31012: GRAPHICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS

AJM HASMY [email protected]

 WHAT CAN PS DO? - PHOTOSHOPPING

CREATING IMAGE
Custom icons, buttons, lines, balls or text art web design

ALTERING IMAGE
Altering an image includes doing such things as changing the colors within an image,
modifying the size and scale of an image, or putting one picture "within" another.
Alteration also includes technical modifications such as changing the mode of image
compression from one type to another, or changing the number of bits used per
pixel
PHOTOSHOPPING..
 WHO USES PHOTOSHOP

PHOTOGRAPHERS
PUBLISHERS
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS
TECH COMMUNICATORS
http://www.photoshop.com/products/photoshop/what
Photoshop CS6 system requirements (Windows)

Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon 64 processor

Microsoft Windows XP with Service Pack 3 or Microsoft Windows 7 with Service Pack 1. Adobe Creative
Suite 5.5 and CS6 applications also support Windows 8 and Windows 8.1. See the CS6 FAQ for more
information about Windows 8 support.*

1 GB of RAM

1 GB of available hard-disk space for installation; additional free space required during installation (cannot
install on removable flash storage devices)

1024 x 768 display (1280 x 800 recommended) with 16-bit color and 512 MB (1 GB recommended) of VRAM

OpenGL 2.0capable system

DVD-ROM drive

This software doesn't operate without activation. Broadband Internet connection and registration are required
for software activation, validation of subscriptions, and access to online services.
ALTERNATIVES

http://alternativeto.net/software/adobe-photoshop/?platform=windows
 CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

PIXEL
COLOR MODES
RASTER & VECTOR IMAGES
IMAGE TYPES
NOISE
 Improving image quality by
Eliminating noise
Enhancing contrast
Eg:

A "noisy" Continued
image Smoothed
 PIXEL

A picture can describe as a set of intensities of the pixels

WHAT IS A PIXEL?
The smallest addressable unit on a display screen

All pictures are made of pixels. And it is the smallest

element of an image.

Zoom
http://graphics.wikia.com/wiki/Pixel
 RASTER VS VECTOR IMAGE

If an image stores its picture information as intensities of individual pixels it is

referred as a Raster Image
If an image stores its picture information as geometric structures it is referred to
as Vector Image
 VECTOR GRAPHICS
Stores image information using points and curves.
Contains instructions for drawing lines, circles, ellipses, curves, and other shapes.
Uses mathematical formula
Vector graphics can be edited and manipulated far easier than raster images.
Easy to work with individual shapes separately
Consumes less disk space
Not suitable for images contains natural scenes
Vector graphics can be scaled up and down easily and quickly while retaining the
quality of the picture
Example for vector graphics base designing tool- corel draw
 RASTER GRAPHICS

Uses pixel values to describe an image.

File size is independent of the image complexity.
For higher resolution, file size increases.
Suitable for natural images
Image loose its quality when scaling and zooming
Example for raster graphics based image editing tool Adobe Photoshop
Zoom

Raster

Vector
 RASTERIZING

GENERATING PIXEL BASED INFORMATION FROM VECTOR IMAGES

HARD TO CONVERT RASTER IMAGE TO A VECTOR IMAGE
If I am creating a new design which software should
I use; Raster or Vector Graphic Program?

It depends on the design itself. If it's going to have photographic elements with continuous
tones and blends of color, you are probably better off using a paint program like Photoshop
which is a raster program that specializes in photo editing, or use any other PAINT program.
If you want your final design to look like an illustration instead with clear contrasts between
objects & shapes, then use a vector program.
You MUST use a vector program when creating art for plotters, vinyl-cut signs, engraving and
other specialty items.
Ideally a company that has a logo design with photographic elements, also has a secondary
version of their logo in vector format that can be used for those specialty items that require
vector art.
 DPI VS PPI

DPI - DOTS PER INCH

This is the amount of ink dots the printer will put on each pixel of your image. The DPI is
set by the actual printer device.
PPI - PIXELS PER INCH
Digital raster images are measured in pixels, or picture elements. How many pixels per
inch is determined by the device you create the digital image with: camera, scanner, or
graphics software and can be modified with a photo editing software like photoshop.
 IMAGE COMPRESSION

WHY COMPRESSION ?
To store images using less disk space
To reduce the transferring time( network)
To reduce loading time
DISADVANTAGES
Loose quality
 TYPES OF COMPRESSION
LOSSLESS COMPRESSION - All image detail and color information is retained as
the image is compressed. This retains image sharpness and clarity as in the source

LOSSY COMPRESSION - Image color or image detail information is reduced to

compress the image. Lossy compression makes much smaller image files than
lossless.

Always use lossless compression while editing images. Only the final image should
be compressed in a lossy format, and only if small file size is of primary concern
(like internet web images, for example).
 HOW COLOUR INFORMATION STORED

Each pixel is assigned with set of bits

Number of bits used to store color information of a pixel is called
bit-depth
Bit depth can be varies from 8 to 24
Higher bit depths will increase the quality as well as file size
What is the size of a image file which use 24 bits to store colour
information and resolution is 1024x768 ? (this file format uses
compressions algorithm which has the compression ratio 8:1)
 IMAGE FILE FORMATS
DIFFERENT FILE FORMATS USE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES TO STORE IMAGE
INFORMATION
BMP:
Bitmap file format is used for bitmap graphics on the windows platform .
Unlike other file formats, which store image data from top to bottom and pixels in
red/green/blue order, the BMP format stores image data from bottom to top and
pixels in blue/green/red order. Compression of BMP files is not supported, so they are
usually very large.
These files contains ".Bmp " extension.
IMAGE FILE FORMATS
GIF: GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT
This was originally developed by compuserve in 1987.
Most popular file formats for web graphics
The gif format supports 8 bits of color information or less.
In addition, the gif89a file format supports transparency, ( compuserve gif(87)
does not support transparency.)
This feature makes gif a particularly popular format for web images.
This uses a "lossy" compression method. It reduces an image's file size by
removing bits of color information during the conversion process.
This file format also support animations.
Uses ".Gif" as extension.
IMAGE FILE FORMATS
JPEG: JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERTS GROUP FORMAT
This is the most popular formats for web graphics.
It supports 24 bits of color information,
And is most commonly used for photographs and similar continuous-tone
bitmap images.
This is a compressed file format and uses lossy compression strategy.
This use to save only the color information that is essential to the image.
Jpeg does not support transparency.
The jpeg file format supports millions of colors. In theory, JPEG was designed
so that changes made to the original image during conversion to JPEG would
not be visible to the human eye.
These files contains ".Jpg" as extension
IMAGE FILE FORMATS
PNG: THE PORTABLE NETWORK GRAPHICS FORMAT
This consider as the successor to the GIF file format.
It is platform independent and should be used for single images only (not
animation).
Compared with gif, png offers greater color support and better
compression, gamma correction for brightness control across platforms,
better support for transparency, and a better method for displaying
progressive images.
Png format uses ".Png" as extension
IMAGE FILE FORMATS

TIFF: TAG INTERCHANGE FILE FORMAT

This is a tag-based format that was developed and maintained by aldus (now
adobe).
This is compatible with a wide range of software applications and can be used
across platforms such as Macintosh, Windows, and Unix.
The tiff format is complex, so tiff files are generally larger than gif or jpeg files.
Tiff supports lossless lzw (lempel-ziv welch) compression; however, compressed tiffs
take longer to open.
Extension used is ".Tif"
 HOW TO SAVE A PICTURE FILE IN DIFFERENT
FORMATS?
???