Maths-trigonometry

Simple math formula on trigonometry is given in such an order that students can easily
get the formula.

Trigonometry
Measurement of Trigonometrical Angles:

(i) The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle is called a radian.

(ii) A radian is a constant angle.

One radian = (2/) rt. angle = 571744.8 (approx.)

(iii) 1 rt. angle = 90 ; 1 = 60 ; 1 = 60.

(iv) 1 rt. angle = 100g ; 1g = 100 ; 1 = 100.

(v) c 180 = 200g.

(vi) The circumference of a circle of radius r is 2r where is a constant; approximate

(vii) If be the radian measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle of

Associated angles:
(ii) If is a positive acute angle and n is an even integer then,

(a) sin (n 90 ) = sin or, (- sin )

(b) cos (n 90 ) = cos or, (- cos )

(c) tan (n 90 ) = tan or, (- tan ).

(iii) If is a positive acute angle and n is an odd integer then,

(a) sin (n 90 ) = cos or, (- cos )

(b) cos (n 90 ) = sin or, (- sin )

(c) tan (n 90 ) = cot or (- cot ).

Compound Angles:
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.

(ii) sin ( A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B.

(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.

(iv) cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.

(v) sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = sin2 A - sin2 B = cos2 B - cos2 A.

(vi) cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = cos2 A - sin2 B = cos2 B - sin2 A.

(vii) tan (A+ B) = (tan A + tan B)/(1 - tan A tan B).

(viii) tan (A - B) = (tan A - tan B)/(1 + tan A tan B).

(ix) cot (A + B) = (cot A cot B - 1)/(cot B + cot A).

(x) cot (A - B) = (cot A cot B + 1)/(cot B - cot A).

(xi) tan (A + B + C) = {(tan A + tan B + tan C) - (tan A tan B tan C)}/(1 - tan A tan B -
tan B tan C - tan C tan A).

(xii) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin(A - B).

(xiii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B ) - sin (A - B).

(xiv) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B ) + cos (A - B).

(xv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B).

(xvi) sin C + sin D = 2 sin (C + D)/2 cos (C - D)/2.

(xvii) sin C - sin D = 2 cos (C + D)/2 sin (C - D)/2.

(xviii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos (C + D)/2 cos (C - D)/2.

(xix) cos C - cos D = 2 sin (C + D)/2 sin (C - D)/2.

Multiple Angles:

(i) sin 2 = 2 sin cos .

(ii) cos 2 = cos2 - sin2 .

(iii) cos 2 = 2 cos2 - 1.

(iv) cos 2 = 1 - 2 sin2 .

(v) 1 - cos2 = 2 cos2 .

(vii) tan2 = (1 - cos 2)/(1 + cos 2).

(viii) sin 2 = (2 tan )/(1 + tan2 )

(ix) cos 2 = (1 - tan2 )/(1 + tan2 ).

(x) tan 2 = (2 tan )/(1 - tan2 ).

(xi) sin 3 = 3 sin - 4 sin3 .

(xii) cos 3 = 4 cos3 - 3 cos .

(xiii) tan 3 = (3 tan - tan3 )/(1 - 3 tan2 ).

Submultiple Angles:

(i) sin = 2 sin (/2) cos (/2).

(ii) cos = cos2 (/2) - sin2 (/2).

(iii) cos = 2 cos2 (/2) - 1.

(iv) cos = 1 - 2 sin2 (/2).

(v) 1 + cos = 2 cos2 (/2).

(vi) 1 - cos = 2 sin2 (/2).

(vii) tan2 (/2) = (1 - cos )/(1 + cos ).

(viii) sin = [2 tan (/2)]/[1 + tan2 (/2)].

(ix) cos = [1 - tan2 (/2)]/[1 + tan2 (/2)].

(x) tan = [2 tan (/2)]/[1 - tan2 (/2)].

(xi) sin = 3 sin (/3) - 4 sin3 (/3).

(xii) cos = 4 cos3 (/3) - 3 cos (/2).

(xiii) (a) sin 15 = cos 75 = (3 - 1)/(22).

(b) cos 15 = sin 75 = (3 + 1)/(22).

(c) tan 15 = 2 - 3.
(d) sin 22 = (2 - 2).

(e) cos 22 = [(2 + 2)].

(f) tan 22 = 2 - 1.

(g) sin 18 = (5 - 1)/4 = cos 72.

(h) cos 36 = cos 72 = (5 + 1)/4.

(i) cos 18 = sin 72 = [(10 + 25)].

(j) sin 36 = cos 54 = [(10 - 25)].

General Solutions:

(i) (a) If sin = 0 then, = n.

(b) If sin = 1 then, = (4n + 1)(/2).

(c) If sin = -1 then, = (4n - 1)(/2).

(d) If sin = sin then, = n + (-1)n .

(ii) (a) If cos = 0 then, = (2n + 1)(/2).

(b) If cos = 1 then, = 2n.

(c) If cos = -1 then, = (2n + 1).

(d) If cos = cos then, = 2n .

(ii) (a) If tan = 0 then, = n.

(b) If tan = tan then, = 2n + where, n = 0 or any integer.

Inverse Circular Functions:

(i) sin (sin-1 x) = x ; cos (cos-1 x) = x ; tan (tan-1 x) = x.

(ii) sin-1 (sin ) = ; cos-1 (cos ) = ; tan-1 (tan ) = .

(iii) sin-1 x = cosec-1 (1/x) = cos-1 [(1 - x2)] = sec-1 [1/(1 - x2)]

= tan-1 [x/(1 - x2)] = cot-1 [(1 - x2)/x].

tan-1 x + cot-1 x = /2.

(v) (a) tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 [(x + y)/(1 - xy)]

(b) tan-1 x - tan-1 y = tan-1 [(x - y)/(1 + xy)]

(vi) (a) sin-1 x + sin-1 y = sin-1 {x(1 - y2) + y(1 - x2)}

(b) sin-1 x - sin-1 y = sin-1 {x(1 - y2 ) - y(1 - x2)}

(vii) (a) cos-1 x + cos-1 y = cos-1 {xy - (1 - x2) (1 - y2)}

(b) cos-1 x - cos-1 y = cos-1 {xy + (1 - x2) (1 - y2)}.

(viii) 2 tan-1 x = sin-1 [2x/(1 + x2)] = cos-1 [(1 - x2)/(1 - x2)]

= tan-1 [2x/(1 - x2)].

(ix) tan-1 x + tan-1 y + tan-1 z = tan-1 [(x + y + z - xyz)/(1 - xy - yz - zx)]

(x) sin-1 x and cos-1 x are defined when -1 x 1 ; sec-1 x and cosec-1 x are defined
when x 1 ; tan-1 x and cot-1 x are defined
when - < x < .

(xi) If principal values of sin-1 x, cos-1 x and tan-1 x be , and respectively, then -/2
/2, 0 and -/2 /2.

Properties of Triangle:

(i) a/(sin A) = b/(sin B) = c/(sin C) = 2R.

(ii) a = b cosC + c cosB ; b = c cosA + a cosC ; c = a cosB + b cosA.

(iii) cos A = (b2 + c2 - a2)/2bc ; cos B = (c2 + a2 - b2)/2ca ;

cos C = (a2 + b2 - c2)/2ab

(iv) tan A = [(abc)/R] [ 1/(b2 + c2 - a2)]

tan B = [(abc)/R] [1/(c2 + a2 - b2)]

tan C = [(abc)/R] [1/(a2 + b2 - c2)].

sin B/2 = [(s - c) (s - a)/(ca)].

sin C/2 = [(s - a) (s - b)/(ab)].

cos A/2 = [s (s - a)/(bc)].

sin B/2 = [s (s - b)/(ca)].

cos C/2 = [s (s - c)/(ab)].

tan A/2 = [(s - b) (s - c)/{s(s - c)}].

tan B/2 = [(s - c) (s - a)/{s(s - b)}].

tan C/2 = [(s - a) (s - b)/{s(s - c)}].

(vi) tan [(B - C)/2] = [(b - c)/(b + c)] cot (A/2).

tan [(C - A)/2] = [(c - a)/(c + a)] cot (B/2).

tan [(A - B)/2] = [(a - b)/(a + b)] cot (C/2).

(vii) = [bc sin A] = [ca sin B] = [ab sin C].

(viii) = {s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)}.

(ix) R = abc/4.

(x) tan (A/2) = {(s - b)(s - c)}/.

tan (B/2) = {(s - c)(s - a)}/.

tan (C/2) = {(s - a)(s - b)}/

(xi) cot A/2 = {s(s - a)}/.

cot (B/2) = {s(s - b)}/.

cot (C/2) = {s(s - c)}/.

(xii) sin A = 2/bc ; sin B = 2/ca ; sin C = 2/ab

(xiii) r = /s.

(xiv) r = 4R sin (A/2) sin (B/2) sin (C/2).

(xv) r = (s - a) tan (A/2) = (s - b) tan (B/2) = (s - c) tan (C/2).

(xvii) r1 = 4 R sin (A/2) cos (B/2) cos (C/2).

(xviii) r2 = 4R sin (B/2) cos (C/2) cos (A/2).

(xix) r3 = 4 R sin (C/2) cos (A/2) cos (B/2).

(xx) r1 = s tan (A/2) ; r2 = s tan (B/2) ; r3 = s tan (C/2).