Report About Hydrodinamics Concept and Kinds of

Flow Line
Group 4 :

Muhammad Ilham Zakaria 04211740000034

Farhan Setyawan 04211740000032

Hasan Ahmad Zaky 04211740000042

Muhammad Farid Taufik Al Hidah 04211740000050

Muhammad Syuhri 04211740000054

Aurenia Fairuz Rachmadi 04211740000064

Devanda Ghean 04211740000068

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Chapter 1

Hydronamics Concept

Hydrodynamics is one of the oceanography subject that is a continuation of the

fluid mechanics. Hydrodynamic can be defined as one of the branches of science
which studies the movement of liquid or fluid liquid, especially the movement of
water. The scope of this science tend to study the movement of water particles, so it is
called the scale are macroscopic.

The scale are macroscopic in here because water was composed of particles and
the fluid, while as we know that the smallest of scales it's an atom is not a particle.

In addition to the hydrodynamics is a branch of science that is trying to apply

mathematical equations. This happened as the hydrodynamics are associated with the
mathematical from equations of the fluid order based on the laws of the Newton. So
the main object in the study materials and analysis is fluid Newton

Example

The problem with the concept of hydrodynamics is actually not simple. but to
simplify the problem used the ideal fluid concept, here is the ideal fluid characteristics,
except
a. Fluid flows can be steady
b. Fluid flows incompressible
c. No friction
d. Fluid flows can be turbulent
e. Fluid flows can be streamlined

Answer : D Fluid flows can be turbulent

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Debit flow (Q)

The amount of fluid volume flowing unity of time, or:

Where :

Q = flow discharge (m3 / s)

A = cross-sectional area (m2)

V = fluid flow rate (m / s)

Fluid flow is often expressed in flow discharge

Where :

Q = flow discharge (m3 / s)

V = volume (m3)

t = time interval (s)

Problems example

A pipe drains water with a discharge of 1m3 per second, and is used to fill a sized dam
(100 x 100 x 10) m. Calculate the time it takes to fill the dam to the brim!

Answer:

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Equation of Continuity

The water flowing in the water pipe is considered to have the same discharge at any
point. Or if reviewed 2 places, then:

Flow discharge 1 = flow discharge 2, or:

Example question
Water flows through a wide pipe cross section. At the first end of the pipe cross section
is 40 cm2 and the second cross-sectional area is 5 cm2. If the water velocity on a large
cross section is 4 m / s. (a) Determine the rate of water in a small tube. (b) determine the
water discharge / (c) the volume of water flowing for 2 minutes.

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Discussion:
Here we suppose a large cross section as part 1 and a small cross section is part 2. So it
can be illustrated as follows.

a) We use the formula: A1.v1 = A1.v1. Please change the number with the known.
40 x 10-4m-2 x 4 m / s = 5 x 10-4m-2 x v 2
v 2 = 32 m / s

b) Q = A.v = 40 x 10-4m2 x 4 m / s = 1.6 x 10-2 m3 / s.

c) V = Q. t = 1.6 x 10-2 m3 / s x 120 s (* 120 from time 2 minutes into seconds)
V = 1.92 m3

Law of Bernoulli

Bernoulli's Law is a law based on energy conservation laws experienced by fluid flow.
This law states that the amount of pressure (p), kinetic energy per unit volume, and
potential energy per unit volume have the same value at each point along a current line.
If expressed in the equation becomes:

Where :

p = water pressure (Pa)

v = water velocity (m / s)

g = acceleration of gravity

h = water level

Problems example

The position of the big pipe is 5 m above the ground and the small pipe 1 m above the
ground. The velocity of water flow in the large pipe is 36 km / h with a pressure of 9.1
x 105 Pa. Specify:

a) Water velocity on a small pipe

b) Difference in pressure on both pipes

c) Pressure on small pipe

(air = 1000 kg / m3) Discussion

Data:

h1 = 5 m

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h2 = 1 m

v1 = 36 km / h = 10 m / s

P1 = 9.1 x 105 Pa

A1: A2 = 4: 1

a) Water velocity on a small pipe

Continuity Equation:

A1v1 = A2v2

(4) (10) = (1) (v2)

v2 = 40 m / s

b) Difference in pressure on both pipes

From the Bernoulli Equation:

P1 + 1/2 v12 + gh1 = P2 + 1/2 v22 + gh2

P1 - P2 = 1/2 (v22 - v12) + g (h2 - h1)

P1 - P2 = 1/2 (1000) (402 - 102) + (1000) (10) (1 - 5)

P1 - P2 = (500) (1500) - 40000 = 750000 - 40000

P1 - P2 = 710000 Pa = 7.1 x 105 Pa

c) Pressure on small pipe

P1 - P2 = 7.1 x 105

9.1 x 105 - P2 = 7.1 x 105

P2 = 2.0 x 105 Pa

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Chapter 2

Physics Fluid Flow

Reynolds number

Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that re;ates inertial forces to viscous

forces. It is represented by :

Re = VD = density
V = velocity
D = length
= viscosity

Judging from the flow velocity, it can be assumed / categorized as follows:

o The laminar stream when the stream has a Re number less than 2000,
o Transition flows are on the Re (2000 - 4000) regular number also referred to as the
critical Reynolds number, whereas
o Turbulent flow has a Re number greater than 4000.
For example
Given the pipe diameter is 40 cm, and the flow is turbulent, then its speed is:

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Types of flow

reynolds number is used to characterize different flow regimes. Including laminar and
turbulent flow. Both types of flow are significant in fluid mechanics. To know which
one are luminar or turbulent , it needs to calculate reynolds number where there is
density variable, velocity, length and viscosity. So the smaller number of viscosity the
bigger Reynolds Number is and vice versa.

Laminar Flow

is a fluid flow that does not occur spikes and is close to linear and usually due to no
sudden changes in the cross-section. Fluid travels smoothy and in regular paths where
the horizontal surface remaind stationary and all other layers slide over each other.
Laminar flow occurs at a lower reynolds number (Re<2100) where viscous forces are
dominant.

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Turbulent Flow

is a fluid flow that occurs spikes or clumps or waves as it flows. The causes of
turbulence are numerous. However, when the fluid flows from a cross-section to a
smaller cross section, there is a high probability of turbulence. Turbulent Flow travels
in random, chaotic paths and characterized by irregular fluctuations and heavy mixing.
Turbulent Flow occurs at a higher Reynolds number (Re>4000) where inertial forces
are dominant.

APPLICATIONS

It is important to be able to calculate the Reynold number of specific types of

flow so that appropriate models can be used when designing flow systems
In many real world systems, precise flow analysis can only be performed using
models
Using dimensional analysis, the Reynolds number can be accurately extracted
from these models to simulate real world performance
Pipe system must be designed accordingly for the flow they will endure over a
given period of time
Turbulent fluids can behave unpredictably and cause large pressure differences
over short areas, leading to reduced life times and even to pipe failures

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Examples Laminar question

A fluid with density = 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity = 0,30 N.s/m2 flows steady
down a pipe vertically with d = 0,10 m and out as a free jet from lower of the pipe.
Determine the max pressure on pipe in 10 m above the end point of pipe, if the flow is
laminer?

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 Examples Turbulent question

Turbulent flow problem

What is the minimum speed needed to achieve turbulent flow given :

- Density = 780 kg/m3

- = 1.3 x 10-3

- diameter 0.75 m

- Re = 105

Answer

xVxD
Re =

780 x V x 0.75
5
10 = 3
1.3 x 10
V = 0.22 m/s

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REFERENSI

http://turmudikemiri.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/bilangan-reynolds-reynolds-numb
er-dan.html
https://fisikamarsud.wordpress.com/2012/08/15/fluida-dinamis/
https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematical-treasure-da
niel-bernoulli-s-hydrodynamica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics
https://www.google.co.id/imghp?hl=id&tab=wi

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