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Eurocode 8 Part 3:
Assessment and retrofitting of buildings
Paolo Emilio Pinto
Università di Roma La Sapienza
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Urgency of guidance documents
for assessment and retrofit
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• Worldwide growth of urbanisation and industrialisation in
seismically active regions, without proper consideration of the
seismic hazard
• Relatively recent realisation of the extent of the risk in terms
of expected human and economic losses: Loma Prieta
(1989), Kobe (1995), Koaceli(1999),…
• Reduction of the present level of risk is a long-term
objective; availability of effective technical regulations is the
only tool for rational planning
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Reasons for the delayed appearance
of assessment documents
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• Late realisation of the conceptual and practical difference
with respect to new design codes consisting in:
• uncertain knowledge of the actual resisting system
• greater sophistication in the analysis, due to likely
presence of unfavourable, difficult to analyse mechanisms
• poor knowledge on the ultimate behaviour of old-type,
non seismically detailed, elements
• All existing documents (USA, Japan, New Zealand) are in
the form of Reccomendations.
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The structure of Eurocode 8 Part 3
Type: Displacement and Performance-based
•Seismic action and corresponding performance levels: three
• Seismic action: elastic 5% damping response spectrum
• Analysis: essentially based on the equal displacement rule
(except for non-linear dynamic) to estimate
deformation demands in ductile structural
members, and corresponding force demands in
brittle members
• Verifications: additional safety factors called confidence
factors
original formulations for: ultimate flexural
deformations of concrete elements, shear
strength
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Performance requirements
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Hazard Required performance
(return period of the design
spectrum)
TR = 2475 years Near Collapse
( 2% in 50 years ) (very heavy damage, large permanent
drift, but still standing)
TR = 475 years Significant damage
(10% in 50 years ) (damage to structural and non-strutural
members, uneconomic to repair but
has residual stiffness/strength)
TR = 225 years Limited damage
( 20% in 50 years ) (damage to non-structural components
only)
TR values above same as for new buildings. National authorities may select
lower values, and require compliance with only two limit-states
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Motivation for the use of a 3rd, higher level of hazard
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Contrary to new, code designed, buildings, existing ones may
not have adequate margins to resist seismic actions higher
than the design one
The additional “point check” is intended to ensure that “new”
and “existing” have the same “total risk”
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Safety format: components of the reliability framework
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• Probabilistic definition of the seismic action
• Use of ‘mean’ or ‘best estimate’ values of the material
properties, affected by the usual ‘partial factors’ (as for new
designs)
• Introduction of an additional factor accounting for the ‘level
of knowledge’ in: geometry, details, material properties
• Three ‘levels of knowledge’ and corresponding
‘confidence factors’ (CF) values are defined (The CF’s
enter in the verification of the structural members
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Knowledge levels (KL) and Confidence factors (CF)
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Knowledge Geometry Details Materials Analysis CF
Level
Simulated design in accordance Default values in accordance with
with relevant practice standards of the time of
and construction
KL1 from limited in-situ inspection and LF-MRS CFKL1
from limited in-situ testing
From incomplete original From original design specifications
From original outline detailed construction drawings with limited in-situ testing
construction drawings with limited in-situ inspection or
with sample visual or from extended in-situ testing
KL2 All CFKL2
survey from extended in-situ inspection
or
from full survey
From original detailed From original test reports with
construction drawings with limited in-situ testing
limited in-situ inspection or
KL3 or from comprehensive in-situ testing All CFKL3
from comprehensive in-situ
inspection
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Methods of analysis: possible choices
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• Linear static applicable to buildings that are
‘regular’ in elevation, with a period
T1<2s, and T1<4TC (corner period of
the spectrum) and satisfy ‘uniform
strength conditions’
• Linear dynamic as above
• Non-linear static EC8 standard assessment method,
applicable without restrictions
• Non-linear dynamic applicable in all cases
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Methods of analysis: linear methods
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• Linear displacemet-based methods have been under
development in the USA and in Europe in the last decade
• Actual displacements are obtained by applying correction
factors to the displacements from a linear analysis of the
structure subjected to the unreduced seismic action
• Condition for applicability: ratio between demand Di and
capacity Ci, ρi=Di/Ci sufficiently uniform across all primary
resisting memebers, e.g.:
ρmax/ρmin ≤ 2÷3
(Very useful also for detecting a number of inadequate
members)
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Methods of analysis: non-linear static 1/2
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Specifications for use within EC8:
• No limitations related to regularity of the building
• Two patterns of lateral forces, corresponding to a ‘rigid’ and
a ‘first-mode’ deformed shape
• Consistent transformation factor for the ‘capacity curve’
• Base shear Γ = ∑ m i φi ∑ ii
m φ 2
F * = Fb Γ
• Top displacement d * = d top Γ
• Determination of the response by entering the design elastic
displacement response spectrum at the period T* from the
bilinearised (Fy*, dy*) ‘capacity curve’
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Methods of analysis: non-linear static 2/2
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• Modification of the elastic response in the short-period
range (T<=Tc)
d* ⎡ TC ⎤
= ⎢⎣1 − (q u − 1) T * ⎥⎦
**
d
qu
where q u = equivalent ductility = Se (T * )m * F y*
(S (T ) = elastic spectral ordinate )
e
*
• Combination of the effects of the two horizontal components
of the seismic action
• Conventional Ex+0.30Ey; Ey+0.3Ex
where Ex, Ey are the effects of the full action along X and
Y, respectively
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Member verifications: demand quantities
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• Ductile members (beam-columns and walls in flexure)
the demand quantity is the chord-rotation at the ends, as
obtained from the analysis, either linear or non-linear
• Brittle mechanisms (shear)
the demand quantity is the force acting on the mechanism
• Linear analysis: the ductile transmitting mechanisms can be:
• below yielding: the force is given by the analysis
• yielded: the force is obtained from equilibrium conditions, with
the capacity of the ductile elements evaluated using mean
values of the mech. prop.’s multiplied by the CF’s
• Non-linear analysis: forces as obtained from the analysis
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Member verifications: capacities
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• Ductile members (beam-columns and walls in flexure)
expressions of the ultimate chord-rotations are given for
the three performance levels, the values of the mech.
properties are the mean values, divided by the CF’s.
• Brittle mechanisms (shear)
expressions for the ultimate strength are given for the NC
performance level, the values to be used for the
mechanical properties are the mean values, divided by
both the usual partial factors and the CF’s
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Member verifications: synopsis
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Linear Model (LM) Non-linear Model
Demand Capacity Demand Capacity
Acceptability of Linear Model
(for checking of ρi =Di/Ci values)
From analysis. In terms of strength.
Use mean values of Use mean values of
properties in model. properties
In terms of deformation.
Ductile Verifications (if LM accepted) Use mean values of
properties divided by CF.
From analysis. In terms of deformation.
Use mean values of
Type of properties divided by CF. From analysis.
elment or
Use mean values of
mechanism
properties in model.
(e/m)
Verifications (if LM accepted)
If ρi ≤ 1: from analysis. In terms of strength.
Use mean values of In terms of strength.
If ρi > 1: from equilibrium
properties divided by CF Use mean values of
Brittle with strength of ductile e/m.
and by partial factor. properties divided by CF
Use mean values of
properties multiplied by CF. and by partial factor.
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Capacity models for RC members: flexure
• Mechanically-based models capable of accounting for all internal deterioration
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mechanisms that develop in inadequately detailed RC members are not
available
• Resort has been made to a large database collecting tests made in the past in
order to derive empirical expressions.
•Example:
⎡ max(0.01; ω ' ) ⎤
0.225 0.35 f yw
⎛ Ls ⎞ αρ sx
θ um = 0.01(0.3) ⎢
ν
fc ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ 25 fc
1.25100 ρd
⎣ max(0.01; ω ) ⎦ ⎝ h ⎠
where ν = normalised axial force
ω , ω ' = mech. reinforc. ratio of compression and tension reinf.
L s = shear span
h = net height of the section
α = confinemen t effectiven ess factor
ρ sx , ρ dx = transverse and diagonal reinforcement ratio
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Capacity models for RC members: shear
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The well-known three-terms additive format for the shear strength has been
retained. The expressions for the three contributions have been derived using
the same database as for the flexural capacity, augmented by test results of
specimen failing in shear after initial flexural yielding:
⎡h − x
VR = 0.85 ⎢ min (N ;0.55 Ac f c ) + (1 − 0.55 min (5; μ Δpl ))×
⎣ 2L
⎛ ⎛ Ls ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
× 0.16 max(0.5;100 ρ tot )⎜ 1 − 0.16 min⎜ 5; ⎟ ⎟ f c + Vw ⎥
⎝ ⎝ h ⎠⎠ ⎦
where x = neutral axis depth
N = compressive axial force ( = 0 if tensile)
Ac = cross - section area VR , predicted
=1
μ = plastic part of ductility demand
pl
Δ VR ,experimental
ρ tot = total longitudin al reinf. ratio CoV = 15%
Vw = contributi on of transverse steel Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Capacity models for strengthened members
The section covers traditional strengthening techniques, such as
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concrete and steel jacketing, as well as the use of FRP plating and
wrapping, for which results from recent research are incorporated.
Guidance in the use of externally bonded FRP is given fo the
purposes of:
• increasing shear strength (contribution additive to existing
strength)
• increasing ductility of critical regions (amount of confinement
pressure to be applied, as function of the ratio between target and
available curvature ductility)
• preventing lap-splice failure (amount of confinement pressure to
be applied, as function of the bar diameters and of the action
already provided by existing closed stirrups)
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
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Concluding remarks
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• Eurocode 8 Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings is the
latest addition to a small set of international documents dealing with
the dramatic issue of the high seismic risk of existing buildings
• The best of the Codes cannot solve the problems by itself, it is
however a necessary prerequisite, and the absence of assessment
documents until very recently has contributed to delay the planning of
measures of risk mitigation
• Preparation of EC8/3 has revealed lack of fundamental knowledge
in a number of areas, most notably the deformation and strength
properties of old-type elements, on which fresh research is needed
• The practicality, as well as the ability of EC8/3 to provide consistent
measures of the level of safety of existing buildings, needs to be
confirmed through extensive applications.
Workshop - 27-29 November 2006, Varese, Italy
