9/28/2013

Overview
Short-Time Fourier Transform

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Window effect
Speech and Audio Signal Processing

Window Function
ECE554

Nikesh Bajaj
[email protected]
Asst. Prof. DSP, SECE
Lovely Professional University
2 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Short Time Fourier Transform

Ba Overview

Review of Limitation of FT
Introduction to STFT
Advantage of STT over FT
sh

Spectrogram
Effect of window size
Nikesh Bajaj
Limitation of STFT
[email protected]
Digital Signal Processing Summary
Lovely Professional University
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Limitation of FT Limitation of FT
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1= 10 x
x 2= 20
3= 40
4=100

x(t)=cos( 1 t)+cos( 2t)+cos( 3t)+cos( 4t)

x1(t)=cos( 4t)
x2(t)=cos( 3t)
x3(t)=cos( 2t)
x4(t)=cos( 1t)

x1(t) x2(t) x3(t) x4(t)

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Why So??? Solution to The Problem

Support region In space In frequency Computing the FT of signal for every short
sin(t) 0 time duration.

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(t) 0
The basis function sin(t) is not localized in time!
This is called as SHORT TIME FOURIER
The (t) (sample) is not localized in frequency
TRANSFORM.

signal x(t)
Fourier Transform does not give any
information about occurrence of frequency window w(t)
~
x(t )w(t )e dt
it
components with time. X ( , )

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Where we are???

Introduction to subject
Signal & System (in a glance)
Fourier Series
Ba Short Time Fourier Transform
Equidistant frequencies:

k
2
k
t
Review of Fourier Transform
sh
Limitation of Fourier Transform (FT)
Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)

Window function
Fractional Fourier Transform t
Wavelet Transform
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Spectrogram Spectrogram 1: Sine wave at 660 Hz

Spectrogram is graphical representation of
x(t ) e i0 t
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Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)

~
X ( ) 2 ( 0 )
Frequency

y(t)=Asin(2f0t)

f0=660 Hz

Time
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Spectrogram 2: White noise Spectrogram 3: Chirp signal

Impulse signal white noise Q????

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x(t ) (t )
~
X ( ) 1

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Spectrogram 4: Train whistle

Ba Spectrogram 5: Human voice Bat
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Spectrogram 6: arbitary signal Match the signal with Spectrogram

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STFT with wide window STFT with narrow window

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Signal and FT Spectrogram (STFT) Signal and FT Spectrogram (STFT)
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STFT with medium window Ba STFT with MATLAB

spectrogram(x, window, overlap )

signals
x1=sin(2*pi*50*(0:0.001:2))
x2=sin(2*pi*300*(0:0.001:2))
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y1=x1+x2
y2=[x1 x2]
Check
Signal and FT Spectrogram (STFT) plot(y1), plot(y2), Plot(abs(fft(y1))) and for y2
spectrogram(y1, w) check for y2 and diff value of w
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Effect of window size Effect of window size

t2
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t2

Narrow window: a=0.01 Middle size window: a=0.001

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Effect of window size Effect of window size

t2 t2

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Middle size window: a=0.0001 Wide window: a=0.00001

Trade-off in
Time-Frequency
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High time and frequency resolution
cant be achieved simultaneously
Trade-off in
Time-Frequency
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t2

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Problems with STFT Summery

Uncertainty Principle: t 1
4
t Limitation of FT
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We cannot localize events in time and frequency Does not inform about position of frequency
simultaneously! occurrence in time.
STFT
Improved time resolutionDegraded frequency resolution Spectrogram gives time-frequency information.
Improved frequency resolution Degraded time resolution
But with limited resolution.
Solution is Wavelet Transform.
Problem : the same and t through the entire plane!

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Advance Transform Techniques

Course Code: ECE408

Window functions
Rectangular window /Boxcar
Hanning
Window Functions

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Kaiser
Bartlett
Chebyshev
Hamming
Hann
Taylor
Nikesh Bajaj
[email protected]
Triangular
Asst. Prof. LSECA, ECE
Blackman
Lovely Professional University
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Properties of STFT

Linear
Complex valued
Time invariant
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Where we are?
Introduction to Subject
Brief about Signal & System
Fourier Series
Fourier Transform & Its Limitations
Time shift
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Short Time Fourier Transform & its Limitations
Frequency shift With MATLAB

Many other properties of the FT also apply. Window Functions, with MATLAB
Fractional Fourier Transform
Introduction to Wavelet
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1
Overview Window Function t

Introduction to Window Function A mathematical function that is zero-valued outside of

some chosen interval.
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Windowing is a technique used to shape the time portion

Summary of your measurement data, to minimize edge effects that
result in spectral leakage in the FFT spectrum. By using
Window Functions correctly, the spectral resolution of
your frequency-domain result will increase.
Applications of window functions include spectral
analysis, filter design, and beam-forming.
In typical applications, the window functions used are non-
negative smooth "bell-shaped" curves
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apodization function or tapering function By: Nikesh Bajaj

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Effect of Windowing Window Function

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Spectral analysis of Cos(wt) low-dynamic-range. : excellent resolution for comparable

Use MATLAB strength signals
Rectangular Window: poor choice for signals of disparate

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amplitudes
spectral leakage
high-dynamic-range : low-resolution, also poorest in terms
The leakage tends to be worst (highest) near
of sensitivity;
and least at frequencies farthest from
waveform contains random noise, the ability to find weak
leakage can interfere sinusoids amidst the noise is diminished by a high-dynamic-range
Any window (including rectangular) affects the window, used for wideband applications
spectral estimate computed by this method. Moderate windows: They are commonly used in
narrowband applications, such as the spectrum of a
telephone channel
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Window Function

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Spectral analysis involves a tradeoff between resolving
comparable strength signals with similar frequencies and
resolving disparate strength signals with dissimilar
frequencies. That tradeoff occurs when the window
High-resolution windows

Rectangular window

Also called as Dirichlet

1

function is chosen.
window
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The first side-lobe is only 13 dB lower
than the main lobe, with the rest falling
off at about 6 dB per octave

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Moderate-resolution windows Moderate-resolution windows

Hann window Hamming window
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The ends of the cosine just touch zero, so the

side-lobes roll off at about 18 dB per octave.
N represents the width, in samples, of a
discrete-time window function. Typically it is
an integer power-of-2, such as 210 = 1024.
n is an integer, with values 0 n N-
1. So these are the time-shifted forms
of the window
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Tukey window Triangular windows

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Kaiser windows
Ba Low-resolution (high-dynamic-range)
windows

Nuttall window, continuous first

derivative
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Low-resolution (high-dynamic-range) Low-resolution (high-dynamic-

windows range) windows
BlackmanHarris window Flat top window
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Window functions
Rectangular window /Boxcar
The Hann and Hamming windows, both of

Hanning
which are in the family known as "raised

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Kaiser
cosine" windows, are respectively named Bartlett
after Julius von Hann and Richard Chebyshev
Hamming. The term "Hanning window" is Hamming
sometimes used to refer to the Hann Hann
window Taylor
Triangular
Blackman
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STFT- for Speech

STFT
Ba STFT for Speech
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STFT for Speech Linear Filtering

.
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Linear Filtering Spectrogram

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Pitch Detection Ba
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