Unit -3

Php Basics -2

Learning objectives

After the Completion of this unit you should be able to know

1) What are condition statements.

2) What is a loop and why use loops.
3) What are functions and why do we use functions.
4) What are arrays and what is the use of arrays.
5) What is super global and what is its use.

Structure

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Definition

3.3 Condition Statement

3.4 Loop

3.5 Super global

3.8 Let us sum up

3.9 References

3.10 Check your progress possible answers

3.1 Introduction
When it comes to programming we depend on condition statements so that we
overcome against statement conditions. The condition statement is used to tell
the computer what to do if such condition arises. As we all know a computer
does not have IQ. It works on instructions given by the programmer. The loop
statements are used to run a part of program defined number of times. Arrays
are used to store data in a sequential manner. Arrays improve the speed of the
programming by many times. The advantages of arrays are data in arrays can
be manipulated as many times as possible before writing the data permanently
into the computer. Arrays can be cleaned up from memory once the job is
over.

3.2 Definition
1. Condition Statement :- A conditional statement is a set of rules
performed if a certain condition is met.
2. Loop :- A loop is a sequence of instructions that is continually repeated
until a certain condition is reached.
3. Array :- A special variable used to hold multiple values at the same
time in a continuous memory.

3.3 Condition Statement

3.3.1 If Statement

Syntax

if (condition)
{
Code to be executed starts here
}

Example

<?php
$i =10;
if($i< 20)
{
echo ('The number is less than 20');
}
?>

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Output

3.3.2 If else statement

Syntax

if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

Example

<?php
$i =21;
if($i< 20)
{
echo ('The number is less than 20');
}
else
{
echo(The number is greater than 20);
}
?>
Output

3.3.3 If else if else statement

Syntax

if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;

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} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}

Example

<?php
$i = 15;
if($i> 20)
{
echo ('The number is greater than 20');
}
else if($i > 10 && $i < 20)
{
echo('The number is in between 10 and 20');
}
else
{
echo ('Not a valid number');
}
?>
Output

3.3.4 Switch Statement

Syntax

switch (c) {
case label1:
code to be executed if c=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if c=label2;
break;

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 case label3:
code to be executed if c=label3;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if c is different from
all labels;
}

Example
<?php
$carcolor = "blue";
switch ($carcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your car color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your car color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your car color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your car color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>

Output

3.4 Loop
The loop is of 4 types in PHP
1. While loop
2. Do While loop
3. For loop
4. For each loop /* We shall discuss about this in arrays */

3.4.1 While loop

Syntax

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while (condition is true) {
code to be executed;
}

Example

<?php
$n = 1;
while($n <= 15) {
echo "The number is: $n <br>";
$n++;
}
?>
Output

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3.4.2 Do While loop

Syntax

do {
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

Example
<?php
$n = 1;
do {
echo "The number is: $n <br>";
$n++;
} while ($n <= 15);
?>
Output

Description
In the above example the do loop runs as long as $n<=15

3.4.3 For loop

Syntax

for (init counter; test counter; increment

counter) {

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 code to be executed;
}

Example
<?php
for ($n = 0; $n <= 20; $n++) {
echo "The number is: $n <br>";
}
?>
Output

Description
In the above example the for loops runs from 0 to 20 and displays the output
as shown above.
3.4.3 For each loop

Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {
code to be executed;
}

Example
<?php
$names = array("sandy","susie","alice","williams");
foreach ($names as $value) {

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 echo "$value <br>";
}
?>
Output

Description
In the above example we have defined an array $names where we defined 4
variables sandy, Susie, Alice and Williams. foreach ($names as $value) retrieves
each name from the array names and assigns it to variable $value. echo $value
displays the names in loop fashion.

3.5 Super Global

Several predefined variables in PHP are super global, which means they are
available in all scopes throughout a script.

The super global are

1. $_POST
2. $_GET
3. $_FILES
4. $_REQUEST
5. $GLOBALS
6. S_SERVER
7. $_ENV
8. $_COOKIE
9. $_SESSION
We shall be discussing about these super global in detail in the
forthcoming unit.

Check your progress -1

Q.1 What is a condition Statement? What are the various kinds of condition
statements?

A._____________________________________________________________

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 _____________________________________________________________

Q.2 What is a loop? What are the various kinds of loops?

A._____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Q.3 What is a super global? What are the various kinds of SuperGlobal?

A._____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

3.6 Let us sum up

A conditional statement is a set of rules performed if a certain

condition is met. Conditional statements are if, if elseif, if
elseif else, switch. A loop is a sequence of instructions that is
continually repeated until a certain condition is reached.
Typically, a certain process is done. The various kinds of loops
are While loop, Do While loop, For loop and For each loop.
Super global are those variables that can be accessed from any
part of the program irrespective of the scope of the variable.
The super global are $_POST, $_GET, $_FILES,
$_REQUEST, $GLOBALS, S_SERVER,$_ENV,$_COOKIE,
$_SESSION

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3.7 References

1. W3schools.com
2. Google.com.

3.8 Check your progress possible answers

Check your progress possible answers -1

A.1 A conditional statement is a set of rules performed if a certain condition is

met. Conditional statements are if, if elseif, if elseif else, switch.

A.2 A loop is a sequence of instructions that is continually repeated until a

certain condition is reached. Typically, a certain process is done. The various
kinds of loops are While loop, Do While loop, For loop and For each loop.

A.3 Super global are those variables that can be accessed from any part of the
program irrespective of the scope of the variable. The super global are
$_POST, $_GET, $_FILES, $_REQUEST, $GLOBALS,
$_SERVER,$_ENV,$_COOKIE, $_SESSION

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Unit -4
Form Management

Learning objectives

After the Completion of this unit you should be able to know

1) Form Design
2) Form Validation.
3) Form navigation

Structure

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Definition

4.3 Form Management

4.4 Form Validation

4.5 Form Navigation

4.6 References

4.7 Check your progress possible answers

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4.1 Introduction
Forms are used to input, view data, search data basing on conditions. Forms
are used to create an easy user interface for the end user to enter data. Example
to enter data of a person are person name, person date of birth, gender, address,
mobile number, email etc. Forms help an end user to enter appropriate data so
that he/she does not commit a mistake. This process is called form validation.
Form validation are of two types and they are client side validation and server
side validation. The client side validation is done by Java Script and the server
side validation is done by Php. Programmers do both side validations so that in
case the client side validation fails the server side validation works. Client side
validation fails at times because this may be disabled by the browser by the end
user of the browser might be an old browser which does not understand the
Javascript validation techniques. We shall also learn about the form navigation
in this unit.
4.2 Definition
1.Form :- A form is a window or screen that contains numerous fields, or
spaces to enter or view or edit or delete data . Each field holds a field label
so that any user who views the form gets an idea of its contents.
2.Form validation :- Form validation is the process of checking the data
entered by the end user by the computer that the data entered is correct
before the computer processes the data.
3.Form Navigation :- Form navigation is a process used in form to navigate to
the required form upon clicking of a button or a hyperlink.

4.3 Form Design

In this section we shall be dealing with creation of forms, form validation, form
entry using Html, Javascript and Php. We shall be learning this section by very
small examples.

Data is entered by Input types in HTML5. These are

1. Textbox
2. Text area
3. Password
4. Check boxes
5. Radio buttons
6. Drop down box
7. File
8. Submit
9. Reset
10. Button

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 11. Color
12. Date
13. Date time
14. Date time-local
15. Time
16. Week
17. Month
18. Email
19. Number
20. Range
21. Search
22. Tel
23. Url

The super global used in form management are

1. $_POST
2. $_GET
3. $_FILES
4. $_REQUEST
5. $GLOBALS
6. S_SERVER
7. $_ENV
8. $_COOKIE
9. $_SESSION
4.3.1 Working With Textbox

4.3.1.1 Working With Textbox and $_POST method

In this section we shall be working on Text box and a super global $_POST.

Example :-

<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name Of Person: <input type="text" name="person_name"><br>
E-mail Of Person: <input type="text" name="person_email"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

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Output

Description
In the above example we have defined

<form action="welcome.php" method="post">

This means that once a person clicks on the submit button the person is directed to
the page welcome.php page and the method is post.
Creating welcome.php with $_POST

<html>
<body>
Welcome To This Page <br>
The name of the person is : <?php echo $_POST["person_name"]; ?><br>
The email address of the person is: <?php echo $_POST["person_email"]; ?>
</body>
</html>
Output

Description
The data sent from index.php is received by welcome.php and this is receive by
command $_POST[ ].
4.3.1.2 Working With Textbox an $_GET method

In this section we shall be working on Text box and a super global $_GET

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Example :-

<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
Name Of Person: <input type="text" name="person_name"><br>
E-mail Of Person: <input type="text" name="person_email"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output

Description
In the above example we have defined

<form action="welcome.php" method="get">

This means that once a person clicks on the submit button the person is directed to
the page welcome.php page and the method is get.

Creating welcome.php with $_GET

<html>
<body>
Welcome To This Page <br>
The name of the person is : <?php echo $_GET["person_name"]; ?><br>
The email address of the person is: <?php echo $_GET["person_email"]; ?>
</body>
</html>
Output

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Difference between $_GET and $_POST

Sl.No $_GET Method $_POST Method

1 Data sent via $_GET Data sent via $_POST method is not
method is visible across the visible across the URL
URL
2 It is an array of variables It is an array of variables passed to the
passed to the current script current script via HTTP post parameters
via URL parameters
3 It is confined to 2000 Infinite amount of data is transmitted
characters through this through this method
method
4 Should not be used when Should be used when passing sensitive
passing sensitive information such as user name and
information such as user password
name and password

Check your progress -1

Q.1 What is a form ? What are input types and their use ?

A._____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Q.2 What is the difference between $_GET and $_POST?

A._____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

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4.3.2 Working With Text Area

index.php

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>test</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post" action="welcome.php">
<textarea id="work_list" name="work_list" rows="20" cols="20"></textarea>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send" id="submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

welcome.php

<table>
<tr>
<td width="140">
<?php
if ($_POST['submit']) {
echo $_POST['work_list'];
}
?>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
Output

Step-1

Step-2

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Upon clicking the send button the output is displayed in welcome. php as shown
below.

Description

In the above example we have defined

<form action="welcome.php" method="post">

This means that once a person clicks on the send button the person is directed to
the page welcome.php page and the method is post.

4.3.3 Working With Password

We use the password option so that the data being entered into the computer is seen by
others as *****. The password utility is security.

index.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="POST">
User name: <input type="password" name="user_name"><br>
User password: <input type="password" name="passwd"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

Creating welcome.php with $_POST

<html>
<body>
Welcome To User Login <br>
User name is : <?php echo $_POST["user_name"]; ?><br>
Password is : <?php echo $_POST["passwd"]; ?>
</body>
</html>

Output

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Step-1 :- Open google chrome browser

Step-2

Upon clicking the submit button

Description
In the above example we have defined a file named index.php which is
comprised of the code as <input type="password" name="user_name"> which
means input type is password and the name is user_name.

4.3.4 Working With Checkboxes and $_POST

<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
<H1> My Favourite Vegetables </H1>
<input type="checkbox" name="brinjal" value="Brinjal">Brinjal</input>
<input type="checkbox" name="pumpkin" value="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</input>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"/>
</form>
Output

Description

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In the above example we set up 2 checkboxes and set action to welcome.php and
the method as post. The checkboxes are given different names such as brinjal
and pumpkin. Upon clicking the submit button data is sent to the welome.php.

Creating welcome.php with $_POST

<?php
echo('My favourite vegetables are :');
if (isset($_POST['brinjal'])){
echo $_POST['brinjal']; // Displays value of checked checkbox.
echo(",");
}
if (isset($_POST['pumpkin'])){
echo $_POST['pumpkin']; // Displays value of checked checkbox.
}
?>
Output

4.3.5 Working With Radio Button and $_POST

<form action="welcome.php" method="post">

<H1> Please Select Gender </H1>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="Male">Male</input>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="Female">Female</input>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"/>
</form>
Output

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Description
In the above example we have created two radio buttons namely male and
female. Since we have to select any one gender male or female. We have a
submit button which is used to submit the content of the radio buttons.

Creating welcome.php with $_POST

<?php
echo('The Gender That I Have Selected Is :');
if (isset($_POST['gender'])){
echo $_POST['gender']; // Displays value of radiobox .
}
?>
Output

4.3.6 Working With Drop Down Box and $_POST

<form action="welcome.php" method="post">

<H1> Please Select City </H1>
<select id='city' name='city'>
<option value="Bhubaneswar" >Bhubaneswar</option>
<option value="Cuttack">Cuttack</option>
<option value="Calcutta">Calcutta</option>
</select>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"/></form>
Output

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Description
In the above example the drop down is generated with 3 cities Bhubaneswar,
Cuttack and Calcutta and upon clicking the submit button values of the drop
down box are sent to welcome.php.

Creating welcome.php with $_POST

<?php

echo('The City That I Have Selected Is :');

if (isset($_POST['city'])){

echo $_POST['city']; // Displays value of drop down

?>

Output

Description
The output is received by $_POST[CITY] which we received from the drop
down box.

4.3.7 Working With Files and $_POST

Source:-

https://www.developphp.com/video/PHP/Build-an-Image-Upload-
Application-to-Enable-Working-With-Images-On-the-Fly

Images are a kind of data that are uploaded to the folder of the server.

Step-1:

Here we have defined a folder named uploads in e:\ drive and the folder path
comes to

e:\uploads.

Step-2:

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Now at C:\xampp\htdocs folder create a file named my_file.php

Step-3:

<?php
// Access the $_FILES global variable for this specific file being uploaded
// and create local PHP variables from the $_FILES array of information
$fileName = $_FILES["my_file"]["name"]; // The file name
$fileTmpLoc = $_FILES["my_file"]["tmp_name"]; // File in the PHP tmp folder
$fileType = $_FILES["my_file"]["type"]; // The type of file it is
$fileSize = $_FILES["my_file"]["size"]; // File size in bytes
$fileErrorMsg = $_FILES["my_file"]["error"]; // 0 = false | 1 = true
$moveResult = move_uploaded_file($fileTmpLoc, "e:/uploads/$fileName");
// Check to make sure the move result is true before continuing
if ($moveResult != true) {
echo "ERROR: File not uploaded. Try again.";
//unlink($fileTmpLoc);
// Remove the uploaded file from the PHP temp folder
exit();
}
// Display things to the page so you can see what is happening for testing purposes
echo "The file named <strong>$fileName</strong> uploaded successfully.<br /><br />";
echo "It is <strong>$fileSize</strong> bytes in size.<br /><br />";
echo "It is an <strong>$fileType</strong> type of file.<br /><br />";
//echo "The Error Message output for this upload is: $fileErrorMsg";
?>
Output
Step-1:-

Step-2 :-

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Step-3 :-

Step-4

Clicking on the upload it button the image is uploaded into it we are directed to
the screen as shown below.

Step-5

We find in E:\uploads the images as shown below

4.3.8 Working with the Submit Button

The submit button is used to submit the form as above. This button is clicked
after all the fields in the form are appropriately filled up.

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4.3.9 Working with the Reset Button
The Reset button is used to reset all the input fields. Used to clear the form
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="POST">
User name:
<input type="text" name="user_name">
<br>
User password:
<input type="text" name="passwd">
<br>
<input type="submit">
<input type="reset">
</form>
</body>
</html>

4.3.10 Working With Button

The button is a form control that is used to be clicked as shown below

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="alert('You Have Clicked Me')">
Click Me!
</button>
</body>
</html>

Output

Description
In the above example we prepared a button and on click an event occurs and
shows an alert message You Have Clicked Me.

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4.3.11 Working with Color control
Let us write the code for index.php as shown below

Index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><body>
<form action= 'php_test.php' method='post'>
Select your favorite color:
<input type=color name=mycolor value=#ff0000>
<input type=submit>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Let us write the code for php_test.php as shown below

php_test.php

<html>
<head>
<Title> My first PHP program </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$p= $_POST['mycolor'];
echo $p;
?>
</body> </html>

Output

Now clicking on the submit button the control goes to php_test.php and the output is as
shown below

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Description
In the above example we have defined a color control as shown below

<input type=color name=mycolor value=#ff0000>

In the above code we have defined a input type as color and gave it a name as
mycolor and defined the value as ff0000 which is red and on clicking the
submit button we are directed to php_test.php which is #ff0000.

4.3.12 Working with Date control

This is a form control of html5 which is used to enter the date as shown below.

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
Please enter the date of birth :
<input type="date" name="dob" >
<input type="submit"> </form> </body></html>
php_test.php

<html>
<head>
<Title> My first PHP program </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$p= $_POST['dob'];
echo $p;
?>
</body>
</html>

Output
Step-1

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Step-2

Step-3

Upon selecting the date in the date control

Step-4

Upon clicking on the submit button the contol is directed to php_test.php as

shown below

4.3.13 Working with datetime control

This is a form control used in HTML5 and is used for entering date and time. It
can be used in web browsers like Safari as shown below.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<form action="php_test.php" method="post">

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<input type="datetime" id="myDatetime" name="myDatetime"
value="06/02/2016T10:57AM"><br>

<input type="submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output

Step-1

Step-2

After clicking the submit button we are directed to page php_test.php as shown below.

4.3.14 Working with datetime-local control

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<h3>A demonstration of how to access a Datetime field</h3>
<input type="datetime-local" id="myDatetime" name= "myDatetime">
<input type="submit">

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</form>
</body>
</html>
php_test.php

------------------
<head>
<Title> My first PHP program </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$p= $_POST['myDatetime'];
echo ($p);
?>
</body>
</html>

Output

Step-1

Step-2

Step-3

Clicking on submit button

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4.3.15 Working with time control

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<input type="time" id="myTime" name="myTime"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
php_test.php

-----------------
<html>
<head>
<Title> My first PHP program </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$date= $_POST['myTime'];
echo date('h:i:s a', strtotime($date));
?></body></html>
Output
Open the chrome browser

Step-1

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Step-2

Step-3

Upon clicking the submit button

4.3.16 Working with week control

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<input type="week" id="myWeek" name="myWeek"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
php_test.php

----------------
<html>
<head> <Title> My first PHP program </title></head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_POST['myWeek'];
?> </body></html>

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Output
Step-1

Step-2

Step-3

Step-4On clicking on the submit button we are directed to php_test.php as shown

below.

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4.3.17 Working with month control
The month control is used to enter the month name and the year.

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<input type="month" id="mymonth" name="mymonth"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

php_test.php

-----------------

<html>

<head> <Title> My first PHP program </title></head>

<body>

<?php

echo $_POST['mymonth'];

?> </body></html>

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Step-1

Step-2

Step-3

On clicking the submit button we get the output as shown below.

4.3.18 Working with email control

index.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<input type="email" id="myemail" name="myemail"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

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php_test.php
-----------------
<html>
<head> <Title> My first PHP program </title></head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_POST['myemail'];
?> </body></html>

The email control is used to allow email entry only as shown below.

Step-1

Step-2

Below I entered a wrong email id and clicked the submit button and therefore got
an warning message that email address is not proper as shown below

Step-3

Now typing the right email id when I click a submit button.

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 36

Step-4

4.3.19 Working with numbers

index.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<input type="number" id="mynumber" name="mynumber"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
php_test.php
<html>
<head> <Title> My first PHP program </title></head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_POST['mynumber'];
?> </body></html>

Step-1

Step-2

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 37

4.3.20 Working with range
index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<input type="range" id="myrange" name="myrange"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form></body></html>
php_test.php

----------------
<html>
<head>
<Title> My first PHP program </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_POST['myrange'];
?>
</body>
</html>
Output

Step-1

Step-2

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 38

4.3.21 Working with search
index.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="php_test.php" method="post">
<input type="search" id="mysearch" name="mysearch"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
php_test.php
<html>
<head> <Title> My first PHP program </title></head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_POST['mysearch'];
?> </body></html>

Step-1

Step-2

Clicking on the submit button directs us to the php_test.php. Clicking on the blue
cross clears the search box

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 39

4.3.22 Working with tel
tel control is used to enter only telephone numbers.

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="php_test.php">
Your phonenumber: <input type="tel" id='tel1' name='tel1' required />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
php_test.php

------------------
<html>
<head>
<Title> My first PHP program </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_POST['tel1'];
?>
</body>
</html>

Output

Step-1

Step-2

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 40

4.3.23 Working with url

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="php_test.php">
Your url: <input type="url" id='url1' name='url1' required />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form></body></html>

php_test.php

-----------------
<html>
<head><Title> My first PHP program </title></head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_POST['url1'];
?>
</body>
</html>
Output

Step-1

When I enter gmail.com web page shows an error that I have to enter the url.

Step-2

Now I enter a valid url as shown below.

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 41

Now clicking on the submit button

Working with the $Globals

The $Globals is a super global that is used to access the global variables.

<?php
$x = 100;
$y = 200;
function addition() {
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
addition();
echo $z; ?>
Output

Working with the $_Server

The $Server is a Super Global that is used to hold information about the filename
where the php script is being run, the port address of the apache server, server
name. The $server is used for a number of purposes which is beyond the scope of
this book.

<?php
echo ($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);
echo("<br>");
echo($_SERVER['SERVER_PORT']);

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 42

echo("<br>");
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
?>

Output

Working with the $_ENV

$_ENV is a superglobal that checks environment variables. Environment

variables are given by the shell in which PHP is running, so they may change
according to different shells.

The environment variable can be set but putenv command.

The environment variable can be retrieved by getenv command.

<?php

putenv("USER=fred");

print "getenv is: ".getenv("USER")."\n";

?>

Output

Working with the $_SESSION

The session variable is used as long as the user is logged into the system and
working on the system. The session variable is lost once the user has logged out
of the system on closed the browser due to some instance. The best example of

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 43

session variable use is done in case of user name and password. The user logs into
the system and the user name and user password is stored in the session variables
user_name and passwd which we define in the php program. These session
variables can be used throughout the application when the user navigates from one
web page to the other. Why is the session variable used. The session variable is
used to check what privileges the user can use basing on the security conditions.
For example a stores in charge cannot have access to financial records as he/she
is not given the privilege to financial data.

In index.php write the following code

<?php

$_SESSION["USER_NAME"]="SHANU";

print "User Name is: ".$_SESSION["USER_NAME"]."\n";

?>

Output

Working with the $_COOKIE

Cookie is a small file created by the user to identify the use. Cookie is used to
store small information for a particular period of time. After the time span the
cookie expires. Any number of cookies can be created, modified, enabled,
disabled, deleted. A cookie is identified by

1. Cookie name
2. Cookie value
3. Time span of the Cookie

Create A Cookie
To create a Cookie we use the following syntax as shown below.

setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, secure, httponly);

Setcookie(sandy,1000, time()+86400*10,/,True,False);

name :- This parameter defines the name of the cookie.

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 44

value :- This parameter defines the value of the cookie.

expire :- This parameter defines when the cookie will expire. The above cookie
will expire after 10 days. As 1 day = 86400 seconds and time()+86400*10 sets the
cookie to 10 days from the current time.

path (optional) :- This option is used to set the path. If / is written over here it
means that cookie is available for the entire domain or website that we create
like abc.com. If /process is written it means that the cookie is available for the
folder /process and is accessible by all the sub folders of the /process. If this is
not defined it means that it is accessible by the current folder.

Secure(optional) :- This option if set to true accepts only https secure connection.
If set to false data can be accessed by http and https. If this is set to blank it means
false

Httponly (optional) :- If set to true it can be accessed by http protocol only. default
is false

Example :-

<!DOCTYPE html>

<?php

$cookie_name = "user";

$cookie_value = "Rohit";

setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/");

?>

<html>

<body>

<?php

if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {

echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name . "' is not set!";

} else {

echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 45

 echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];

?>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> You might have to reload the page to see the new
value of the cookie.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output

Modify A Cookie
To modify a Cookie we change the name and the value of the Cookie as shown
below.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<?php
$cookie_name = "user1";
$cookie_value = "Reshma";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name]))
{
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name . "' is not set!";
}
else
{
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 46

?>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> You might have to reload the page to see the new
value of the cookie.</p>
</body> </html>
Output

Delete A Cookie
Delete a cookie option is used to remove the cookie from the domain or the folder.

To delete a cookie set the time value to a time which was 1 hour before. This
means that set the time to 2:30 PM if it is now 3:30 PM. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<?php
// set the expiration date to one hour ago
setcookie("user1", "", time() - 3600);
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Cookie 'user1' is deleted.";
?>
</body>
</html>

Output

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 47

Check your progress -2

Q.1 what are the super global used in php

A.____________ _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

4.4 Form Validation

This is a process to check the form and check the values entered in the form are
valid before they are sent for further processing by php. Form validation is the
most important part of the PHP technology. We shall be covering the following.

1. Validating Text Box.

2. Validating Text Area
3. Validating Drop down boxes
4. Validating Radio buttons
5. Validating checkboxes.

4.4.1 Validating Text Fields

Text field validation is done to check

1. Text fields do not contain blank fields in case names are being entered
2. Text files contain valid email address in case email address is being
entered is a valid email.

4.4.1.1 Validating Text Fields to prevent blank fields

Check
http://www.w3schools.com/php/showphp.asp?filename=demo_form_validation_required

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 48

PHP Source:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$nameErr ="";
$name ="";
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
if (empty($_POST["name"])) {
echo("<p><span class='error'>* required field.</span></p>");
$nameErr = "Name is required";
}
else
{
$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);
}
}
function test_input($data) {
$data = trim($data);
$data = stripslashes($data);
$data = htmlspecialchars($data);
return $data;
}
?>
<h2>PHP Form Validation Example</h2>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" value=<?php echo($name); ?>>
<?php
if($name=='')
{
echo('<span class="error">* <?php echo $nameErr;?></span>');
}
?>
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<?php
echo "<h2>Your Input:</h2>";

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 49

echo $name;
echo "<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output

Upon clicking the submit button without the text field being entered

Upon clicking the submit button with the text field being entered.

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 50

4.4.1.2 Validating Text Fields to send valid email address
<html>
<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$nameErr = $emailErr = $genderErr = $websiteErr = "";
$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")
{
if (empty($_POST["email"]))
{
$emailErr = "Email is required";
}
else
{
$email = test_input_email($_POST["email"]);

// check if e-mail address is well-formed

if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL))
{
$emailErr = "Invalid email format";
}
}

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 51

 }
function test_input_email($data)
{
$data = trim($data);
$data = stripslashes($data);
$data = htmlspecialchars($data);
return $data;
}
?>

<h2>Email Verification</h2>

<?php
if ($emailErr)
{
$rr = "<p><span class = 'error'>* required field.</span></p>";
echo($rr);
}
?>
<form method = "post" action = "#">
<table>
<tr>
<td>E-mail: </td>
<td>
<input type = "text" name = "email" value=<?php echo($email); ?> >
<?php
if ($emailErr)
{
$ss = "<span class = 'error'>* <?php echo
$emailErr;?></span>";
echo($ss);
}
?>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<input type = "submit" name = "submit" value = "Submit">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
<?php
if ($emailErr)
{
}

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 52

 else
{
echo "<h2>Your Email is :</h2>";
echo $email;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Output

Step-1

Step-2

Step-3

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 53

4.4.2 Validating TextArea
The program defined below is used to validate the Text Area so that blank fields are

not allowed.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$nameErr ="";
$name ="";
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
if (empty($_POST["name"])) {
echo("<p><span class='error'>* required field.</span></p>");
$nameErr = "Name is required";
}

else
{
$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);
}
}
function test_input($data) {
$data = trim($data);
$data = stripslashes($data);
$data = htmlspecialchars($data);
return $data;
}
?>
<h2>PHP Form Validation Example</h2>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);?>">
Name: <textarea name="name" value=<?php echo($name); ?>></textarea>
<?php
if($name=='')
{
echo('<span class="error">* <?php echo $nameErr;?></span>');
}
?>
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 54

</form>
<?php
echo "<h2>Your Input:</h2>";
echo $name;
echo "<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output
Step-1

Step-2

Upon clicking the submit button without entering anything in the text area

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 55

4.4.3 Validating Drop Down Boxes
This option is used to validate the Drop Down Box contain a valid field

<html>
<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
(isset($_POST["company"])) ? $company = $_POST["company"] : $company=0;
if($company==0)
{
echo("<p><span class='error'>* required field.</span></p>");
}
?>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);?>">
<select id="company" name="company">
<option <?php if ($company == 0 ) echo 'selected' ; ?> value="0">Select</option>
<option <?php if ($company == 1 ) echo 'selected' ; ?> value="1">Apple</option>
<option <?php if ($company == 2 ) echo 'selected' ; ?> value="2">Samsung</option>
<option <?php if ($company == 3 ) echo 'selected' ; ?> value="3">HTC</option>
</select>
<input type='submit' name='submit' value="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output

Step-1

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 56

Step-2

4.4.4 Validating Radio Buttons

<html>
<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php

(isset($_POST["gender"])) ? $gender = $_POST["gender"] : $gender="";

if($gender=='')
{
echo("<p><span class='error'>* required field.</span></p>");
}
?>

<form method="post" action="<?php echo

htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);?>">
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female" <?php if ($gender=='female') { echo
('checked=checked');} ?> >Female
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male" <?php if ($gender=='male') { echo
('checked=checked');} ?>>Male
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 57

Output

Step-1

Step-2

4.4.5 Validating Check Boxes

<html>
<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
(isset($_POST["egg"])) ? $egg = $_POST["egg"] : $egg="";
(isset($_POST["chicken"])) ? $chicken = $_POST["chicken"] : $chicken="";
if(($egg=='')&&($chicken==''))
{
echo("<p><span class='error'>* required field.</span></p>");
}
?>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);?>">
Dish:
<input type = "checkbox" name="egg" value="egg" <?php if ($egg=='egg') { echo
('checked=checked');} ?> >Egg

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 58

 <input type="checkbox" name="chicken" value="chicken" <?php if
($chicken=='chicken') { echo ('checked=checked');} ?>>Chicken
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output

Step-1

Step-2

Description
We shall be discussing about the code what we have written. First thing we shall
do is dissect the code into very small parts.

<head>
<style>
.error {color: #FF0000;}
</style>
</head>
In the above part of the code we have defined a CSS class named error by the colour red.
We have defined it as color:#FF0000.
<body>
<?php
(isset($_POST["egg"])) ? $egg = $_POST["egg"] : $egg="";

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 59

(isset($_POST["chicken"])) ? $chicken = $_POST["chicken"] : $chicken="";
if(($egg=='')&&($chicken==''))
{
echo("<p><span class='error'>* required field.</span></p>");
}
?>
In the above code we have defined
isset($_POST["egg"])) ? $egg = $_POST["egg"] : $egg=""
which means if we receive some value by $_POST["egg"] then
define a variable $egg and assign the value by $_POST["egg"] else
set the $egg to
Now we come across another part of the code as shown below
if(($egg=='')&&($chicken==''))
{
echo("<p><span class='error'>* required field.</span></p>");
}
The above statement is a conditional statement which means that if $egg contains
a blank and $chicken contains a blank then it would show *required field in red
colour.
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);?>">
The above code shows that the method is post
and
action="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);?>">
calls the form by itself.
<input type = "checkbox" name="egg" value="egg" <?php if ($egg=='egg') { echo
('checked=checked');} ?> >Egg
The above code creates a checkbox and sets it a name as egg. The value of the
checkbox is egg. If ($egg==egg) checks if the variable $egg is comprised of
egg and if so then echo ('checked=checked'); sets the checkbox to checked.

Check your progress -3

Q.1 What is Form Validation? What are the various types of Form Validation

done at the server end?

A._____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 60

4.5 Form Navigation in PHP

<?php
if(isset($_POST['google']))
{
header('Location: http://google.com');
exit;
}
if(isset($_POST['yahoo']))
{
header('Location: http://yahoo.com');
exit;
}
?>
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<form action="index.php" method="post">
<input type='submit' name='google' value='google' />
<input type='submit' name='yahoo' value ='yahoo' />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output

Step-1

Step-2

Upon clicking on google we are navigated to google.com

Upon clicking on yahoo we are navigated to yahoo.com.

as shown below.

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 61

Description

In the above example we have defined two submit buttons. Upon clicking these

two submit buttons we are directed to the websites google.com and yahoo.com.

4.6 Let us sum up

In this unit we have learnt that data is entered into the form using the form
controls. The form controls are 23 in number. These are Textbox, Text Area,
Password, Check boxes, Radio buttons, Drop down box, file, Submit, Reset,
Button, Color, Date, Date time, Date time-local, Time, Week, Month, Email,
Number, Range, Search, Tel, Url. All these controls are used for various
purposes. We use Textbox controls to enter text values such as name of the
person. The password control is used to enter passwords and other confidential
matters such as atm pin number etc. The check boxes are used to enter multiple
values such as vegetables that you like. The radio buttons are used to select one
value among multiple values such as gender of the person can be male or female.
The drop down box is used to select one item among multiple items that are
visible in a drop box such country, state and city where country is a drop down,
state is a drop down and city is a drop down. To upload images and other files
from the computer that we are using the file control. To submit the form the
submit button is used. The reset button is used to clear the form so that fresh data
can be entered into the form. The button control is used for clicking various kinds
of buttons. The color control is used to select a colour among multiple colours
that are seen. The color control is used to set the background colour of the form.
The Date control is used to enter dates such as date of birth, The date time
control is used to enter date and the time such as date of birth and time of birth but
this control is confined to Safari. The date time-local control is also used to enter
the data and time control. The time control is used to enter the time values only.
The week control is used to enter the week of the year. The month control is used

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 62

to select the month and the year. The email control is used to enter the emails
only. The numbers control is used enter numbers only. The range control is used
to a value between two ranges like 1 to 100.The search control is used to enter a
value to be searched. The tel control is used to enter telephone numbers. The url
control is used to enter the url. We have learnt about super globals used in form
management which are $_POST,$_GET,$_FILES, $_REQUEST,
$GLOBALS,S_SERVER,$_ENV,$_COOKIE and $_SESSION. $_POST and
$_GET are the methods used to transfer data from form to server. The
$_GET,$_POST and $_REQUEST are used to receive data at the server level.
The $Globals is a super global that is used to access the global variables. The
$Server is a Super Global that is used to hold information about the filename
where the php script is being run, the port address of the apache server, server
name. $_ENV is a superglobal that checks environment variables. Environment
variables are given by the shell in which PHP is running, so they may change
according to different shells.The environment variable can be set but putenv
command.The environment variable can be retrieved by getenv command.. The
session variable is used as long as the user is logged into the system and working
on the system. The session variable is lost once the user has logged out of the
system on closed the browser due to some instance. The best example of session
variable use is done in case of user name and password. The user logs into the
system and the user name and user password is stored in the session variables
user_name and passwd which we define in the php program. Cookie is a small
file created by the user to identify the use. Cookie is used to store small
information for a particular period of time. After the time span the cookie expires.
Any number of cookies can be created, modified, enabled, disabled, deleted. A
cookie is identified by Cookie name, Cookie value ,Time span of the Cookie. We
have learnt about server form validation using PHP. This is done using validating
text fields, drop down boxes, radio buttons, check boxes. We have learn to enter
valid emails and not allow blank text fields. The drop down boxes are validated
to enter only valid fields. Validating radio buttons is used to select any one of the
radio buttons. Validating check boxes is used select any one check box. We have
learnt about navigating to websites upon clicking the google and yahoo.

4.7 References

1. W3schools.com
2. Google.com.

4.8 Check your progress possible answers

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 63

Check your progress possible answers -1

A.1 A form is a window or screen that contains numerous fields,

or spaces to enter or view or edit or delete data. Each field holds a field label

so that any user who views the form gets an idea of its contents.These fields

are called Form controls. The Form controls are 23 in number and they are

Textbox, Text area, Password, Check boxes, Radio buttons, Drop down box,file,
Submit, Reset, Button, Color, Date, Date time, Date time-local, Time, Week,
Month, Email, Number, Range, Search, Tel, Url.

A.2 The difference between $_GET and $_POST are

Sl.No $_GET Method $_POST Method

1 Data sent via $_GET Data sent via $_POST method is not
method is visible across the visible across the URL
URL
2 It is an array of variables It is an array of variables passed to the
passed to the current script current script via HTTP post parameters
via URL parameters
3 It is confined to 2000 Infinite amount of data is transmitted
characters through this through this method
method
4 Should not be used when Should be used when passing sensitive
passing sensitive information such as user name and
information such as user password
name and password

Check your progress possible answers -2

Super globals those that are used are 9 in number and they are

1. $_POST
2. $_GET
3. $_FILES
4. $_REQUEST
5. $GLOBALS
6. S_SERVER
7. $_ENV

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 64

 8. $_COOKIE
9. $_SESSION

Check your progress possible answers -3

Form validation is the process of checking the data entered by the end user by the
computer that the data entered is correct before the computer processes the data.
Form validation at the server end are classified into 5 types and they are
validating text box, text area , drop down boxes, radio buttons, check boxes.

R. MALATHI, HHRC, PDKT. Page 65