Design And Specification of Power Distribution And Protection Systems In Buildings (1st Edition) Author: Mr Tan Yan Choon B.Eng, P.Eng, C.Eng, MIEE, MIES, ACMS Published by: lal AMOS TECHNOLOGIES PTE LTDDesign and Specification of Power Distribution and Protection Systems in Buildings (1* Edition) The design, installation and maintenance of electrical distribution and protection system are essential to the reliability, safety and security of supply to buildings. The contents.of this book aim at familiarize the readers and designers with the technique in design and specifications of electrical distribution and protection systems in the buildings, whether it is residential, commercial or industrial buildings. Case studies and exercises have been used to provide an insight to the principle and technical information for design and installation of the electrical distribution and protection system. ‘The contents of this book will certainly benefit those who are involved in design, installation ‘and maintenance of electrical systems, consulting engincers, building services engineers, electrical maintenance engineer, facilities engineers, contractors, developers, technical officers from industries, government and statutory bodies, ete. About the Author TAN YAN CHOON BEng. P.Eng, C.Eng, MIEE, MIES, ACMS ‘Mr Tan is a practising consulting engineer and lecturer with extensive experience in the design, operation and maintenance of M & E systems. Specific experience includes the planning and design of M & E services for various major industrial, commercial & residential projects. Mr Tan has more than 27 years of working experience as a Consultant and Professional Engineer. His early experience includes many years in the planning, installation and maintenance of extensive electrical distribution system for a power utilities company. He has also gained wide practical experience with M&E Consulting firms, Ewbank Preece Engineers Pie Lid, Peter Teo & Associates, Oscar Faber Consultants Pte Ltd and Maunsell Consultants (Singapore) Pte Ltd in the design and installation of M&E Services. Mr Tan is now a Licensed Electrical Engineer and an Authorised H.T. Switching & Testing Engineer and currently a Technical Director of Maunsell Consultants (Singapore) Pte Ltd. Mr Tan is also an established trainer and adjunct lecturer at a local tertiary institution. He has delivered many public seminars and in-house courses such as Effective Maintenance Management of M&E Services; Design & Specification of M&E Services; Lightning Protection for Electronics, Computer and telecommunication Equipment; High Voltage System Design, Operation & Maintenance; Electrical Safety; Power System Harmonics; Earthing and Power Supply Quality problems, Design & Installation of Standby Generators, Design & Specification of Electrical Power & Distribution for Data Processing & Communication Centres. Publisher Amos Technologies Pte LtdDesign and Specification of Power Distribution and Protection Systems in Buildings (1* Edition) _ Copyright All tights to this publication are reserved. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced, transmitted or stored in any form or by any means (including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission of the publisher and the author. Disclaimer —]] Whilst all reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the descriptions, opinions, programs, listings and diagrams are accurate and workable, Amos Technologies Pte Ltd and the author do not accept any legal responsibility or liability to any person, organization or other entity for any direct loss, consequential loss or damage, however caused, that may suffered as a result of the use of this publication or the associated workshop and software. In case of any uncertainty, we recommend that you contact the author for clarification or assistance. . ISBN 981-04-8063-61 Ld 1.2. 13, 14. 15. 1.6, 17. 18. 19. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM Electricity Distribution System DY 11 Distribution Transformer — Winding Connections Transformer Impedance Percentage Impedance Low Voltage 3-Phase 4-Wire System Rated Full Load Current & Rated Trip Rating of Circuit Breaker Fault Current and Rated Short Circuit Breaker Capacity of Circuit Breaker Declared Prospective Short Circuit Current of Power Supply Company Metering of Electricity Consumption Questions - Chapter 1 2. 24 22 23 24 25 2.6 27 28 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY IN DESIGN Electricity — The Hazards Protection Against Overcurrent Protection Against Overcurrent and Earth Leakage Protection Isolation and Switching ‘Need for Earth Leakage and Earth Fault Protection Installation of Overcurrent and Earth Leakage Protection Device for DB Rated at 100A or less Provision of Earth Leakage Relay (ELR) as Residual Current Device (RCD) for Small Switchboard with Rated Current less than 300A Provision of Earth Fault Relay (EFR) as Residual Current Device (RCD) for Switchboard with Rated Current 300A or more Questions — Chapter 2 31 32 33 3.4 35 3.6 3.7 38 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB) - OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE Protection Against Overload and Short Circuit Nominal Current Rating (or Rated Trip Rating) In Rated Short Circuit Breaking Capacity of Circuit Breaker Miniature Circuit Breaker; (SS359 and BS EN 60898) Selection of MCB Examples in Selection of MCB Selection of MCB for Motor Circuits Identification of Circuit Breaker in Terms of Number of Poles Questions — Chapter 3 Bernunsouna 15 15 15 7 18 19 20 20 22 23 25 25 25 25 25 27 31 32 34 37Design and Specification of Power Distribution and Protection Systems in Building (1" Edtition) Contents 4, RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE 40 4.1 Residual Current Device (RCD) 40 4.2 Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) or Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) 40 4.3 Specifications of RCCB (SS97:Part 1:1994) 42 4.4 — Application of RCCB & Overcurrent Protection Device 4a 4,5 Earth Leakage Relay (ELR) 44 4.6 — Earth Fault Relay (EFR) 44 4.7 Danger of High Earth-Fault-Loop Impedance 45 Questions ~ Chapter 4 41 5. MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER - OVERCURRE] PROTECTION DEVICE 49 5.1 Moulded Case Circuit Breakers 49 5.2 Thermal Magnetic Trip Units 50 5.3. Adjustable Instantaneous Trip 52 5.4 — Shunt Trip for Remote Tripping 53 5.5 Frame Size Designations 53 5.6 _ Relationship between Rated Breaking Current and Rated Making Current 54 5.7 Specifications of Low Voltage Circuit Breaker 55 5.8 Current Limiting Circuit Breaker 57 5.9 Cascading Interruption 58 5.10 Selection of Protective Device 59 5.11 Motor Starters & Motor Control Circuits 61 5.12 _ Examples in Selection of MCCBs 65 Questions ~ Chapter 5 67 6. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER 69 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 Construction of Air Circuit Breaker 69 6.3 Range of Air Circuit Breaker 70 6.4 — Operating Principles of Air Circuit Breakers 70 6.5 Function of the Are Chute 2 6.6 Fixed and Moving Contacts n 6.7 Shunt Trip Coil 2 6.8 Instrumentation and Meters B 6.9 Protective Devices for Main Circuit Breaker B Questions - Chapter 6 16 7. SIZING OF CABLE AND LIVE CONDUCTORS 7 7.1 Introduction 7 7.2 PVC or XLPE Insulation 1 7.3 Armoured Cable 8 7.4 — Cable Selection B 7.5 Current Carrying Capacity Consideration 19 IDesign and Specification of Power Distribution and Protection Systems in Building (1* Edtitic Contents 7.6 Voltage Drop Consideration 80 7.1 Overload Consideration 84 78 — Short Circuit Consideration 86 Questions ~ Chapter 7 88 8 MAXIMUM DEMAND AND LOAD ESTIMATION 90 8.1 Load Estimation 90 8.2 Design of Electrical System for Large Installation 93 Questions ~ Chapter 8 98 9. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 100 9.4 Current Transformers 100 9.2 Metering Current Transformers 100 9.3. Protection Current Transformers 100 9.4 Comparison of Metering C.T. and Protection C.T. 100 9.5 Construction 101 9.6 Polarity of Current Transformer and Connection 102 9.7 Burden 103 9.8 Specification of Protection Current Transformers 104 9.9 Metering Current Transformer 107 9.10 Voltage Transformers 107 Questions ~ Chapter 9 108 10. ELECTRICAL SWITCHBOARD 109 10.1 Introduction 109 10.2 Low Voltage Main Switchboard 109 103 Emergency Switchboard (ESB) M1 104 Current Transformer Selection 113 10.5 Busbars 14 10.6 Enclosures 121 10.7 Segregation and Compartmentation i22 10.8 Certification of Switchgear and Equipment 126 10.9 Main Earth Bar 126 Questions — Chapter 10 128 1. EARTHING 129 11. Earthing for Electrical System 129 11.2 TT Earthing System and TN-S Earthing System 130 113 Touch Voltage Concept 134 11.4 _ Installation Earthing 135 11.5. Examples in Sizing of Main Earth Cables - TT Earthing System 141 11.6 Examples in Sizing of Main Earth Cables - TN-S Earthing System 144 11.7 Common Types of Earth Electrodes 148 11.8 _ Measurement of Soil Resistivity 152 Questions - Chapter 11 155 WDesign and Specification of Power Distribution and Protection Systems in Building (1* Edition) Contents 12. PROTECTION RELAYS 157 i 12.1 Introduction 157 12.2 Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection for Low Voltage (400V) System 158 12.3 Definite Time Lag Relays (DTL Relays) 161 12.4 Typical Specifications of DTL Relays 162 ; 12.5. Protection Requirements for L.V. Main Switchboard (MSB) 163, i 12.6 Why is Direct Acting Trip Necessary? 164 } 12.7 IDMTL Relays (Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag Relays) 167 12.8 Grading Margin 173, 12.9 High Set Element 1B Questions ~ Chapter 12 177 ; 13. FAULT CALCULATION BY OHMIC VALUE METHOD 182 13.1 Introduction 182 13.2 Prospective Short Circuit Current 183, 13.3 Main Objectives of Fault Calculations 185 13.4 Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current 185 13.5 Asymmetrical Fault Current 185, 13.6 Sources of Fault Current 189 13.7 Calculation of Three-phase Balanced Fault Currents 191 Questions — Chapter 13 204 14. FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION USING PER UNIT SYSTEM 207 14.1 Introduction 207 14.2 Definition of Per Unit Value 207 14.3 Per Unit Quantities in Single-phase and Three-phase Systems 208 14.4 Conversion of Per Unit Impedance to other Bases 209 14.5 Selection of Base for Per Unit Quantities 211 14.6 Calculation of Fault Current and Fault Power using Per Unit System 215 14.7 Advantages of Per Unit Computations 219 14.8 Reactors Control of Fault Currents 220 14.9 Examples 224 Questions ~ Chapter 14 233 15. _ CASE STUDIES IN DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 235 | 15.1 Introduction 235 i 15.2. Case Study I 235 | 15.3 Case Study 2 248 16. TESTING ON MAIN SWITCHBOARD 252 16.1 Testing Before Turn-On Electricity Supply 252 16.2 Testing After Electricity Supply to Main Switchboard has been Turned On 262 Questions — Chapter 16 269 17, | MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 270 17.1 Introduction 270 Vv iDesign and Specification of Power Distribution and Protection Systems in Building (1" Edtition) Contents 17.2 _ Inspection and Maintenance of Cables and Conductors 270 17.3 Maintenance of Switchboards 2 Questions — Chapter 17 2B 18. STANDBY GENERATORS 274 18.1 Introduction 274 18.2 Range of Sizes 274 183 Continuous and Standby Ratings 274 18.4 Functions of Standby Generators 215 185 Components of Mains Failure Generating Sets 215 18.6 Control Systems 279 18.7 Protective Systems 219 188 Automatic Voltage Regulation 281 18.9 Sizing of Generators 282 18.10 Parallel Operation 284 18.11. Emergency Switchboard 285 Questions ~ Chapter 18 287 19, _ UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) 288 19.1 Introduction 288 19.2. Main Components of Static UPS 288 19.3. Selection of UPS 292 19.4 Technical Specifications of UPS Systems 297 19.5 Maintenance of Static UPS 298 19.6 _ Standby Generator for UPS 298 Questions — Chapter 19 302 Reference 304 VCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM 1.1 ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Electricity Distribution System in the buildings receive bulk electrical power from the high voltage networks of the electricity supply company and step down the voltage to utilisation voltage through the distribution transformers. A typical electricity distribution system in a building is Figure 1.1 22 kV Supply System Electrical power is normally distributed at voltage level in the range of 6.6kV, 11kV, or 22kV, and step down to the utilisation voltage at 400V (3-phase) / 230V (single phase) through the 22kV/400V or 6.6kV/400V distribution transformers. The power rating of the distribution transformers may be 1000kVA (IMVA), 1500kVA (1SMVA), 1600kVA (1.6MVA), 2000kVA (2MVA) or 2500KVA (2.SMVA). 1_ Introduction to Electricity Supply System 1.2 DY 11 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER ~ WINDING CONNECTIONS Medium voltage distribution systems (400V phase to phase, and 230V phase to neutral) are supplied by the secondary windings of the distribution transformers. As single phase voltage (230 V phase to neutral) has to be made available to consumers and the neutral (N) has to be maintained close to earth potential (0 V), secondary windings of the distribution transformers have to be star connected to allow for neutral point or star point to be connected to earth, For the satisfactory elimination of the 3" harmonic frequency in the distribution system, the primary windings of the distribution transformers have to be delta connected. ‘The most common winding connections are therefore DY 1, DYS, DY7 or DYI1 with DYII being used widely throughout the world, In Singapore and Malaysia, the distribution transformers used by the power supply companies and private sector are in the DY11 connection. ‘The connection of DY 11 as defined in BS 171 is as shown below: HLV. Windings y Delta Comection) LY. Windings (Star Connection) Figure 1.2 (a) a Ve ‘Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Primary & Secondary Voltage DY11) Figure 1.2 (b)Introduction to Electricity Supply System ‘The phasor diagrams of the primary and secondary voltage are as shown: DYII indicates that the voltage of the secondary star windings lead the primary phase voltage by 30° and it corresponds to 11 o'clock. 1.3. TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE The reactance of power transformers are usually 6 to 30 times greater than the resistance. In design and comparison of transformers it is useful to express the Z, R and X in percent or p.u. of MVA rating rather than the ohmic value. Zr=RrtjXr where Xr is about 5 to 6 times larger than Rr in transformer of IMVA to 2.5MVA. 1.4 PERCENTAGE IMPEDANCE ‘The transformer percent impedance voltage is the percentage of rated voltage needed to circulate three-phase rated current when the other winding is shorted. Figure 1.3 Ip and Is are the primary and secondary rated current. oy 7 ~ (Applied Primary Voltage ae ( Rated Primary Voltage ] es) To convert this percentage impedance value of transformer to ohmic value: y 2 Zr (ohm) = 42) x() ey (i 00 MVA) ‘The impedance of distribution transformer Zr (%) has two effects: (a) It limits the fault current or short circuit current. (b) It causes voltage drop or voltage dip in the winding of the transformer.Introduction to Electricity Supply System Therefore a small Z; (%) lead to larger fault current but help to minimise voltage changes at the output of transformers caused by fluctuation of the loads. In accordance with British Standard BS171 for distribution transformers, the typical value of Zr (%) are as follows: Distribution Transformers: 631 kVA to 1250kVA Zr =5.0% >1250kVA Zr = 6.25% Large Power Transformers: >ISMVA. Zr= 10 to 15% 1.5 LOW VOLTAGE 3-PHASE 4-WIRE SYSTEM Low Voltage (L.V.) system refers to distribution voltage below 1000V. In Singapore, a L.V. system refers to 3-phase 4-wire (R, Y, B and neutral conductors) system of rated line to line voltage (or phase to phase voltage) at 400V, and rated phase to neutral voltage at 230V. In Malaysia and the United Kingdom (UK), the rated phase to phase voltage is 415V (RMS value), whereas the rated phase to neutral voltage is 240V (RM.S value). A typical 3-phase 4-wire system obtained from a H.V/L.V. DY 11 Distribution Transformer is shown in Figure 1.4. ‘Three-phase DY11 Step Down Distribution ‘Transformer in Substation BS $8 High rupturing capacity fuses are normally used in the substation of ‘Power supply company Figure 1.4 A Typical 400V / 230V Distribution SystemIntroduction to Electricity Supply System Neutral of 3-phase 4-wire System The star point or neutral point of the L.V. star winding of the distribution transformers is solidly connected to earth for the following purposes: {a) To maintain the potential (or voltage) of the neutral conductor to be close to earth potential so that the R.M.S value of phase voltages Vn, Vw & Ven can be maintained at 230V (in Singapore) or 240V (in Malaysia and UK). (b) To enable the phase to earth fault current on the electrical installation system can return safely to the star point (or neutral point) of the L.V. winding of the distribution transformer, Relationships Between Phase Voltages & Line Voltages of the L.V. 3-phase, 4-wire System If the R.M.S values of the phase voltages of the L.V. distribution system are given as: Van = 230 2 0° Van = 230 2-120° and Van = 230 2-240° It can be proven that the R.M.S value of the line voltages are: Vay = V3 x 230 2 30° = 400 230° Vye = V3 x 230 2-90° = 400 2-90° and Ver = V3 x 230 2-210° = 400 2-210? = 400 2 150° 1.6 RATED FULL LOAD CURRENT & RATED TRIP RATING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER uit breaker such as Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB), Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) and Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) are provided in L.V. electrical installation system to offer protection against overloading and short circuit. Rated full load current or rated trip rating of circuit breaker is the maximum load current that ‘may pass continuously through the circuit breaker without causing the circuit breaker to be overloaded or overheated. Example 1.1 ‘The full load current of the I MVA (or 1000 KVA) 22 KV / 400 V distribution transformer is calculated to be: 1000 kVA Trp. = JOOOKVA ~ 14434 FEB xOAKV Therefore a 1SO0AF/I400AT 4-pole Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is used as the main circuit breaker for the 400 V main switchboard,Introduction to Electricity Supply System 400V MSB 15008 22kvi400V ee 1500A/1400AT ACB (36kA) COD 4 Nos 4004/5 CLSP10 Protection Current Transformer NCIXLPE Figure 1.5 L.V. Supply Fed Directly From Transformers The incoming circuit breaker / disconnector and the main busbars of the switchboard (SB) or distribution boards (DB) will usually be rated at the same current, This value is obtained normally by adding all the loads of individual outgoing circuits, and multiply by a load diversity factor (DF). The factor which is smaller than one has to be determined carefully be the designer. L.V. Main switchboards (MSBs) are usually designed for standard sizes at 200A, 250A, 300A, 400A, 600A, 800 A, 1000, 1400A, 1500A, 2100A, 2500A, 2800A, 300A. Copper busbars are often selected based on load capacity at 1.55 Ampere per mm? by switchboard manufacturer: The current carrying capacity of busbar = width x thickness x 1.55A/mm’, Distribution boards (DB) are often designed for standard sizes at 30A, 40A, 60A, 80A, 100A (single phase or 3-phase). 1.7 FAULT CURRENT AND RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING CAPACITY OF CIRCUIT BREAKER. The fault current or short circuit current that a circuit breaker can break safely is not determined by the load connected to it, but the impedances of the upstream source transformers, impedances of the main, submains connected to the circuit breakers. Electrical short circuit may occur due to breakdown of the insulation materials between phase conductors or between a phase to neutral or phase to earth. These different types of. faults are illustrated in Figure 1.6. Rated short circuit breaking capacity (in kA, R.M.S value) is the maximum short circuit current (expressed in R.M.S value) that the circuit breaker is capable of breaking safely without causing damage to itself.Introduction to Electricity Supply System ‘Three-Phase ‘Supply ‘Transformer Live (B) Circuit Breaker Figure 1.6 Three-Phase Supply showing Fault Conditions ‘The relationships of transformer sizes, L.V. circuit breaker rated trip ratings and short circuit fault levels on the secondary side of the transformers are determined as followed:- 22/0.4kV | Impedance | ACB Trip Prospective CT Ratio for Transformer | Z(%) RatingI, | 3-phase Short Circuit | __L.V. Side Current (kA) 1000 475 1400 A 30, 1400 A/5 A 1250 sae 1750 A 35 1750 A/5.A 1500/1600 55. 2100 A 40 2100 A/S A 2000 55 2800 A 50 2800 A/S A Table 1.1 Base MVA. Fault Level = Tmpedance of the Source (Transformer Zr in per unit, Prospective 3-phase Short Circuit Current = ( Rr a eve Circuit breakers must be selected to have rated short circuit breaking capacity bigger than the prospective 3-phase short circuit current at the point of installation, 18 DECLARED PROSPECTIVE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT OF POWER SUPPLY COMPANY The Power Supply Company in Singapore has declared that the prospective maximum short circuit current at their power supply incoming are as follows:Introduction to Electricity Supply System 400V/230V Supply (a) 9kA for approved load > 15kVA and up to 75kVA from PowerGrid at 230V single phase supply. (b) 25kA for approved load > 75kVA and up to I80kVA from PowerGrid at 400V 3-phase supply. (c) 36kA for approved load > 180kVA and up to 1000kVA from PowerGrid at 400V 3-phase supply. These values must be checked and confirmed with Power Supply Company. High Voltage Supply (a) 20kA for 3sec for 6.6kV supply from PowerGrid. (b) 25kA for 3sec for 22kV supply from PowerGrid. ‘These values must be checked and confirmed with Power Supply Company. 1.9 | METERING OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION Single Consumer For premises occupied by a single consumer, the electricity supply is metered at one point and the appropriate tariff in accordance with the use of electricity is charged. For electricity supply rated at 100A (single phase or 3-phase), direct meter for recording of electricity consumption as shown in Figure 1.7 (a) is used. Whereas for electricity supply more than 100A, C.T. meter as shown in Figure 1.7 (b) is used. Zero squint ‘Transfoniner 2008. Ha Figure 1. 7 (a) 230V Single Phase Supply Figure 1.7(b) 400V 3-Phase Supply not Exceeding 100A Exceeding 1004Introduction to Electricity Supply System Multi-Tenanted Premises Metered & Unmetered Scheme In the case of condominium housing or flatted factory development where the consumption for common service is minor, the electricity supply to development is delivered at low tension, The supplies to the landlord and tenants are separately metered and billed under their respective accounts. To enable the electricity supply company to know that the electricity supply to a tenant is to be taken from unmetered submain or switchboard, the consumers who plan to take electricity supply is such a manner has to be indicated in Form CS/3 to inform the power supply company accordingly. ‘Common Service —er meee Figure 1. 8 (a) Metered & Unmetered System for Figure 1.8 (b) Master & Sub-metering Multi-Tenanted Premises scheme for Multi-tenanted buildings Metered & Sub-metering scheme In commercial buildings where the supply for common services accounts for the bulk of consumption, the “master / sub-metering scheme” is adopted. Master meters are installed at the intake switchboard with the tenants’ consumption separately metered and billed under their respective accounts, The landlord / management corporation pays for the consumption registered at the master meters after deducting the units billed to the tenants. To enable the deduction of sub-meters’ readings from the landlord’s master meter by the electricity supply company, consumers (tenants in the buildings) who plan to take electricity supplies from the main switchboard or submains which have already been metered by master meter, has to submit the account number of the master meter via Form CS/3 (as shown in Figure 1.9),Introduction to Electricity Supply System crater aay 26 a Esau SSPUME ats tnt ot ems he (mere Ly eteved ander ater hen He rat Figure 1.9 Sample of Form CS3 A typical arrangement of master kW-HR meter and sub-meter for tenants in a school is shown in Figure 1.10, This fundamental requirements for safety in the design of electrical installation as required by SS CP5:1998 in terms of: (a) Overcurrent Protection (b) Earth Fault & Earth Leakage Protection (©) Isolation for Safety have also been incorporated in Figure 1.10. 10Introduction to Electricity Supply System Type Ds tr oeQuestions — Chapter 1 Introduction to Electricity Supply System (1) Explain briefly the definition of (@) Instantaneous Value (b) Peak or Maximum Value (c) Root Mean Square Value (d) Average Value (©) Crest Factor (8) Form Factor of A.C. Voltage and Current (2) A 3-phase load may be connected in Star or Delta-connection, If the magnitude of the line voltage is the same in both cases, prove that the magnitude of line current in Star-connection is '/s that of the Delta-connection. (3) Describe briefly the meaning of each of the following markings on a transformer nameplate: (@) 22kV/400V (b) IMVA (©) Dy (@) Z=5% (4) A .3-phase star connected load with equal impedance Z; = (10 + }50) Q in each phase is connected to the star connected secondary winding of a 22 kV / 400 V distribution transformer. (a) Draw'the connection diagram to show the connection of the star connected load and the secondary winding of the transformer. Explain briefly why neutral point of the star connected winding of the distribution transformers has to be solidly connected to earth. (b) Assuming that the phase voltages of the L.V. transformer windings are: Van = 230 20° Vy = 230 2-120° Van = 230 2-240" Show that the line voltages are given by Vay = 13 x 230 2 30° Vya = V3.x.230 2-90° Var = 3 x 230 2150° (©) Calculate the magnitude and phase angle of the current in each phase and hence, determine the magnitude and phase angle of the neutral currents. @ Express the equation of instantaneous value of the line currents in function of time, 12Questions — Chapter 1 Introduction to Electricity Supply System ) (6) aM A 3-phase Delta-connected load with equal impedance of (10 + 50j) Q in all three phases is connected to the Star-connected secondary of a 22 KV / 400 V distribution transformer. (@) Draw a diagram to show how the load is connected to the transformer. (®) Calculate all the three line currents and express them as phasor quantities. (©) Express the instantaneous value of the line currents. The star connected secondary winding of a 22 kV / 400 V distribution transformer is connected to a 3-phase, 4-wire unbalanced star connected load. The load impedances are:- Zan = (8 + j50) 2 Zyw= (12 + j40) Q Zon = (10 + j60) 2 ‘The phase voltage of the transformer windings are Van = 230 20° 30 2-120" 30 2-240° (a) Draw a diagram to show how the load is connected to the distribution transformer. Explain briefly why neutral points of distribution transformers have to be solidly connected to earth. (b) Using either a mathematical method or a graphical method, prove that the line voltages are: - Vay = V3x 230 230° Vyp = V3.x 230 290° Var = V3 x 230 2150° (©) Calculate the magnitude and phase angle of the line current and hence, determine the magnitude and phase angle of the neutral current. The L.V. winding of the 22 kV / 400 V DY 1! distribution transformer is connected to a Star connected load with equal impedance Z,; = (10+j50) Q in each phase and a Delta connected load with equal impedance Z2 = (10+J60) Q in each phase. (a) Draw the connection diagram to show the connection of the transformer L.V. winding and the Star connected load and Delta connected load. Explain briefly why Neutral point of the transformer L.V. winding has to be solidly connected to earth. (b) Given the phase voltages of the transformer windings as: 13Questions — Chapter 1 Introduction to Electricity Supply System Van = 230 20° Vyn = 230 2-120° Vpn = 230 2-240° and the line voltages as Vay = ¥3.x 230 230° Vye = V3 x 230 290° Var = V3 x 230 .2150° Determine the total line currents (R, Y & B) at the secondary windings of the distribution transformer and express them in instantaneous value equations. (8) In the figure shown below, determine the required frame size, rated trip rating & rated short circuit breaking capacity of the Air Circuit Breaker and the appropriate C.T. ratio and the busbar current rating at the 400V MSB. _ABI_ar = 6.25% Pole ACB a) Figure T. 11 (@) Figure 1.11 (c)CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS, FOR SAFETY IN DESIGN 2.1 ELECTRICITY - THE HAZARDS ‘The principal hazards in the use of electricity, as envisaged by statutory regulations such as Singapore Standard CP5:1998, Code of Practice for Electrical Installations and British Standard, IEE 16" edition of the Wiring Regulations are as follows:- electric shock (direct contact and indirect contact), fire, bums, jury from mechanical movement of electrically actuated equipment, in so far as such ijury is intended to be prevented by electrical emergency switching or by electrical switching for mechanical maintenance of non-electrical parts of such equipment. eoee 2.2. PROTECTION AGAINST OVERCURRENT Overeurrent ‘An overcurrent is a current greater than the rated current of a circuit. It may occur in two ways:= (2) Asan overload current, or (6) Asa short-circuit or fault current, ‘These conditions need to be protected against in order to avoid damage to circuit conductors and equipment. In practice, fuses and circuit breakers are used to protect against overloading ~ short-circuit, Overload Current Overload currents occur in circuits which have no faults but are carrying a higher current than the design value due to:- (a) overloaded machines (b) an error in the assessment of the loads in the circuit, or (©) _under-design of the circuit conductors. If overload current is allowed to persist, it will result in an increase in conductor temperature. If the conductor becomes too hot, the insulation of the cable or conductor may be deteriorated and eventually fail. 15Fundamental Requirements For Safety in Design Short Circuit Current Short circuit current is an overcurrent resulting from a fault of negligible impedance between ‘live’ conductors or between ‘live’ and earthed conductors. A short circuit may occur due to a direct contact or connection between (@)_aphase conductor to ‘neutral’ conductor, (6) a ‘phase’ conductor to ‘earth’ conductor or earthed metal frame, (©) a ‘neutral’ conductor to ‘earth’ conductor or earthed metal frame, (@) a ‘phase’ to ‘phase’ short circuit or 3-phase short circuit. 7777 Metal Enelosure SAO WES Gog? a! Installation or ib ey a mat a Figure 2.1 Short Circuit between ‘Live’ and ‘Neutral’ Wire of a ‘Single-Phase’ System = Metal Enclosure lof Electrical {Equipment 1 Earth Fault or | Phase to Earth | Short Circuit I 1 | H Figure 2.2 Short Circuit between ‘Live’ Wire and the Earthed Metal Frame of Equipment 16Fundamental Requirements For Safety in Design ‘Phase Transformer DY11 Vector Group HY. Supply Side La 22K] la Dota HonCere Star n 1 a f 1 yy Frame oF Metal Body Figure 2.3. 3-Phase Short Circuit on a 3 Phase System 2.3 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERCURRENT AND EARTH LEAKAGE PROTECTION Overcurrent Protection Singapore Standard CPS:1998, Code of practice for electrical installations and British Standard, IEE Wiring Regulations 16" edition requires that: Clause 130-03-01 Where necessary to prevent danger, every installation and every circuit thereof shall be protected against overcurrent by devices which: i. will operate automatically at values of current which are suitably related to the safe current rating of the circuit, and ii, are of adequate breaking capacity and, where appropriate, making capacity, and iii, are suitably located and are constructed so as to prevent danger from overheating, arcing or the scattering of hot particles when they come into operation and to permit ready restoration of the supply without danger. These requirements are stipulated in Clause 130-03-01 of CP5:1998 and IEE™ Wiring Regulation 16" edition. Earth Leakage Protection Clause 130-04-01, 130-04-02, 130-04-03 and 130-04-04 of the Singapore Standard CP5:1998 and British Standard; IEE Wiring Regulations 16" edition also require that:- 130-04 Precautions Against Earth Leakage and Earth Fault Currents 7Fundamental Requirements For Safety in Design 130-04-01 Where metalwork of electrical equipment, other than current-carrying conductors, may become charged with electricity in such a manner as to cause danger: i, the metalwork shall be connected with earth in such a manner as will cause discharge of electrical energy without danger, or ii, other equally effective precautions shall be taken to prevent danger. 130-04-02 Every circuit shall be arranged so as to prevent the persistence of dangerous earth leakage currents. 130-04-03 Where metalwork is connected with earth in accordance with Clause 130-04-01 (i) the circuits concerned shall be protected against the persistence of an earth fault current by: i. the overcurrent protective devices required by Clause 130-03-01, or ii, a residual current device or equally effective device. ‘The method described in item (ii) above shall be used whenever the prospective earth fault current is insufficient to cause prompt operation of the overcurrent protective devices, 130-04-04 — Where metalwork of electrical equipment is connected with earth in accordance with Clause 130-04-01(i) and is accessible simultaneously with substantial exposed metal parts of other services, the latter shall be effectively connected to the main earthing terminal of the installation. 24 ISOLATION AND SWITCHING Clauses 130-06-01, 537-02-01 & 537-02-02L of CP5:1998 and IEE 16" edition requires that:~ 130-06 Isolation and Switching 130-06-01 Effective means, suitably placed for ready operation, shall be provided so that all voltage may be cut off from every installation, from every circuit thereof and from all equipment, as may be necessary to prevent or remove danger. 537-02 Devices For Isolation 537-02-01 Except as detailed by Clause 460-01-04, the devices for isolation shall effectively isolate all live supply conductors from the cireuit concerned. Equipment used for isolation shall comply with Clauses 537-02-02 to 537-02-10. 537-02-02L The isolating distance between contacts or other means of isolating when in the open position shall be not less than that determined for an isolator (disconnector) in aveordance with the requirement of IEC 947-3. IsFundamental Requirements For Safety in Design TEC 947-3 Standard requires that the isolator be subjected to a 2kV A.C. pressure test at open position and the leakage current shall not be more than 2mA. 2.5 NEED FOR EARTH LEAKAGE AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION Phase to Earth Fault can best be represented by the fault impedance diagram as shown in figure 2.4, where a short circuit has occurred from ‘phase’ or ‘live’ conductor to metal enclosure (or known as Exposed Conductive part) of electrical equipment. av ioe eas a Restate ‘TT Esrthing System Zy— Transformer Impedance in Ohmic value Zp~ Phase Conductor Impedance in Ohmic value Z_e- Earth Conductor Impedance in Ohmic value Zyye— Neutral / Earth Conductor Impedance in Ohmic value Ra— Electrode Resistance of Installation Farthing at the Consumer's Installation Rg Electrode Resistance of Neutral Earthing at the Power Supply Company's Distribution Transformer Figure 2.4 Phase to Earth Fault & Earth Fault Loop Impedance where Earth Fault Loop Impedance is defined as the Total Impedance in the path or Loop of phase to Earth fault current and phase to Earth fault current Jee = Phase Voltage er’ Zep - 230V Zr + Zp + Ze + (Rat Ru) + Zw and since Zeru = Zr + Zp + Ze + (RatRe) + Zwe =RatRe. where Zr, Zp, Ze & Ze are relatively smallFundamental Requirements For Safety in Design srefore 230V Therefore, tue = ae _ 230 10419 ifR4=Re<10 = IISA to 120A, depending on whether Vryase = 230V or 240V This current is small and unable to cause the overcurrent protection such as MCB, MCCB oF overcurrent relay to operate. This will certainly cause electric shock and electrical hazards. Residual Current Device (RCD) such as RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker), ELR (Earth Leakage Relay) or EFR (Earth Fault Relay) must be used as sensitive phase to Earth fault protection device. {tis also for this reason that a rule by Power Supply Company is imposed to limit the trip Current setting of EFR (Earth Fault Relay) to maximum value at 120A (i.e. EFR can be set to 10% to 20% of the rated current of the L.V. switchboard subject to maximum setting at 120A, please see handbook of Power Supply Ltd.) 2.6 INSTALLATION OF OVERCURRENT AND EARTH LEAKAGE PROTECTION DEVICE FOR DB RATED AT 100A OR LESS For Distribution Board (DB) rated at 100A or less, RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) or known as ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) are normally used as the protection device against phase to earth fault as shown in Figure 2.5. As RCCB is not an overcurrent protection device, a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) at an appropriate Rated Trip Rating I, must be installed to provide overcurrent protection. The RCCB with appropriate Rated Normay Current rating |, and sensitivity (or operating current) I,, must be selected. As a safety rule to prevent electrical hazards in domestic premises, RCCB of 30mA sensitivity must be used for protection in domestic residential premises. The following guidelines are to be compiled with in the design of electrical installation: @) Use RCCB of 30mA sensitivity for domestic switch socket outlet and lighting circuits, (b) Use RCCB of 30mA sensitivity for temporary supply. (©) Use RCCB of 30mA sensitivity for market and food stall. (d) Use RCCB of appropriate sensitivity for non-domestic electrical installation. 2.7 PROVISION OF EARTH LEAKAGE RELAY (ELR) AS RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE (RCD) FOR SMALL SWITCHBOARD WITH RATED CURRENT LESS THAN 300A. For small switchboard not more than 300A, Earth Leakage Relay (ELR) of adjustable operating current 0.3 to 3A (primary current) OR 0.3A to 10A (Primary Current) can be 20Fundamental Requirements For Safety in Design used as Residual Current Device (RCD), ELR come with time delay which can be adjustable from 0.04 to 0.5 second. eam) 4018 Te sso 110. Loatame it 2 6308 1 FLUO. LuMNatee Gio 808 sy + cies 3 2N0S x6 FLV .untatee Cieut 9 4N0.134550, CRC. Gea in Trunking/ Cand i Treking/ Cond Cableesere ~Cteut 4 0, 34 TW S80, FC 7-40.34 THs, t—cseut 10 seats. {crest 6 spare cite 5 seare amines | ! | jeeuercw sasmmncain | | | sows cues) USA0 end 58 ConbEacoer | [DB - me Figure 2.5 30mA RCCB provided as Supplementary Protection against Direct Contact & Protection against Indirect Contact by Automatic Disconnection, check the phasor sum of cyrrenjs OH the, 4 conductors and it will operate only if this Phasor sum is not zero (i.e. I+ Iy + I+ TP 0) and exceed the trip setting current (i.e. In +ly+ Ip +In= lee> setting). Figure 2.6 ELR (set to operate within 0.4 sec) to provide protection against Electric Shock by indirect contact 21_ Fundamental Requirements For Safety in Design 2.8 PROVISION OF EARTH FAULT RELAY (EFR) AS RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE (RCD) FOR SWITCHBOARD WITH RATED CURRENT 300A OR MORE. For bigger low voltage (400V, 3-phase) installation with rated normal current 300A or more, Earth Fault Relay (EFR) together with 4 nos. of CLSP10 current transformers are normally used as shown in Figure 2.7. The 4 nos. of protection current transformers reduce the primary currents on all 4 conductors (R, Y, B & N) to a smaller current by C.T Ratio (for example: 1000A/5A, SO0A/SA, 400A/SA, etc.) and check the phasor sum of the secondary currents (ir, iy, iy & ig), and it will operate only if the phasor sum is not zero (i.e. i; + iy + ip + ig #0) and exceed the relay setting current. For Example If Primary Current Ip + ly + Ip + Iy = In (Phase to Earth Fault Current) Then Secondary Current i, + iy +ip + in = Ine x CT Reduction Ratio A current will flow into the earth fault relay and cause it to operate. x Lembo 28> eq ho oo Sat aba) may | tassomd UPENC& aetn? FICE TO TRANSFORMER NO. 1 Figure 2.7 Earth Fault Relay on main switchboard with rated current 300A or more 22Questions — Chapter 2 Fundamental Requirements For Safety in Design 1. Describe briefly the fundamental requirements for safety in the design of electrical installations for buildings as stipulated by Singapore Standard CP 5:1998 & IEE Wiring Regulation (16" Edition). 2. The single-line diagram for a distribution board (DB) as shown in Figure 2.8 contains errors which violate the safety requirements of CP 5:1998, Explain what are these errors and how you would rectify them. z bm Ton 2360 Ft Cora Ls 99 EB 226 PCa ine 52 ae > aE: is | poo i --j Ree tC Pesce ton eARLE TA Figure 2.8 The Single-Line Diagram of a Distribution Board (DB) which contains Design Errors 3. ‘The single line diagram of electrical riser tap off unit and meter boards for a high-rise building is shown in Figure 2.9. Explain briefly the requirements of CP5:1998 and IEE regulation (16" edition) pertaining to provision of overcurrent protection, 4. Explain briefly the requirements in provision of Residual Current Device(RCD) as required by CP 5:1998 and the authority. 5. The single line diagram of an electrical riser is shown in Figure 2.10. Explain briefly 23uestions — Chapter 2 Fundamental Requirements For Safety in Design a y ig (@) Why overcurrent protection device is omitted at the tap-off unit and how overcurrent protection is provided in this example. (b) How Earth leakage and Earth fault protection are provided in this example. Goa DeMcce aa) Dele UCM FHC PC Taking SeayCU ConmerRaod a SIA ‘304 DP MCB 10kA (Type C) BADPMoB tka (ype vihCFL [— 2ilaa? FCs PRCT PVC Tig Cable Lint Chop ~- ToResidnts Unt L Et gCetle a LE ie = ToResidente Unt Ext gCabte ‘Typical Single Line Diagram For Unite' Meter Board (MB) Figure 2.9 Position of Fault Current Protection Device —_= > ain pp ADP MCB (Type) Isclwor ao steam, § GS 44570 md PRONE + EIS? PPC (CABLE INSERVICE DUCT GOM CABLE TRAY /TRUNEING NOs. 04 soa TPA ARD DRAW TIONED ees Coppa BUsaARS cae ‘MAX DEMAND ANMIETER Figure 2.10 Position of fault current protection deviceCHAPTER 3 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB) - OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE 3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERLOAD AND SHORT CIRCUIT It is often possible to use the same device to protect against overload and short circuit, but before doing so it is necessary to determine the design current of the circuit and also to ascertain the prospective short circuit current which is likely to arise. 3.2 NOMINAL CURRENT RATING (OR RATED TRIP RATING) fy, (a) Nominal current rating or Rated trip rating of the circuit breaker is the current for which the circuit breaker can carry continuously without causing the breaker to trip, overheat or deteriorate. (b) The nominal current rating is easily identified as the nearest available current rating I, in amperes (A) equal (0 or more than the design current ly of the cire (c) Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) are manufactured in fixed ratings from SA, 10A, ISA, 16A, 20, 30A, 32A, 40A, SOA, 60A, 634, 80A & 100A. 3.3. RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING CAPACITY OF CIRCUIT BREAKER (2) Rated short circuit breaking capacity (kA, R.M.S. value) or also known as interrupting capacity of circuit breaker is the root mean square (R.M.S.) value of the a.c. component of current at which the circuit breaker can break safely under the specified conditions of voltage and power factor. (b) Since short circuit breaking capacity of a protective device is the maximum fault current that the device can interrupt or break safely, it must therefore not be less than the maximum prospective short circuit current at the point of installation. (c) In British standard BS EN 60898 and Singapore standard $8359 for miniature circuit breaker, MCB may have short circuit breaking capacity from IkA to 25kA, However, commonly available MCBs are rated at 6kA, 9kA OR 10kA (RMS) 3.4 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (SS359 AND BS EN 60898) Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) is the small circuit breaker used for the protection of final circuits at the Distribution Board (DB) of residential and small commercial and industrial installations._ Miniature Circuit Breaker It is used as an alternative to fuse as it can be easily reset and re-closed when the fault in the circuit is cleared. 1t will trip on a small sustained overcurrent, but not on a harmless transient overcurrent such as switching surge (For example, on a fluorescent lamp circuit) ‘Magnetic Iron Core Magnetic Trip Col (Quick action or large curren) Figure 3.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) Functions of the Circuit Breaker As circuit breaker is a protective device, its basic functions are:~ (a) To permit the electrical installations or appliances it protects to be used up to its full rated current capacity. (b) To detect and to protect equipment against dangerous conditions. (©) To perform the duties as local circuit control switches and fault-making isolation switches. Principles of Operation Miniature Circuit Breakers use one of both of the following principles of operation:~ (a) Thermal Operation ‘Thermal tripping uses a heat-sensitive bi-metal element. The heat produced by the sustained high current warms the bi-metal strips, which bend to trip the operating contacts. (b) Magnetic Operation (Instantaneous Trip) Magnetic operation is due to the magnetic field set up by a coil carrying the fault current, which attracts an iron core to trip the breaker when the fault current becomes large enough,- _ Miniature Circuit Breaker a | (2 q 0} Pa Z ao Contacts of the MCB Figure 3.2 Operation of Thermal element Contacts of the MCB Figure 3.3 Magnetic Oper Thermal operation is slow, so it is unsuitable for the speedy disconnection required to clear fault currents. However, it is ideal for operation in the event of small but prolonged overload current, Magnetic operation can be very fast and so it is used for breaking fault currents; in many cases, both thermal and magnetic operation are combined to make the circuit breaker more suitable for both overload and fault protection The mechanical operation of opening the contacts takes a definite minimum time, typically 10ms to 20ms, so there can never be any possibility of truly, instantaneous operation. 3.5 SELECTION OF MCB There are three important parameters to consider when selecting an MCB: The current rating (5A to 100A) 4 The instantaneous trip current (represented by Type no.) The short-circuit capacity (1kA to 10kA)Miniature Circuit Breaker Magnetic trip (or Instantaneous trip) & Type n As illustrated in Figure 3.4, there are seven types of MCBs currently available. They vary in the magnitudes of current that can cause the magnetic trip element to operate instantaneously (defined as within 100ms) although, with smaller current, their thermal element (or overload characteristic) are the same in all cases. MCB Types 12.3 & 4 (to BS 3871) |) MCB Types B,C & D (to BS EN 60898 & SS 359) Time (see) Time (see) 2747 10 80 ‘Multiples at Nominal Rated Current, I, Multiples at Nominal Rated Current, Iy Figure 3.4 Magnetic trip Instantaneous Trip Operating Time Instantaneous trip operating time is therefore defined as being with 100 m-second (0.1 second) and the following table in Table 3.1 show that the range of currents that the MCB will definitely not operate within 100 m-second and the range of currents that the MCB will definitely operate within 100 m-second for various types of MCB:- ¢ | WiNNOT trip in [Will trip in | 100ms at current | 100ms at current | 1<27Xh | 14x, | Low Inrush Curren Is 1<7x1, ‘Typ Typical Application General Purpose Use _ High Inrush Currents (Motor Circuits) Table 3.1. Where In is the Nominal rating or Thermal trip rating of MCB. For example, the magnetic trip (or instantaneous trip) of a type C MCB definitely will not trip if fault current is less than 5 x |, and the same MCB will trip magnetically if fault current is more than 10 x Ih. ime. ent Characteristi Time-current characteristic of protection device (MCB, MCCB and Overcurrent Relay) are often plotted in graphs with logarithmic scales 28 | | |Miniature Cireuit Breaker Typical characteristic of MCB with fixed and non-adjustable time / current characteristic calibrated at 30°C for Type 1, 2, 3 and Type B, C, D are available from Singapore Standard CP5:1998. SauadWv Sur LNAYUND AALLOSdSOUd 2 z a a a 3 3 Zz 6 a Figure 3. 5 ‘Time-Current Characteristic in Logarithmic Scales ~ Type B MCBMiniature Circuit Breaker SBusdNY ‘SUN 'LNSYYND FALOASOUd ooo ook pe C MCB rithmic Scales — T eristic in Log SONOQ3S ‘BW Time-Current Charact “bse SS Fare igure 3.67 ature Circuit Breaker 3.6 EXAMPLES IN SELECTION OF MCB Example 3.1 For a final circuit feeding four (4) twin 40-watt fluorescent lightings and six (6) 60-watt incandescent lightings (filament lamp), determine the appropriate current rating of the MCB. Assuming power factor of 0.85 and efficiency of the fluorescent lamp be 65%. Total load for 4 twin 40-watt Fluorescent lights and 6 nos. 60-watt Incandescent lights: _f_4x2x40W + 6x 60W “| pf = 0.85 x efficiency = 5%) * [pf = 1x efficiency= 100% 1 1) + 4x (2x 401 0s (estos 6x (60W) x 1 4.x (2x 40) x (1.8) + 360x (1), (Please note: Factor = 1.8 for Fluorescent lights Factor= | for Incandescent lights) 576 VA +360 VA = 96VA ai = 937VA Designed Circuit Current h= So5y7 =4.07A Since, Nearest MCB current rating I, = SA or 104. ‘A.10A Type B MCB is preferred in this non-domestic situation. Example 3. For a final circuit feeding a 230V, single-phase 3kW instantaneous water heater, determine the appropriate current rating of the MCB 3000 W Designed Circuit Current k= 35 = 13A, because Power Factor =1 ‘Therefore, use the nearest available MCB current rating, I, = 20A. A20A MCB Type B is selected. A typical design of a small lighting and power distribution board (DB) in a residential unit is shown in Figure 3.7. 3Miniature Circuit Breaker 186 80 i Rett Cet hg Chest ght Cit. 2 Leh Crt. 3 (nie id ‘nde ta B Dab seb q o)Mce mca o) MCE) MCR mcE itged res Yrmet free Propet [rape ay lise” foto [ato fea” |eto, ae a iz i Eb g beince Bm Sees Figure 3.7 A Typical Distribution Board (DB) using MCBs and RCCBs as Protective Devices 3.7. SELECTION OF MCB FOR MOTOR CIRCUITS. Motor Loads present the most complex type of transient inrush current, The starting phenomenon takes place in two stages, a transient and a steady-state stage. Figure 3.8 shows the two stages of the motor starting currents:~ (2) An initial peak Inrush current of 2.8 times the r.m.s. value of the motor’s locked rotor current (Isa) or 15 times x Full Load Current lasting for less than two main cycles (0.04 sec). (b) The second stage where the motor starting current decays to about 7.5 times x Full Load Current which may last for 5 to 15 seconds. ‘The motor finally takes the steady running current at maximum value equal to Full Load Current, ‘The first stage of in-rush current is due to initial surge of current into a stationary motor which lasts until the field is established. The second stage of starting current lasts while the motor speeds builds up. In practice, this second stage of starting current is not constant as shown but is generally assumed to be so since it simplifies the problem and assumes the worst case.oak Tawi aah Cane Figure 3.8 Pea Sted Ste Srenaleronde Motor Inrush Current (Shown as Instantaneous Value) ‘The R.M.S values of motor current in the three (3) stages from initial peak to final running current is shown in Figure 3.9. ‘Motorreted samperee Figure 3.9 _= Breskeris unabe to provide ovesloed protection Characteristic of dzcuit breaker theenal element /@)7-Sxlpy stating curent may ‘caves thermal element to operste _- Magnet tap 1 (Current) 75alpz__ © @ nal peakmotor ting coment 15x saci ‘may cee magnetic tpto operate Characteristic of Motor Starting Current with respect to time (R.M.S. Value) 33_ Miniature Circuit Breaker (2) As the initial peak last for about 0.04 seconds, it may cause the magnetic trip to trip. (b) Whereas the second stage starting current which may last for 5 to 15 seconds and may cause the thermal element to trip. To overcome these kinds of unnecessary tripping, the following design approach has been used quite satisfactorily: (a) _ Rated thermal trip rating or nominal rating (I,) of circuit breakers are selected larger to avoid unnecessary tripping, For motor with Full Voltage Starting or Direct-on-line Starting, Iy is select between 2 x Tp vad and 2.5 X levi Loo. For motor with Reduced Voltage Sta Lose 18, In is selected between 1.5 x Ira tow and 2 x (b) Magnetic trip element or type no. are selected to ensure that magnetic trip element will not operate at Inrush current. Example: If Tiyan <3 x In (or maximum current that will definitely not trip magnetic trip of Type B) Then Type B will be selected, Wf Tinsh <5 x ty (or maximum current that will definitely not trip magnetic trip of Type C) Then Type C will be selected However, the above design rule of thumb should be subjected to further closer analysis with time-current characteristic of the MCB and the characteristic of motor starting currents to ensure appropriate and proper selection, Itis also to be noted that, when the circuit breaker is selected with higher thermal trip rating (ls) for the motor circuit, the circuit breaker selected is unable to provide appropriate overload protection for the motor cable and the motor itself. Overload relay (which is normally set to 110% to 120% of Full load running current) must be provided at the motor starter for overload protection. The circuit breaker will now provide only short circuit protection, For motor circuit or motor submain without overload relay (E.g. Fire pumps, essential motor circuit where overload relays have been removed for safety reason), the cable size and motor must be selected carefully to have current carrying capacity equal to (or more than) the Rated trip rating |, of the circuit breaker. 3.8 IDENTIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF POLES Overcurrent devices such as MCB and MCCB are commonly referred to by the number of poles in terms of switching as shown in Figure 3.10. It is to be noted that overcurrent detection is normally provided only in each phase conductor, but not in the neutral conductors, except where it is necessary required as shown in Figure 3.10. 34