Generator

Excitation
System
&
AVR
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 1
 Presentation outline
 Understanding basic principle
 Types of excitation
 Components of excitation system
 Brief Description of most commonly used Excitation
systems in power generating plants:
 Static Excitation system
 Brushless Excitation System
 AVR
 Experience sharing
 Conclusion
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 2
 What is Excitation system?
• Creating and strengthening the magnetic field of
the generator by passing DC through the filed
winding.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 3

 Why Excitation system?
• With large alternators in the power system,
excitation plays a vital role in the management of
voltage profile and reactive power in the grid thus
ensuring ‘Stability’

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 4

 Purpose of excitation
system
• Basic function is to provide the direct current to the
synchronous machine field winding
• Regulate the terminal voltage of the machine
• Meet the excitation power, regulates under all normal operating
conditions
• Control reactive power flow and facilitates the sharing of
reactive load between the machines operated parallel in the
grid
• Enable max utilization of machine capability
• Guard the machine against inadvertent tripping during
transients
• Improve dynamic and transient stability there by increasing
availability

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 5

 EXCITATION PRINCIPLE

ROTOR

STATOR

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 EXCITATION PRINCIPLE

ROTOR

S
N

STATOR

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 7

 EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
Stator induced Voltage
E = K. L. dΦ/ dt
K = constant
L = length exposed to flux
dΦ/ dt = rate of change of flux

Frequency of induced Voltage

F = NP / 120
Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and speed of
rotation decides frequency of generated voltage

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 8

 270 360

0 90 180

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 9

 Flux in the generator rotor
is produced by feeding
DC supply in the field
G coils, thus forming a 2
pole magnet of rotor

The Equipment for supply, control and monitoring of this

DC supply is called the Excitation system

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 10

 TYPES OF EXCITATION
• Different types of excitation systems
1.DC excitation system upto 100/110 MW units
2.Static excitation system
3.Brush less excitation system
• Static excitation system is used in 200 MW units
• Brush less excitation system is used in 500 MW
units

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 11

 EXCITATION SYSTEM
REQUIREMENT

• Reliability
• Sensitivity and fast response
• Stability
• Ability to meet abnormal conditions
• Monitoring and annunciation of parameters
• User friendliness

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 12

 COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL
EXCITATION SYSTEM
• Input and output interface , Aux. power supply, FB
• AVR: At least two independent channels
• Follow up control and changeover
• Excitation build up and Field Discharging system
• Cooling / heat dissipation components
•Limiters
• Protective relays
• Testing , Monitoring and alarm / trip initiation
• Specific requirements :
Field Flashing, Stroboscope, PSS,
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 13
 DC

3 Ph AC Thyristor Armature
Converter Field

CT
G
Rectifier Transformer
PT
Slip Ring
Generator

Voltage Regulator Manual Control

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 14

 STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM ( 200 MW)

575 v

AVR
AUTO

MAN
15.75 kV

FB

FF

FDR

415 v AC
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 15
 Static Excitation
system

• Supply tapped from generator terminals

• Quick response time
• Brushes are used to supply field current
• Thyristor bridge is used with full wave rectification to supply DC
voltage
• At the time of starting field is supplied from external source
called field flashing
• 1500 kva transformer
• Thyristors are cooled by air
• Max field current 1326 Amps

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 16

 Static Excitation system Contd..

• Crowbar is used across field terminals to

prevent over voltages
• A resistor will be connected across the
terminals of field at the time of tripping to de
excite the machine
• Search coils are used to check the
healthiness of the thysristors

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 17

 Static excitation system

GT

EXCTRFR
18KV/700V
1500KVA
Field Breaker
THYRISOR
FIELD BRIDGE

voltage regulator

GENERATOR
Crow Non linear
Bar resistor

Field
From TGMCC- C discharge Pre Excitation
Resistor

415/40V,10KVA

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 18

 Static excitation system

• Excitation power from generator via excitation transformer. Protective relays for
excitation transformer

• Field forcing provided through 415 v aux supply

• Converter divided in to no of parallel (typically4 ) paths. Each one having separate

pulse output stage and air flow monitoring.

• Two channels : Auto & manual, provision for change over from Auto to Manual
Limiters : Stator current limiter, Rotor current limiter, Load angle limiter etc.
• Alternate supply for testing

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 19

 Field flashing
• It is required for initial excitation as no power is available to excitation
system

• For start up DC excitation is fed to the field from external source like
station battery or rectified AC from station Ac supply .

• Filed flashing is used to build up voltage up to 30 %.

• From 30 to 70 % both flashing and regulation remains in circuit.

• 70 % above flashing gets cut-off

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 20

 BRUSH
GEAR

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 21

 Brushless excitation
FIELD BREAKER R
Y
ARMATURE
ROTATING B
DIODES

FIELD
(PM)

MAIN GENERATO
PILOT R
EXCITER EXCITE
R

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 22

 Pilot Exciter Main Exciter Generator

Armature Armature
Rotating Field
Armature Field
Rectifier
N CT

PT

3 Ph AC Field Rotor

Thyristor Rectifier
DC

Voltage Regulator Manual Control

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 23

 Components of Brush less
Excitation System

•Three Phase Main Exciter.

•Three Phase Pilot Exciter.
•Regulation cubicle
•Rectifier Wheels
•Exciter Coolers
•Metering and supervisory equipment.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 24

 Brushless excitation
• Brush less excitor consists of a 3-phase
permanent magnet pilot exciter , the output of
which is rectified and controlled by Thyristor voltage
regulator to provide variable d.c. current for the
main exciter.
• The 3-phase are induced in the rotor of the main
exciter and is rectified by the rotating diodes and to
the field winding of generator through the d.c. leads
fed in the rotor shaft.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 25

 Brushless excitation
• Since the rotating rectifier bridge is mounted on the
rotor, the slip rings are not required and the output
of the rectifier is connected directly to the field
winding through the generator rotor shaft.
• A common shaft carries the rectifier wheels, the
rotor of the main exciter and permanent magnet
rotor of the pilot exciter.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 26

 Pilot exciter

• The three phase pilot exciter is a 16 pole revolving-field Permanent magnet

generator
• Each pole consists of 12 separate permanent magnets which are housed
in a non-magnetic metallic enclosure
• It supplies 220 v 400 hz supply to main exciter
• AVR is connected at the output of this pilot exciter
• Field breaker is also provided at the output only

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 27

 Pilot Exciter:

• Apparent power : 65 KVA

• Current : 195 A
• Voltage : 220 V
• Speed : 3000 rpm
• Poles : 16
• Frequency : 400 HZ

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 PMG

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 Three phase main exciter

 The three-phase main exciter is a six-pole

revolving armature unit.
 Stator consists of field
 Rotor produces three phase supply to feed to
rectifier wheels
 quadrature-axis coil is fitted for inductive measurement of
the exciter current.
 Rotating diode assembly on the shaft rectifies this voltage
and supplies to field winding through the shaft
 Stroboscope technique is used to check the healthiness of
the diodes
 60 diodes per wheel and two wheels will be there.
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 30
 Main Exciter :

• Active power : 3780 KW

• Current : 6300 A
• Voltage : 600 V
• Speed : 3000 rpm
• Poles : 6
• Frequency : 150 HZ

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 31

 MAIN EXCITER

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 32

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 33
 Main Exciter Rectifier Wheels Multi Contact
Fan Armature Connector
PilotJuly
Exciter Rotor
8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 34
 Excitation Power Requirement

Unit capacity Excitation Excitation Ceiling

MW Current at Voltage at fullVolts
Full Load load

200/ 210 2600 310 610

500 6300 600 1000

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 35

 BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM (500 MW)

AVR

21 KV
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 36
 Brushless Excitation System

•Eliminates Slip Rings, Brushgear and all problems associated with

transfer of current via sliding contacts

•Simple, Reliable and increasingly popular system the world over,

Ideally suited for large sets

•Minimum operating and maintenance cost

•Self generating excitation unaffected by system fault/disturbances

because of shaft mounted pilot exciter

Multi contact electrical connections between exciter and

generator field

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 37

 Brushless Exciter

•High response excitation with fast acting AVR

•Multi contact electrical connections between exciter and

generator field

•Stroboscope for fuse failure detection

•Rotor Earth fault monitoring system

•RC circuit to avoid over voltages

•Dehumidifier for use during shut down

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 38

 Brushless Excitation system

• More reliable than static Excitation. No slip rings, no

separate field forcing set up required.

• Separate gate control unit and thyristor sets for auto &
manual. Each thyristor is fused separately.

• Isolation of auto channel gate control output and power

supply can be done by an isolator.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 39

 Brushless Excitation system
• Rotor E/F monitoring system
• alarm 80 KΏ, Trip 5 KΏ

• Stroboscope for thyristor fuse monitoring

(one fuse for each pair of diodes, )

• Auto channel thyristor current monitor

• For monitoring of thyristor bridge current , and initiating
change over to manual.

• ‘Auto’ to ‘Manual’ changeover in case of Auto channel power

supply, thyristor set problem, or generator volts actual value
problem

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 40

 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRUSHLESS AND
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEMS
S.NO Description Brushless Excitation Static Excitation
1 Type of system. Brushless system gets activated Static excitation system uses
with pilot exciter, main thyristors & taking supply
exciter and rotating diodes. from output of the
generator

2 Dependency on external No external source requirement Field flashing supply required

supply. since pilot exciter has for excitation build up.
permanent magnet field.

3 Response of the excitation Slower than static type since Very fast response in the order
system. control is indirect (on the of 40 ms. due to the direct
field of main exciter) and control and solid state
magnetic components devices employed.
involved.
4 Requirement of additional One additional bearing and an No additional bearing and
bearing and increase of increase in the shaft length increase in shaft length are
turbo generator shaft are required. required.
length.
5 Maintenance. Less since slip rings and brushes More since slip rings and
are avoided. brushes are required. Also
over hang vibrations are
very high resulting in faster
wear and tear.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 41

 EXCITER COOLING
VAPOUR EXHAUST

COOLER

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 42

 GENERATOR

XG
I
EF = I . XG + VT

EF VT

Equivalent circuit of Generator

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 43
 GENERATOR

Phasor diagram of the Generator

Ef

IL.Xd
δ
VT
ф
IL

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 44

 GCB GT GENERATOR
G

Xd XT

VT Vbus
G Ef

Generator + Generator Transformer Eq. Ckt.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 45
 GENERATOR

Vector Diagram of Generator and GT

connected to an infinite bus EF

IL.Xd

δ VT
IL.XT
ф Vbus

IL

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 46

 GENERATOR
In the equivalent Circuit and Phasor diagram, the notations used have
the following description:
Vbus : Infinite bus voltage
VT : Generator Terminal Voltage
EF : Induced Voltage (behind synchronous
Impedance) of Generator, proportional
to excitation.
Xd : Direct axis sync. Reactance assumed
same as quadrature axis sync.
Reactance
XT : Transformer reactance
IL : Load Current
Ф : Phase angle
δ : Torque Angle (rotor/load angle)
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 47
 GENERATOR
POWER ANGLE EQUATION
Referring to the phasor diagram on slide no.14;
Sin δ / IL.{Xd+XT} = Sin (90+ Ф) / EF

Putting Xd+XT =X, and multiplying both sides by VIL,

V Sin δ /X = VIL Cos Ф / EF

{Sin (90+ Ф) = Cos Ф}
or,
(EF . V / X) Sin δ = VIL Cos Ф = P
Pmax = EF . V / X
Note that the Electrical Power Output varies as the Sin of Load angle
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 48
 Torque angle diagram

1.2
1
Power in pu

0.8
0.6 Torque angle diagram
0.4
0.2 1.2
1
Sin delta

0
0.8
0

0
30

60

90
0

12

15

18
0.6
Angle in degrees
0.4
0.2
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Angle in degrees

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 49

 Stator
red mag.
Physical
axis
significance
of load angle N Rotor
mag.
ROTOR δ axis
S yellow
N

S
STATOR
blue

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 50

 P2
•Excitation constant;
•Steam flow increased EF2 P1
•Power output P1 to P2
EF1

Locus of
δ ф2
δ Constant
1
O Vbus Excitation
2 I2
ф1
I1

ACTIVE POWER CHANGE

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 51
 Locus of P = const.
•Steam Flow constant;
•Excitation increased
EF2
•Power output Constant EF1

Locus of
δ ф2
δ Constant
1
O Vbus Excitation
2 I2
ф1
I1

I Cos ф = Constant
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 52
EXCITATION CHANGE
 Excitation Control
P o w e r An g le Dia g ra m s fo r Diffe re nt
Ex cita tio n L e ve ls
1.4
1.2
1
Power in per

0.8
unit

0.6
0.4 P1
0.2 P2
0 P3
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
P ow e r Ang le (d e lta ), in de g re e s

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 53

 AVR

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 54

 TYPES OF AVR SYSTEMS

• Single channel AVR system

• Dual channel AVR system

• Twin channel AVR system

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 55

 Single channel AVR
system
Here we have two controllers one is automatic and the other is
manual and both the controllers are fed from the same supply

The AVR senses the circuit parameters through current

transformers and voltage transformers and initiates the control
action by initiating control pulses , which are amplified and sent
to the circuit components
The gate controller is used to vary the firing angle in order
to control the field current for excitation

In case of any fault in the automatic voltage regulator the control

can be switched on to the manual controller.
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 56
 Dual channel AVR system
Here also we have two controllers in the same manner as the
previous case i.e. one automatic voltage controller and one manual
controller

But here in contrary to the previous case we have different power

supply, gate control and pulse amplifier units for each of the
controllers

Reliability is more in this case than previous one since a fault in

either gate control unit or pulse amplifier or power supply in single
channel AVR will cause failure of whole unit, but in dual channel
AVR this can be avoided by switching to another channel.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 57

Twin channel AVR system
This system almost resembles the dual channel AVR but the only
difference is that here we have two automatic voltage regulators
instead of one automatic voltage regulator and one manual Voltage
regulator

This system has an edge over the previous one in the fact that in case
of failure in the AVR of the Dual voltage regulator the manual
system is switched on and it should be adjusted manually for the
required change in the system and if the fault in AVR is not rectified
in reasonable time it will be tedious to adjust the manual voltage
regulator

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 58

Twin channel AVR system
In Twin channel AVR both the AVRs sense the circuit parameters
separately and switching to other regulator incase of fault is much
easier and hence the system is more flexible than the other types.

Generally switching to manual regulator is only exceptional cases

like faulty operation of AVR or commissioning and maintenance
work and hence we can easily manage with one AVR and one
manual regulator than two AVRs. So Twin channel AVR is only
used in very few cases and generally Dual channel AVR is
preferred.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 59

 AVR

There are two independent control systems

1. Auto control
2. Manual control

The control is effected on the 3 phase output of the pilot

exciter and provides a variable d.c. input to the main exciter

The feedback of voltage and current output of the generator

is fed to avr where it is compared with the set point
generator volts se from the control room
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 60
 AVR

The main components of the voltage Regulator are two closed –

loop control systems each followed by separate gate control unit
and thyristor set and de excitation equipment

Control system 1 for automatic generator voltage control

(AUTO) comprises the following

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 61

 AVR
Generator voltage control

The output quantity of this control is the set point for a following.

Excitation current regulator, controlling the field current of

the main exciter

Circuits for automatic excitation build-up during start –up

and field suppression during shut-down
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 62
 AVR
This equipment acts on to the output of the generator voltage,
control, limiting the set point for the above excitation current
regulator. The stationary value of this limitation determines the
maximum possible excitation current set-point (field forcing
limitation);

Limiter for the under-excited range (under excitation limiter),

Delayed limiter for the overexcited range (over excitation limiter)

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 63

 AVR

In the under excitation range, the under

excitation ensures that the minimum excitation
required for stable parallel operation of the
generator with the system is available and that
the under -excited reactive power is limited
accordingly

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 64

 AVR
• Control system 2(manual) mainly comprises a
second excitation current regulator with separate
sensing for the actual value this control system is
also called manual control system, because for
constant generator voltage manual re-adjusting of
the excitation current set-point is required

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 65

 AVR

The set-point adjuster of the excitation current

regulator for manual is tracked automatically (follow-
up control) so that, in the event of faults, change over
to the manual control system is possible without delay
Automatic change over is initiated by some special
fault condition. Correct operation of the follow-up
control circuit is monitored and can be observed on a
matching instrument in the control room. This
instrument can also be used for manual matching.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 66

 AVR
• The manual change over command is normally
issued from the control room.
• Push buttons AUTO, MATCH, MANUAL are
provided for manual change over.
• The MATCH push button must be actuated prior to
manual change over.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 67

 AVR
• Following this the RAISE, LOWER push buttons must be
actuated for matching the o/p value of set point adjuster
for MANUAL or the set point adjuster for AUTO to actual
excitation state.
• When matched state is reached the matching instrument
in the control room indicates zero.
• Since different controlled variables are associated to the
MANUAL and AUTO modes of operation, matching must
not be effected by balancing of the set point adjuster
position, which are also indicated in the control room.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 68

 AVR
• Change over to MANUAL or AUTO is only possible
after the MATCH condition has been selected and
is done by remnant relay module in gate control
set.
• When all the conditions for change over are
fulfilled, change over is initiated by actuating
pushbutton MANUAL or AUTO.
• The stored commands MATCH or AUTO are
cancelled by check back signal “gate control set
MANUAL ON” or “gate control set AUTO ON”.
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 69
 AVR
FAULT INDICATIONS

The following alarms are issued from the voltage

regulator to the control room.

•AVR fault

•AVR automatic change over to MANUAL

•AVR loss of voltage alarm

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 70

 AVR

The current feedback is utilized for active and

reactive power compensation and for limiters

There are 3 limiters

1.Under excitation limiter

2.Over excitation limiter

3. V/F limiter
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 71
 Excitation Interlocks

Preconditions for Excitation

ON
Excitation ON command
N>90%

Protection
Off
FCB Off feedback Excitation
5s delay
ON
External trip

GCB is OFF

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 72

 Excitation OFF Interlocks

Exc. OFF from Field

flashing

Exc OFF command

GCB OFF
Exc OFF
N>90% Delay 1sec

GCB OFF

External trip

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 73

 Capability Curve
• Capability Curve relates to the limits in which a generator can
Operate safely.
• Boundaries of the Curve within with the machine will operate
safely
Lagging Power Factor/Overexcited region
Top Section Relates to Field Heating in Rotor Winding
• Right Section Relates to Stator current Limit
• Straight line relates to Prime Mover Output

Leading Power Factor/ Underexicted region

• Lower Side relates to Stator end ring Limit

• Further down relates to Pole slipping

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 74

 Limiters
• The limiters of the excitation system ensure an
operation within the generator capability curve
• The characteristics of the limiters are within the power
characteristics
P,Active power
O Armature heating limit

Max Turbine power limit

Core end heating limit

N P

Field heating limit

If

Under
Over excited
Excited
M I Q
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 Q,Reactive power
75
• Points within the M-N-O-P-Q are allowed in the generator
characteristics.
• Section M-O regards UEL stability limit
• Section O-P regards the stator current limit- maintain the
stator temp raise within the limits
• Section P-Q regards the generator rotor current limit – limit
the rotor temp raise
• Section O-P-Q allow dynamic overshooting with an
adjustable PI characteristic
Types
• Over excitation limiter
• Under excitation limiter
• Rotor angle limiter
• Stator current limiter
• V/F limiter

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 76

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 77
 Generator Operation & Capability diagram

Key inputs required for the capability

diagram to be drawn for the Turbo
generator

Rated MVA of the machine

Rated Megawatts

Rated synchronous impedance

Rated Short circuit ratio

Rated Power factor

Rated Hydrogen pressure

Minimum Boiler load

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 78

07/08/11 Excitation presentation 78 of 52
 Generator Operation & Capability diagram

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 79

07/08/11 Excitation presentation 79 of 52
 Generator Operation & Capability diagram

Normal Overexcited Operation

Under excited Operation

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 80

07/08/11 Excitation presentation 80 of 52
 LIMITERS

• Over excitation limiter

• Under excitation limiter
• Rotor angle limiter
• Stator current limiter
• V/F limiter

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 81

 Over excitation limiter
• Line voltage drops due to more reactive power requirement ,
switching operations or faults
• AVR increases generator excitation to hold the voltage
constant
• Line voltage drops , thermal over loading of generator can
result
• OEL is automatic limitation of generator excitation by lowering
the generator voltage (otherwise the set point of generator
voltage is reduced in time or the transformation ratio of the GT
is to be adjusted )
• OEL permits excitation values above the normal excitation and
extended to max excitation (for field forcing) for a limited time,
so as to permit the generator to perform the grid stabilization in
response to short drops in line voltage
• When IF >110% of Ifn , the OEL and Field forcing limiter are
active
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 82
 Under Excitation limiter
• Function is to correct the reactive power when the excitation
current falls below minimum excitation current value required
for stable operation of generator
• Activation of UEL takes over the control from the closed loop
voltage control, acting via a max selection
• The limit characteristic is adjustable (shifted parallel)
• I reactive ref is compared with the measured I reactive , the
error is fed to P- amplifier. When the value drops below the
characteristic the amplified diff signal causes the field current to
increase
• For commissioning purpose provision is made to mirror the
characteristic in the inductive range, this allowing both the
direction in which the control signal acts and the blocking of the
set point generators is to be changed

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 83

 Rotor Angle Limiter

• Stable operation rotor angle <900, for higher degree of stability a

further margin of 10-12% is normally provided
• RAL gives the o/p as
permissible I reactive =F ( I active)
• Characteristic is shifted linearly as a function of generator
voltage
• Permissible I reactive is compared with the measured value and is
fed to the limit controller when the I reactive achieved value drops
below the permissible value then the limiter comes in action and
I reactive

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 84

 Stator current limiter
• During operation at high active power P and / low voltage the stator
current of the generator tends to rise beyond its rated value and
can cause the thermal overloading of stator, in spite of the action
of the UEL
• An additional stator current limiting controller acting on the
generator excitation is provided as a safe guard against such
states of operation
• SCL always monitors the stator current measured value for
crossing the rated stator current
• SCL permits small time over load but comes in action thereafter
and influences the effective generator voltage set point- to reduce
the Q till the stator current is brought down below the rated value
• Change in generator voltage set point is not blocked when SCL
active
• SCL does not operate near the unity PF because near this value
any limiter would cause oscillations

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 85

 V/F limiter
• Also known as over fluxing limiter
• It is the protection function for the GT
• V/F ratio , eddy current , the local eddy current causes
thermal over loading of GT
• In DVR mode V/F ratio is continuously monitors the limit
violation
• In case V/F ratio crosses the limit characteristic, the upper limit
as the effective AVR set point is reduced as a function of V/F
ratio
• This limiter is used when it is required to keep the unit operating
even in case of substantial frequency drops , for instance in
order to prevent complete breakdown of the system, a V/F
limiter is used to lower the voltage proportional with frequency
drop
July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 86
 PRIORITY STRUCTURE OF AVR

1st priority Rotor current limiter Stator current li miter

UN1024 inductive
UN0027

2 nd priority Load angle limiter Stator current limiter

UN1043 Capacitive
UN0027

3 rd priority Voltage regulator

UN-2010

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 87

 Field failure protection
• Loss of generator field excitation under normal
running conditions may arise due to any of the
following condition.
1. Failure of brush gear.
2.unintentional opening of the field circuit breaker.
3. Failure of AVR.
When generator on load loses it’s excitation , it starts to
operate as an induction generator, running above
synchronous speed.cylindrical rotor generators are
not suited to such operation , because they don't have
damper windings able to carry the induced currents,
consequently this type of rotor will overheat rather
quickly.

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 88

 Important alarms &
1. Emergency C/O to ECR
actions
----- Monitor terminal voltage
2. Stator current limiter active
----- Reduce excitation by decreasing AVR set point
3. Over excitation limiter active
------ Reduce excitation AVR set point
4. Under excitation limiter active
----- Increase excitation Increase AVR set point
5. V/F limiter active
----- Reduce excitation AVR set point
6. Rotor angle limiter active
----- Increase excitation Increase aVR set point
7. Fans on aux supply
----- Switch over to main supply

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 89

 THANK YOU

July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 90