Scilab Textbook Companion for

Surveying Volume 3
by B. C. Punmia, A. K. Jain And A. K. Jain1

Created by
Avik Kumar Das
Geodesy
Civil Engineering
IIT, Bombay
College Teacher
Prof Raaj Ramshankaran
Cross-Checked by
Mukul and Lavitha

May 24, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Surveying Volume 3

Author: B. C. Punmia, A. K. Jain And A. K. Jain

Publisher: Laxmi Publication, New Delhi

Edition: 9

Year: 1990

ISBN: 81-7008-054-18

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 Field Astronomy 5

2 Photogrammetric Surveying 58

3
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1.1 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 1.1.2 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.1.3 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.1.4 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.2.1 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.2.2 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.3 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.4 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.5 zenith distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.6.1 zenith distance and altitude of star . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.6.2 zenith distance and altitude at upper culmination . . . 11
Exa 1.7 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 1.8 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 1.9 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 1.10 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 1.11 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 1.12 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 1.13 astronomical triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 1.14 Sunset and sunrise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 1.15 Sunset and sunrise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.16 Standard Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.17 Standard Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 1.18 conversion of angle and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 1.19 conversion of angle and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 1.20.1 local and standard time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 1.20.2 local and standard time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 1.21.1 Local Mean Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 1.21.2 Local mean Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4
Exa 1.22.1 GCT to LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 1.22.2 GCT to LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 1.22.3 GCT to LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 1.23 Actual Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 1.24 LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 1.25 Local time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 1.26 Local time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 1.27.1 GST of GMN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 1.27.2 GST at GMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 1.28 LST at LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 1.29 LST and LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 1.30 LST at LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 1.31 LST and LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 1.32 LST and LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 1.33 LST and LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 1.42 horizontal angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 1.43 index error in theodolite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 1.44 chronometer error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 1.45 chronometer error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 1.46 chronometer error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 1.47 chronometer error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 1.48 Azimuth and LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 1.49 Azimuth and LMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 1.50 Azimuth of star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 1.51 Azimuth of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 1.52 Azimuth of sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 1.53 azimuth angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 1.54 azimuth angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 1.55 latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 1.56 latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 1.57 latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 1.58 apparent latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 1.59 latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 1.60 latitude of place and declination of star . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 1.61 latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 1.62 latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 1.63 latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 1.64 latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

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Exa 1.65 latitude of place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 2.1 Azimuth of camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 2.2 distance of points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 2.3 distance of points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 2.4 representative fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 2.5 altitude of point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 2.6 representative fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 2.7 altitude of point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 2.8 distance of points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 2.9 altitude of a point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 2.10 relief displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 2.11 relief displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 2.12 relief displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 2.13 flight plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 2.14 flight plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 2.15 photograph numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 2.16 flight planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 2.17 parallax of a point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 2.18 parallax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 2.19 parallax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 2.20 parallax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6
 Chapter 1

Field Astronomy

Scilab code Exa 1.1.1 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 a =40; // l o n g i t u d e o f A
7 b =73; // l o n g i t u d e o f B
8 dol =b - a ; // d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e
9 disp ( ” d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e i s ” ) ;
10 a = modulo ( dol *3600 ,60) ;
11 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
12 b = modulo ( dol *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
13 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
14 c =( dol *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
15 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.1.2 astronomical triangle

7
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 a =20; // l o n g i t u d e o f A
7 b =150; // l o n g i t u d e o f B
8 dol =b - a ; // d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e
9 disp ( ” d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e i s ” ) ;
10 a = modulo ( dol *3600 ,60) ;
11 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
12 b = modulo ( dol *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
13 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
14 c =( dol *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
15 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.1.3 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 . 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 a = -20; // l o n g i t u d e o f A
7 b =50; // l o n g i t u d e o f B
8 dol =b - a ; // d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e
9 disp ( ” d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e i s ” ) ;
10 a = modulo ( dol *3600 ,60) ;
11 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
12 b = modulo ( dol *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
13 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
14 c =( dol *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
15 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

8
 Scilab code Exa 1.1.4 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 . 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 a = -40; // l o n g i t u d e o f A
7 b =150; // l o n g i t u d e o f B
8 dol =b - a ; // d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e
9 if dol >180 then
10 dol =360 - dol ;
11 disp ( ” d i f f e r e n c e o f l o n g i t u d e i s ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( dol *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( dol *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( dol *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
18 end

Scilab code Exa 1.2.1 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 latA =28+42/60; // l a t i t u d e o f A
8 lonA =31*60+12; // l o n g i t u d e o f A
9 latB =28+42/60; // l a t i t u d e o f B

9
10 lonB =47*60+24; // l o n g i t u d e o f B
11 d =( lonB - lonA ) * cos ( latA /180* pi ) ;
12 disp ( d *1.852 , ” d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n A & B i n (km) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.2.2 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14259;
7 latA =12+36/60; // l a t i t u d e o f A
8 lonA = -115*60 -6; // l o n g i t u d e o f A
9 latB =12+36/60; // l a t i t u d e o f B
10 lonB =150*60+24; // l o n g i t u d e o f B
11 d =(360*60 - lonB + lonA ) * cos ( latA /180* pi ) ;
12 disp ( d *1.852 , ” d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n A & B i n (km) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159
7 latA =15;
8 latB =12+6/60;
9 lonA =50+12/60;
10 lonB =54;
11 Re =6370; // r a d i u s o f e a r t h
12 b =(90 - latA ) * pi /180;;

10
13 a =(90 - latB ) * pi /180;
14 P =( lonB - lonA ) * pi /180;
15 p = acos ( cos ( P ) * sin ( a ) * sin ( b ) + cos ( a ) * cos ( b ) ) ; //
s p e h e r i c a l t r i a n g l e law
16 disp ( p * Re , ” d i s t a n c e from A t o B i n (km) : ” ) ;
17 x = atan ( cos ( a /2 - b /2) / cos ( a /2+ b /2) * tan ( pi /2 - P /2) ) ; // x=
A/2+B/2 // s p e h e r i c a l t r i a n g l e law
18 y = atan ( sin ( a /2 - b /2) / sin ( a /2+ b /2) * tan ( pi /2 - P /2) ) ; // x=
A/2−B/2 // s p e h e r i c a l t r i a n g l e law
19 dol = pi -x - y ;
20 disp ( ” d i r e c t i o n o f B from A towards e a s t of south : ”
);
21 a = modulo ( dol *3600 ,60) ;
22 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
23 b = modulo ( dol *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
24 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
25 c =( dol *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
26 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.4 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 latA =45;
8 p =(300/60) * pi /180; // s i d e AB
9 b =(90 - latA ) * pi /180; // s i d e PA
10 // c a l c u l a t i o n
11 a = acos ( cos ( p ) * cos ( b ) ) ; // s i d e BP
12 BC = a *180/ pi - latA ;
13 d = BC *1.852*60;
14 disp (d , ” d i s a t a n c e o f BC i n (km) : ” )

11
 Scilab code Exa 1.5 zenith distance

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 delta =42+15/60; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r
8 theta =26+40/60; // l a t i t u d e o f s t a r
9 zend =90 - theta -90+ delta ;
10 alt =90 - zend ;
11 disp ( ” z e n i t h d i s t a c e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( zend *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( zend *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( zend *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
18 disp ( , ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
19 a = modulo ( alt *3600 ,60) ;
20 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
21 b = modulo ( alt *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
22 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
23 c =( alt *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
24 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.6.1 zenith distance and altitude of star

1
2

12
 3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 delta =23+20/60; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r
8 theta =26+40/60; // l a t i t u d e o f s t a
9 zend =90+ theta -90 - delta ;
10 alt =90 - zend ;
11 disp ( ” z e n i t h d i s t a c e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( zend *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( zend *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( zend *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
18 disp ( , ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
19 a = modulo ( alt *3600 ,60) ;
20 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
21 b = modulo ( alt *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
22 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
23 c =( alt *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
24 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.6.2 zenith distance and altitude at upper culmination

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 delta =65+40/60; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r
8 theta =26+40/60; // l a t i t u d e o f s t a r
9 zend =90 - theta -90+ delta ;
10 alt =90 - zend ;

13
11 disp ( ” z e n i t h d i s t a c e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( zend *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( zend *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( zend *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
18 disp ( , ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
19 a = modulo ( alt *3600 ,60) ;
20 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
21 b = modulo ( alt *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
22 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
23 c =( alt *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
24 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.7 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 7
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6
7 pi =3.14159;
8 delta =85+20/60;
9 theta =46+50/60;
10 if delta >90 - theta then
11 zend =180 - theta - delta ;
12 disp ( ” z e n i t h d i s t a n c e i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
13 a = modulo ( zend *3600 ,60) ;
14 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
15 b = modulo ( zend *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
16 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
17 c =( zend *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
18 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

14
19 zend1 =90 - zend ;
20 disp ( ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
21 a = modulo ( zend1 *3600 ,60) ;
22 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
23 b = modulo ( zend1 *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
24 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
25 c =( zend1 *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
26 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
27 end

Scilab code Exa 1.8 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 8
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6
7 pi =3.14159;
8 delta =56+10/60;
9 theta =56+10/60;
10 if delta >90 - theta then
11 zend =180 - theta - delta ;
12 disp ( ” z e n i t h d i s t a n c e i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
13 a = modulo ( zend *3600 ,60) ;
14 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
15 b = modulo ( zend *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
16 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
17 c =( zend *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
18 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
19 zend1 =90 - zend ;
20 disp ( ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
21 a = modulo ( zend1 *3600 ,60) ;
22 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
23 b = modulo ( zend1 *3600 - a ,3600) /60;

15
24 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
25 c =( zend1 *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
26 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
27 end

Scilab code Exa 1.9 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 9
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 // s o l v i n g e q u a t i o n o f t h e t a and d e l t a
7 b (1 ,1) =90 -70 -20/60; // z e n i t h d i s t a n c e a t u p p e r
culmination
8 b (2 ,1) =90+20+40/60; // z e n i t h d i s t a n c e a t l o w e r
culmination
9 A =[1 -1;1 1]; // c o e f f of equations having d e c l i n a t i o n
o f s t a r and l a t i t u d e o f o b s e r v a t i o n
10 x = A \ b ;
11 disp ( x (1) ,” d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) ” ) ;
12 disp ( x (2) ,” l a t i t u d e o f p l a c e o f o b s e r v a t i o n i n (
d e g r e e s ) : ”);

Scilab code Exa 1.10 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 0
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f Variable
6 pi =3.14159;
7 theta =20+30/60;

16
 8 H =42+6/60; // h o u r a n g l e
9 delta =50;
10 // i n t r i a n g l e ZPM( f i g u r e i n book )
11 PZ =(90 - delta ) * pi /180;
12 H = H * pi /180;
13 PM =(90 - theta ) * pi /180;
14 ZM = acos (( cos ( PZ ) * cos ( PM ) + sin ( PM ) * sin ( PZ ) * cos ( H ) ) ) ;
15 alpha = pi /2 - ZM ;
16 alpha = alpha *180/ pi ;
17 disp ( , ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r i n : ” ) ;
18 a = modulo ( alpha *3600 ,60) ;
19 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
20 b = modulo ( alpha *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
21 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
22 c =( alpha *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
23 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
24 A =(( cos ( PM ) - cos ( PZ ) * cos ( ZM ) ) / sin ( PZ ) / sin ( ZM ) ) ;
25
26 if A <0 then
27 A=-A;
28 A = acos ( A ) ;
29 A =180 - A *180/ pi ;
30 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) w e s t w a r d s : ” )
31
32 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
33 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
34 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
35 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
36 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
37 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
38 end

Scilab code Exa 1.11 astronomical triangle

17
 2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 theta = -8 -30/60;
8 H =322; // h o u r a n g l e
9 delta =50;
10 // i n t r i a n g l e ZPM( f i g u r e i n book )
11 PZ =(90 - delta ) * pi /180;
12 H =2* pi - H * pi /180;
13 PM =(90 - theta ) * pi /180;
14 ZM = acos (( cos ( PZ ) * cos ( PM ) + sin ( PM ) * sin ( PZ ) * cos ( H ) ) ) ;
15 alpha = pi /2 - ZM ;
16 disp ( alpha *180/ pi , ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
17 A =(( cos ( PM ) - cos ( PZ ) * cos ( ZM ) ) / sin ( PZ ) / sin ( ZM ) ) ;
18 if A <0 then
19 A=-A;
20 A = acos ( A ) ;
21 A =180 - A *180/ pi ;
22 disp (A , ” a z i m u t h o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) e a s t w a r d s : ”
)
23 end

Scilab code Exa 1.12 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 alpha =22+36/60; // a l t i t u d e o f s t a r
8 A =42 // a z i m u t h a n g l e
9 delta =40; // l a t i t u d e o f o b s e r v e r

18
10 // i n t r i a n g l e ZPM( f i g u r e i n book )
11 PZ =(90 - delta ) * pi /180;
12 A = A * pi /180;
13 ZM =(90 - alpha ) * pi /180;
14 PM = acos (( cos ( PZ ) * cos ( ZM ) + sin ( ZM ) * sin ( PZ ) * cos ( A ) ) ) ;
15 theta = pi /2 - PM ;
16 disp ( theta *180/ pi , ” d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s )
north : ”);
17 H =(( cos ( ZM ) - cos ( PZ ) * cos ( PM ) ) / sin ( PZ ) / sin ( PM ) ) ;
18 if H <0 then
19 H=-H;
20 H = acos ( H ) ;
21 H =180 - H *180/ pi ;
22 disp (H , ” h o u r a n g l e of star in ( degrees )
eastwards : ”)
23 end

Scilab code Exa 1.13 astronomical triangle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 alpha =21+30/60; // a l t i t u d e o f s t a r
8 A =140 // a z i m u t h a n g l e
9 delta =48; // l a t i t u d e o f o b s e r v e r
10 // i n t r i a n g l e ZPM( f i g u r e i n book )
11 PZ =(90 - delta ) * pi /180;
12 A = A * pi /180;
13 ZM =(90 - alpha ) * pi /180;
14 PM =( cos ( PZ ) * cos ( ZM ) + sin ( ZM ) * sin ( PZ ) * cos ( A ) ) ;
15 if PM <0 then
16 PM = - PM ;

19
17 PM = acos ( PM ) ;
18 PM =180 - PM *180/ pi ;
19 disp ( PM -90 , ” d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s )
southwards : ”);
20 end
21
22 H = acos (( cos ( ZM ) - cos ( PZ ) * cos ( PM * pi /180) ) / sin ( PZ ) / sin (
PM * pi /180) ) ;
23 H =2* pi - H ;
24 disp ( H *180/ pi , ” h o u r a n g l e o f s t a r i n ( d e g r e e s ) ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.14 Sunset and sunrise

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 // p a r t 1
8 delta =22+12/60;
9 theta =42+30/60;
10 ZP =(90 - theta ) * pi /180;
11 PM =(90 - delta ) * pi /180;
12 A = acos ( cos ( PM ) / sin ( ZP ) ) ;
13 disp ( A *180/ pi , ” a z i m u t h o f s e t t i n g sun i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ”
);
14 H =180 - acos ( tan ( pi /2 - ZP ) * tan ( pi /2 - PM ) ) *180/ pi ;
15 disp (H , ” s u n s h o u r a n g l e i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
16 // p a r t 2
17 delta = -22 -12/60;
18 theta =42+30/60;
19 ZP =(90 - theta ) * pi /180;
20 PM =(180 -90 - delta ) * pi /180;
21 A = acos ( cos ( PM ) / sin ( ZP ) ) ;

20
22 disp ( A *180/ pi , ” a z i m u t h o f s e t t i n g sun i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ”
);
23 H = pi - acos ( tan ( pi /2 - ZP ) * tan ( pi /2 - PM ) ) ;
24 disp ( H *180/ pi , ” s u n s h o u r a n g l e i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.15 Sunset and sunrise

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 // p a r t 1
8 delta =22+12/60;
9 theta =42+30/60;
10 ZP =(90 - theta ) * pi /180;
11 PM =(90 - delta ) * pi /180;
12 A = pi - acos ( cos ( PM ) / sin ( ZP ) ) ;
13 disp ( A *180/ pi , ” a z i m u t h o f s e t t i n g sun i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ”
);
14 H =180 - acos ( tan ( pi /2 - ZP ) * tan ( pi /2 - PM ) ) *180/ pi ;
15 disp (H , ” s u n s h o u r a n g l e i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.16 Standard Time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 6
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 change = -11.82/60; // c h a n g e i n t i m e i n a day
7 time = -3 -28.41/60; // g r e e n w i c h t i m e a t j u l y 1 1 9 5 1

21
 8 c12 = change /24*12 // c h a n g e o f t i m e i n 12 h o u r s
9 tch = time - c12 ;
10 disp ( tch , ” g r e e n w i c h mean t i m e e r r o r i n 12 t h h o u r i n
( minutes ) : ”)

Scilab code Exa 1.17 Standard Time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 7
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 time =10*3600+30*60;
7 GMN = -14*60 -10;
8 changeET =1*1.5;
9 neterr = GMN + changeET ;
10 GAT = time + neterr ;
11 hr = round ( GAT /3600) ;
12 b = GAT - hr *3600;
13 mi = round ( b /60 -1) ;
14 c = GAT - hr *3600 - mi *60;
15 disp ( ”GAT i s ” ) ;
16 disp ( hr , ” h o u r s ” ) ;
17 disp ( mi , ” m i n u t e s ” ) ;
18 disp (c , ” s e c o n d s ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.18 conversion of angle and time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 8
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f Variable

22
 6 // p a r t 1
7 A =50+12/60+48/3600;
8 time = A /15*3600
9 hr = round ( time /3600) ;
10 b = time - hr *3600;
11 mi = round ( b /60 -1) ;
12 c = time - hr *3600 - mi *60;
13 disp ( ” t i m e i s ” ) ;
14 disp ( hr , ” h o u r s ” ) ;
15 disp ( mi , ” m i n u t e s ” ) ;
16 disp (c , ” s e c o n d s ” ) ;
17 // p a r t 2
18 A =8+18/60+6/3600;
19 time = A /15*3600
20 hr = round ( time /3600) ;
21 b = time - hr *3600;
22 mi = round ( b /60) ;
23 c = time - hr *3600 - mi *60;
24 disp ( ” t i m e i s ” ) ;
25 disp ( hr , ” h o u r s ” ) ;
26 disp ( mi , ” m i n u t e s ” ) ;
27 disp (c , ” s e c o n d s ” ) ;
28 // p a r t 3
29 A =258+36/60+30/3600;
30 time = A /15*3600
31 hr = round ( time /3600) ;
32 b = time - hr *3600;
33 mi = round ( b /60) ;
34 c = time - hr *3600 - mi *60;
35 disp ( ” t i m e i s ” ) ;
36 disp ( hr , ” h o u r s ” ) ;
37 disp ( mi , ” m i n u t e s ” ) ;
38 disp (c , ” s e c o n d s ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.19 conversion of angle and time

23
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 1 9
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 // p a r t 1
7 A =4+34/60+13/3600;
8 angle = A *15*3600;
9 deg = round ( angle /3600 -1) ;
10 b = angle - deg *3600;
11 mi = round ( b /60) ;
12 c = angle - deg *3600 - mi *60;
13 disp ( ” a n g l e i s ” ) ;
14 disp ( deg , ” d e g r e e s ” ) ;
15 disp ( mi , ” m i n u t e s ” ) ;
16 disp (c , ” s e c o n d s ” ) ;
17 // p a r t 2
18 A =18+11/60+38/3600;
19 angle = A *15*3600;
20 deg = round ( angle /3600 -1) ;
21 b = angle - deg *3600;
22 mi = round ( b /60 -1) ;
23 c = angle - deg *3600 - mi *60;
24 disp ( ” a n g l e i s ” ) ;
25 disp ( deg , ” d e g r e e s ” ) ;
26 disp ( mi , ” m i n u t e s ” ) ;
27 disp (c , ” s e c o n d s ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.20.1 local and standard time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 0 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f Variable

24
 6 longP =20 // l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p l a c e
7 longSM =82+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f s t a n d a r d m e r i d i o n
8 dolong = longSM - longP ; // d i f f e r e n c e i n l o n g i t u d e
9 dot = dolong /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
10 LMT =20+24/60+6/3600 - dot ;
11 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.20.2 local and standard time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 0 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 longP = -20 // l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p l a c e
7 longSM =82+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f s t a n d a r d m e r i d i o n
8 dolong = longSM - longP ; // d i f f e r e n c e i n l o n g i t u d e
9 dot = dolong /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
10 LMT =20+24/60+6/3600 - dot ;
11 disp ( LMT , ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

25
 Scilab code Exa 1.21.1 Local Mean Time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 1 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 LMT =9+40/60+12/3600;
7 longP = -42 -36/60;
8 dot = longP /15;
9 GMT = LMT - dot ;
10 disp ( ” g r e e n w i c h mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t : ” ) ;
11 a = modulo ( GMT *3600 ,60) ;
12 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
13 b = modulo ( GMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
14 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
15 c =( GMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
16 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.21.2 Local mean Time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 1 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 LMT =4+32/60+10/3600;
7 longP =56+32/60;
8 dot = longP /15;
9 GMT = LMT - dot ;
10 disp ( ” g r e e n w i c h mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t : ” ) ;
11 a = modulo ( GMT *3600 ,60) ;
12 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
13 b = modulo ( GMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
14 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;

26
15 c =( GMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
16 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.22.1 GCT to LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 2 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 GCT =18+40/60+12/3600; // g r e e n w i c h c i v i l t i m e
7 longP =72+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p l a c e
8 dot = longP /15;
9 LMT = GCT + dot ;
10 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t : ” ) ;
11 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
12 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
13 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
14 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
15 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
16 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.22.2 GCT to LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 2 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 GCT =18+40/60+12/3600; // g r e e n w i c h c i v i l t i m e
7 longP = -73+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p l a c e
8 dot = longP /15;
9 LMT = GCT + dot ;

27
10 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t : ” ) ;
11 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
12 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
13 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
14 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
15 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
16 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.22.3 GCT to LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 2 . 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 GCT =18+40/60+12/3600; // g r e e n w i c h c i v i l t i m e
7 longP =102+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p l a c e
8 dot = longP /15;
9 LMT = GCT + dot ;
10 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t : ” ) ;
11 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
12 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
13 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
14 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
15 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
16 if c >24 then
17 c =c -24;
18 end
19 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;
20 disp ( ” d a t e i s c h a n g e d by a day ” ) ;
21 disp ( ” d a t e a t t h e p l a c e i s 3 t h J u l y ” )

Scilab code Exa 1.23 Actual Time

28
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 LMT =10+20/60+30/3600; // l o c a l mean t i m e
7 longP =102+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p l a c e
8 dot = longP /15;
9 GMT = LMT - dot ;
10 mGMN =12 - GMT ; // mean t i m e i n t e r v a l
11 i = mGMN *0.32/3600; // i n c r e a s e i n mGMN
12 ETGMN =5/60+4.35/3600;
13 ch = i + ETGMN ; // c h a n g e i n GMT
14 GMT = ch + GMT ;
15 LMT = GMT + dot ;
16 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
17 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
18 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
19 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
20 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
21 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
22 if c >24 then
23 c =c -24;
24 end
25 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.24 LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 LMT =15+12/60+40/3600; // l o c a l mean t i m e
7 longP = -20 -30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f t h e p l a c e

29
 8 dot = longP /15;
9 GMT = LMT - dot ;
10 mGMN = GMT -12; // mean t i m e i n t e r v a l
11 i = mGMN *0.22/3600; // i n c r e a s e i n mGMN
12 ETGMN =5/60+10.65/3600;
13 ch = i + ETGMN ; // c h a n g e i n GMT
14 GMT = ch + GMT ;
15 LMT = GMT + dot ;
16 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
17 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
18 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
19 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
20 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
21 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
22 if c >24 then
23 c =c -24;
24 end
25 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.25 Local time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 5
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 time =4+20/60+30/3600;
7 accn = time *9.8565/3600; // a c c e l e r a t i o n
8 stime = time + accn ; // s i d e r a l t i m e
9 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
10 a = modulo ( stime *3600 ,60) ;
11 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 3 f ” ,a ) ;
12 b = modulo ( stime *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
13 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
14 c =( stime *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;

30
15 if c >24 then
16 c =c -24;
17 end
18 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.26 Local time

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 6
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 time =8+40/60+50/3600;
7 accn = - time *9.8565/3600; // a c c e l e r a t i o n
8 stime = time + accn ; // s i d e r a l t i m e
9 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
10 a = modulo ( stime *3600 ,60) ;
11 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 3 f ” ,a ) ;
12 b = modulo ( stime *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
13 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
14 c =( stime *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
15 if c >24 then
16 c =c -24;
17 end
18 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.27.1 GST of GMN

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 7 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f Variable

31
 6 longP = -160 -30/60 -30/3600; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
7 GST =16+30/60+12/3600; // s t a n d a r d t i m e
8 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
9 i = dot *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
10 LST = GST - i ;
11 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( LST *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( LST *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( LST *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 if c >24 then
18 c =c -24;
19 end
20 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.27.2 GST at GMM

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 7 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 longP =160+30/60+30/3600; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
7 GST =16+30/60+12/3600; // s t a n d a r d t i m e
8 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
9 i = dot *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
10 LST = GST - i ;
11 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( LST *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( LST *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( LST *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 if c >24 then

32
18 c =c -24;
19 end
20 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.28 LST at LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 8
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 longP =85+20/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
7 GST =6+30/60; // s t a n d a r d t i m e
8 GMN =6+32/60+12/3600;
9 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
10 i = dot *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
11 LST = GMN - i ; //LST a t L .M. N
12 i2 = GST *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r i n GST
13 LST2 = GST + i2 ;
14 LST = LST + LST2 // l s t a t L .M. N
15 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
16 a = modulo ( LST *3600 ,60) ;
17 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
18 b = modulo ( LST *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
19 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
20 c =( LST *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
21 if c >24 then
22 c =c -24;
23 end
24 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.29 LST and LMT

33
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 2 9
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 longP =112+20/60+15/3600; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
7 GST =8+10/60+28/3600; //GST a t GMM
8 lst =18+28/60+12/3600; // l o c a l s i d e r e a l t i m e
9 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
10 i = dot *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
11 LST = GST + i ; //LST a t L .M. N
12 LMM = lst - LST ;
13 i2 = LMM *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r i n LMM
14 LMT = LMM - i2 ; // l o c a l mean t i m e
15
16 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
17 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
18 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
19 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
20 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
21 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
22 if c >24 then
23 c =c -24;
24 end
25 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.30 LST at LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 3 0
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 longP =85+20/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f place
7 GST =18+30/60; // s t a n d a r d t i m e

34
 8 gst =6+32/60+12/3600; //GST a t GMN
9 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
10 GMT = GST - dot -12;
11 i = GMT *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
12 GMT = GMT + i ; // S I t i m e
13 LST = GMT + dot + gst ; //LST a t LMT
14 disp ( ” l o c a l s t a n d a r d t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d :
”);
15 a = modulo ( LST *3600 ,60) ;
16 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
17 b = modulo ( LST *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
18 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
19 c =( LST *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
20 if c >24 then
21 c =c -24;
22 end
23 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.31 LST and LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 3 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 longP =112+20/60+15/3600; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
7 GST =8+10/60+28/3600; //GST a t GMM
8 lst =18+28/60+12/3600; // l o c a l s i d e r e a l t i m e
9 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
10 gmm = lst + dot - GST ; // S I a t GMM
11
12 i = gmm *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
13 gmm = gmm - i ; //LST a t L .M. N
14 LMT = gmm - dot ; // l o c a l mean t i m e
15 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;

35
16 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
17 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
18 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
19 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
20 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
21 if c >24 then
22 c =c -24;
23 end
24 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.32 LST and LMT

1
2
3
4
5 // e x a p p l e 1 . 3 2
6 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
7 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
8 // p a r t 1
9 longP =162+30/60+15/3600; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
10 GST =10+30/60+15/3600; //GST a t GMN
11 RA =22+11/60+30/3600; // l o c a l s i d e r e a l t i m e
12 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
13 i = dot *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
14 gmm = GST + i ; //LST a t L .M. N
15 lmn = RA - gmm ; // S I o f LMN
16 i2 = lmn *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r 2
17 LMT = lmn - i2 ;
18 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d a t
upper t r a n s i t : ”);
19 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
20 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
21 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
22 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;

36
23 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
24 if c >24 then
25 c =c -24;
26 end
27 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;
28 // p a r t 2
29 i3 =12*9.8565/3600; // r a t a r d a t i o n
30 LMT = LMT +12 - i3 ;
31 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d a t
l o we r t r a n s i t : ”);
32 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
33 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
34 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
35 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
36 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
37 if c >24 then
38 c =c -24;
39 end
40 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;
41 disp ( ” i t s t h e t i m e o f n e x t day ” )

Scilab code Exa 1.33 LST and LMT

1
2
3
4
5 // e x a p p l e 1 . 3 3
6 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
7 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
8 longP =60+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
9 GST =7+30/60+48.6/3600; //GST a t GMM
10 RA =17+28/60/40/1600;
11 dot = longP /15; // d i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e
12 i = dot *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r

37
13 gmm = GST - i ; //LST a t L .M. N
14 LMT = RA - gmm ; // l o c a l mean t i m e
15 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n p a s t m i d n i g h t o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
16 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
17 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
18 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
19 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
20 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
21 if c >24 then
22 c =c -24;
23 end
24 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.42 horizontal angle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 aziA =32+41/60+30/3600; // a z i m u t h o f A
7 aziB =110+28/60+42/3600; // a z i m u t h o f B
8 vaA =10+21/60+12/3600; // v e r t i c a l a n g l e o f A
9 vaB = -2 -18/60 -30/3600; // v e r t i c s l a n g l e o f B
10 lA1 =11;
11 lB1 =11.5;
12 rA1 =7.5;
13 rB1 =7;
14 lB2 =10;
15 lA2 =10.5;
16 rB2 =7.5;
17 rA2 =8;
18 d =20;
19 // partA
20 sigl = lA1 + lA2 ;

38
21 sigr = rA1 + rA2 ;
22 b = sigl /4* d - sigr /4* d ;
23 i = tan ( vaA ) ;
24 caziA = aziA + i *29.95/3600;
25 disp ( caziA , ” c o r r e c t e d a z i m u t h o f A i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
26 // partB
27
28 i = tan ( vaB ) ;
29 caziB = aziB + i * b /3600;
30 disp ( caziB , ” c o r r e c t e d a z i m u t h o f B i n ( d e g r e e s ) : ” ) ;
31 ha = caziB - caziA ;
32 disp ( ha , ” h o r i z o n t a l d i f f e r e n c e o f a n g l e b e t w e e n A &
B in ( d e g r e e s ) : ”)

Scilab code Exa 1.43 index error in theodolite

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 v1 =18+36/60+48/3600; // v e r t i c a l a n g l e 1
7 v2 =18+35/60+56/3600; // v e r t i c a l a n g l e 2
8 slm =28+36/60+20/3600; // a l t i t u d e o f sun m e a s u r e d
9 ds =15/60+59.35/3600; // d i a o f sun
10 pi =3.14159;
11 mv =( v1 + v2 ) /2; // mean v e r t i c a l a n g l e
12 i = v1 - v2 ; // e r r o r
13 sl = slm + i ; // new a l t i t u d e o f sun
14 // p a r t 2
15 sl = sl + ds ;
16 // p a r t 3
17 ir = -57/3600/( tan ( slm * pi /180+26* pi /180/3600) ) ; // e r r o r
due t o r e f r a c t i o n
18 sl = sl + ir ;

39
19 // p a r t 4
20 ip =8.8/3600* cos ( slm * pi /180+26* pi /180/3600) ; // e r r o r
due t o p a r a l l a x
21 sl = sl + ip ;
22 disp ( ” c o r r e c t a l t i t u d e o f sun ” )
23 a = modulo ( sl *3600 ,60) ;
24 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
25 b = modulo ( sl *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
26 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
27 c =( sl *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
28 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.44 chronometer error

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 long =4+30/60;
7 i = long *9.8565/3600; // l o n g i t u d e
8 gst =14+38/60+12/3600; //GST on GMM
9 lst = gst - i ; //LST on LMM
10 RA =7+36/60+21.24/3600;
11 LST = RA ;
12 SI = LST - lst +24;
13 LCT =17+56/60+8.86/3600 -1; // l o c a l c h r o n o m e t e r t i m e
14 i2 = SI *9.8296/3600;
15 LMM = SI - i2 ;
16 ce = LCT - LMM ;
17 disp ( ce *3600 , ” c h r o n o m e t e r e r r o r i n ( s ) : ” )

Scilab code Exa 1.45 chronometer error

40
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 5
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 c =90 -36 -30/60 -30/3600; // c o l a t i t u d e
7 p =90 -16 -12/60 -18.4/3600; // c o d e c l i n a t i o n
8 z =90 -30 -12/60 -30/3600; // c o a l t i t u d e
9 s =( p + z + c ) /2;
10 pi =3.14159;
11 s1 =s - c ;
12 s2 =s - p ;
13 s3 =s - z ;
14 H =2* atan ( sqrt ( sin ( s1 * pi /180) * sin ( s2 * pi /180) / sin ( s * pi
/180) / sin ( s3 * pi /180) ) ) ;
15 H = H *180/ pi ;
16 H =24 - H /15;
17 LST = H +5+18/60+12.45/3600 -24;
18 ce =1+2/60+5.25/3600 - LST ;
19 disp ( ce *3600+2 , ” c h r o n o m e t e r e r r o r i n ( s ) : ” )

Scilab code Exa 1.46 chronometer error

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 6
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 c =90 -36 -40/60 -30/3600; // c o l a t i t u d e
7 p =90 -17 -26/60 -42.1/3600; // c o d e c l i n a t i o n
8 z =90 -36 -14/60 -16.8/3600; // c o a l t i t u d e
9 pi =3.14159;
10 s =( p + z + c ) /2;
11 s1 =s - c ;
12 s2 =s - p ;

41
13 s3 =s - z ;
14 H =2* atan ( sqrt ( sin ( s1 * pi /180) * sin ( s2 * pi /180) / sin ( s * pi
/180) / sin ( s3 * pi /180) ) ) ;
15 H = H *180/ pi ;
16 H = H /15;
17 i =12 -11 -56/60 -22.8/3600; // e r r o r i n t i m e
18 LAT =15+49/60+40.6/3600; // l o c a l a c t u a l t i m e
19 GAT = LAT - H ;
20 GMT = GAT - i ;
21 LMT = GMT + H ;
22 ce =15+49/60+12.6/3600 - LMT ;
23 disp ( ce *3600 , ” c h r o n o m e t e r e r r o r i n ( s ) : ” )

Scilab code Exa 1.47 chronometer error

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 7
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 RA =17+12/60+48/3600;
7 gst =9+26/60+12/3600; //GST on GMN
8 long =138/15+45/15/60; // l o n g i t u d e
9 lst = - long *9.85645/3600+9+26/60+12/3600; //LST on LMN
10 LST =17+12/60+48/3600; // l o c a l s i d e r e a l t i m e
11 SI = LST - lst ;
12 MI = - SI *9.8296/3600+ SI ;
13 LCT =7+47/60+02/3600; // l o c a l c h r o n o m e t e r t i m e
14 ce = LCT - MI ;
15 disp ( ce *3600 , ” c h r o n o m e t e r e r r o r i n ( s ) : ” )

Scilab code Exa 1.48 Azimuth and LMT

42
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 8
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 // p a r t 1
7 theta =54+30/60; // l o g i t u d e
8 delta =62+12/60+21/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n
9 pi =3.14;
10 lat = asin ( sin ( theta * pi /180) / sin ( delta * pi /180) ) ;
11 lat = lat *180/ pi ;
12 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
13 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
14 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
15 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
16 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
17 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
18 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
19 // p a r t 2
20 A =53+25/60; // a z i m u t h o f s t a r
21 h =65+18/60+42/3600; // h o r i z o n t a l a n g l e
22 A=A+h;
23 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f l i n e AP i s : ” ) ;
24 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
25 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
26 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
27 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
28 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
29 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
30 // p a r t 3
31 lst =4+39/60+6.5/3600; //LST o f LMN
32 LST =10+58/ 60+38/36 00+2+49/ 60+25.3/ 3600; //LST o f
observation
33 LMN = LST - lst ;
34 i = LMN *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
35 LMT = LMN - i ;
36 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i s : ” )
37 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;

43
38 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
39 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
40 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
41 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
42 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.49 Azimuth and LMT

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 4 9
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 // p a r t 1
7 theta =53+32/60; // l o g i t u d e
8 delta =56+42/60+53.2/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n
9 pi =3.14159;
10 lat = asin ( sin ( theta * pi /180) / sin ( delta * pi /180) ) ;
11 lat = lat *180/ pi ;
12 disp ( ” a l t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
13 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
14 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
15 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
16 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
17 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
18 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
19 // p a r t 2
20 As = asin ( cos ( delta * pi /180) / cos ( theta * pi /180) ) ; //
azimuth o f s t a r
21 h =75+18/60+20/3600; // a n g l e b e t w e e n l i n e and s t a r
22 A =h - As *180/ pi ;
23 A =360 - A ;
24 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f l i n e AP i s : ” ) ;
25 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
26 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;

44
27 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
28 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
29 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
30 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
31 // p a r t 3
32 LST =10+58/60+3.9/3600+22+10/60+38.5/3600 -24; //LST o f
observation
33 long =5+40/60+18/3600; // l o n g i t u d e
34 i = long *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r
35 lst =4+58/60+23.84/3600+ i ; //LST on LMN
36 LMM = LST - lst ;
37 i2 = LMM *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r i n LMM
38 LMT = LMM - i2 ;
39 disp ( ” l o c a l mean t i m e i n t e r v a l i s : ” )
40 a = modulo ( LMT *3600 ,60) ;
41 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
42 b = modulo ( LMT *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
43 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
44 c =( LMT *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
45 printf ( ” h o u r s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.50 Azimuth of star

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 0
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 long =(15+30/60) /15; // l o n g i t u d e
8 GMT =19+12/60+36.2/3600;
9 i = long *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r i n l o n g i t u d e
10 LMT = GMT + long ;
11 i2 = LMT *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r i n LMT
12 LMT = LMT + i2 ;

45
13 LST =10+12/60+21.4/3600+ LMT ;
14 H = LST -10 -12/60 -6.3/3600; // h o u r a n g l e
15 H = H *15;
16 H =360 - H ;
17 As = atan ( tan ((55+29/60+1.2/3600) * pi /180) * cos
((32+52/60+27/3600) * pi /180) / sin (( -2 -7/60 -33/3600)
* pi /180) ) ;
18 h =36+28/60+18/3600; // a n g l e b e t w e e n l i n e and s t a r
19 A =180+ As *180/ pi - h ;
20 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f s t a r i s : ” ) ;
21 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
22 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
23 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
24 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
25 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
26 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
27 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.51 Azimuth of line

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 alpha =33+35/60+10/3600; // a l t i t u d e
8 ZM =90 - alpha ;
9 delta =22+05/60+35/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n
10 PM =90 - delta ;
11 theta =52+30/60+20/3600; // l a t i t u d e
12 ZP =90 - theta ;
13 As = acos (( cos ( PM * pi /180) - cos ( ZP * pi /180) * cos ( ZM * pi
/180) ) /( sin ( ZP * pi /180) * sin ( ZM * pi /180) ) ) ;
14 h =18+20/60+30/3600; // a n g l e b e t w e e n l i n e and s t a r

46
15 A = As *180/ pi + h ;
16 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f s t a r i s : ” ) ;
17 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
18 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
19 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
20 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
21 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
22 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
23 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.52 Azimuth of sun

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 // p a r t 1
7 GAT =5+17/60+6/60; //GAT o f o b s e r v a t i o n
8 delta =17+46/60+52/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n
9 i =37/3600* GAT ;
10 delta = delta - i ;
11 disp ( ” d e c l i n a t i o n o f GAT i s : ” ) ;
12 a = modulo ( delta *3600 ,60) ;
13 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
14 b = modulo ( delta *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
15 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
16 c =( delta *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
17 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
18 // p a r t 2
19 pi =3.14159;
20 p =90 - delta ; // co−d e c l i n a t i o n
21 altitude =23+15/60+20/3600; // a l t i t u d e o f sun
22 i2 =2/60+12/3600; // e r r o r due t o r e f r a c t i o n
23 i3 =8/3600; // e r r o r due t o p a r a l l a x

47
24 altitude = altitude - i2 + i3 ;
25 c =90 -55 -46/60 -12/3600; // c o l a t i t u d e
26 z =90 - altitude ; // c o a l t i t u d e
27 s =( p + z + c ) /2;
28 s1 =s - c ;
29 s2 =s - p ;
30 s3 =s - z ;
31 A =2* atan ( sqrt ( sin ( s3 * pi /180) * sin ( s1 * pi /180) / sin ( s * pi
/180) / sin ( s2 * pi /180) ) ) ;
32 A = A *180/ pi ;
33 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f s t a r i s : ” ) ;
34 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
35 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
36 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
37 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
38 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
39 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
40 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.53 azimuth angle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 GMT =17+5/60+2/3600; //
8 i =9.8565/3600* GMT ;
9 GST =3+12/60+12/3600;
10 wl =1+18/60; // w e s t l o n g i t u d e
11 RA =16+23/60+30/3600;
12 H = GMT + i + GST + wl - RA ; // h o u r a n g l e
13 H = H *15;
14 p =90 -29 -52/60;

48
15 c =90 -52 -8/60;
16 z = acos ( cos ( H * pi /180) * sin ( p * pi /180) * sin ( c * pi /180) + cos
( p * pi /180) * cos ( c * pi /180) ) ;
17 A = asin ( sin ( p * pi /180) * sin ( H * pi /180) / sin ( z ) ) ;
18 A = A *180/ pi ;
19 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f s t a r i s : ” ) ;
20 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
21 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
22 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
23 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
24 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
25 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
26 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.54 azimuth angle

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 a1 =24+30/60+20/3600;
8 a2 =24+30/60+40/3600;
9 a3 =25;
10 a4 =25+1/60;
11 lat =( a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 ) /4;
12 il =(10.6 -9.4) /4*15/3600; // e r r o r due t o l e v e l
13 lat = lat + il ;
14 ir = -57/3600/ tan (( lat * pi /180) ) ; // c a r r e c t i o n o f
refraction
15 ip =8/3600* cos ( lat * pi /180) ; // c o r r e c t i o n o f p a r a l l a x
16 lat = lat - ir + ip ;
17 z =90 - lat ;
18 delta =1+32/60+16.8/3600 -56.2/3600*(3/60+1.86/3600) ;

49
19 p =90 - delta ;
20 c =90 -36 -48/60 -30/3600;
21 s =( p + z + c ) /2;
22 s1 =s - c ;
23 s2 =s - p ;
24 s3 =s - z ;
25 A =2* atan ( sqrt ( sin ( s3 * pi /180) * sin ( s1 * pi /180) / sin ( s * pi
/180) / sin ( s2 * pi /180) ) ) ;
26 A = A *180/ pi ;
27
28 A = A +81+59/60+10/3600;
29 A =360 - A ;
30 disp ( ” a z i m u t h o f s t a r i s : ” ) ;
31 a = modulo ( A *3600 ,60) ;
32 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
33 b = modulo ( A *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
34 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
35 c =( A *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
36 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
37 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.55 latitude

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 5
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 alpha =65+40/60+18/3600; // a l t i t u d e
7 delta =53+12/60+10/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n
8 pi =3.1415;
9 i =57/3600*1/ tan ( alpha * pi /180) ; // e r r o r
10 alpha = alpha - i ;
11 z =90 - alpha ; // z e n i t h d i s t a n c e
12 lat = delta - z ;

50
13 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
14 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
15 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
16 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
17 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
18 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
19 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
20 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.56 latitude

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 6
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 alpha =64+36/60+20/3600; // a l t i t u d e
7 delta =26+12/60+10/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n
8 pi =3.1415;
9 i =57/3600*1/ tan ( alpha * pi /180) ; // e r r o r
10 alpha = alpha - i ;
11 z =90 - alpha ; // z e n i t h d i s t a n c e
12 lat = delta + z ;
13 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
14 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
15 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
16 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
17 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
18 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
19 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
20 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.57 latitude of place

51
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 7
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 alpha =44+12/60+30/3600; // a l t i t u d e
7 longP =75+20/60+15/3600; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
8 delta =22+18/60+12.8/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f sun
9 pi =3.1415;
10 i =57/3600*1/ tan ( alpha * pi /180) ; // e r r o r
11 i2 =8.78/3600* cos ( alpha ) ; // c o r r e c t i o n due t o p a r a l l a x
12 i3 =15/60+45.86/3600; // c o r e e c t i n due t o s e m i d i a m t e r
13 alpha = alpha - i + i2 + i3 ;
14 z =90 - alpha ; // z e n i t h d i s t a n c e
15 delT = longP /15;
16 i4 =6.82/3600* delT ; // e r r o r i n t i m e
17 delta = i4 + delta ;
18 lat = delta + z ;
19 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f sun i s t o t h e s o u t h o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
20 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
21 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
22 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
23 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
24 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
25 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
26 clear

Scilab code Exa 1.58 apparent latitude of place

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 8
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f Variable
6 theta =80;

52
 7 delta =46+45/60+30/3600;
8 alpha1 =90 - theta + delta ;
9 disp ( ” a l p h a 1 i s ( North ) : ” ) ;
10 a = modulo ( alpha1 *3600 ,60) ;
11 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
12 b = modulo ( alpha1 *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
13 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
14 c =( alpha1 *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
15 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
16 alpha2 = theta + delta -90;
17 disp ( ” a l p h a 2 i s ( South ) : ” ) ;
18 a = modulo ( alpha2 *3600 ,60) ;
19 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
20 b = modulo ( alpha2 *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
21 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
22 c =( alpha2 *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
23 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.59 latitude of place

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 5 9
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 delta1 =20+25/60+48/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r 1
7 delta2 =79+30/60+52/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r 2
8 alpha1 =48+18/60+12/3600; // a l t i t u d e o f s t a r 1
9 alpha2 =47+54/60+6/3600; // a l t i t u d e o f s t a r 2
10 pi =3.1415;
11 r1 =58/3600/ tan ( alpha1 * pi /180) // e r r o r 1
12 r2 =58/3600/ tan ( alpha2 * pi /180) // e r r o r 2
13 lat =90 -( alpha1 - alpha2 ) /2+( delta1 - delta2 ) /2+( r1 - r2 )
/2;
14 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;

53
15 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
16 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
17 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
18 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
19 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
20 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.60 latitude of place and declination of star

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 0
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 alphal =18+36/60+40/3600; // a l t i t u d e at lower
culmination
7 alphau =59+48/60+20/3600; // a l t i t u d e a t u p p e r
culmination
8 lat =( alphal + alphau ) /2;
9 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
10 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
11 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
12 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
13 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
14 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
15 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;
16 delta =90+ lat - alphau ;
17 disp ( ” d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
18 a = modulo ( delta *3600 ,60) ;
19 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
20 b = modulo ( delta *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
21 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
22 c =( delta *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
23 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

54
 Scilab code Exa 1.61 latitude of place

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 alpha =40+36/60+30/3600; // a l t i t u d e o f s t a r
7 delta =10+36/60+40/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r
8 H =46+36/60+20/3600; // h o u r a n g l e o f s t a r
9 pi =3.1412;
10 n = atan ( tan ( delta * pi /180) / cos ( H * pi /180) ) ;
11 lat = n + acos ( sin ( alpha * pi /180) * sin ( n ) / sin ( delta * pi
/180) ) ;
12 lat = lat *180/ pi ;
13 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
14 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
15 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
16 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
17 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
18 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
19 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.62 latitude of place

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 alpha =42+10/60+40/3600; // a l t i t u d e o f sun

55
8 delta =23+12/60+18.6/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f sun ’ s
angle
9 i =57/3600*1/ tan ( alpha * pi /180) ; // e r r o r
10 i2 =8.78/3600* cos ( alpha ) ; // c o r r e c t i o n due t o p a r a l l a x
11 i3 =15/60+45.86/3600; // c o r e e c t i n due t o s e m i d i a m t e r
12 longP =108+30/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e
13 LMT =14+50/60;
14 alpha = alpha - i + i2 + i3 ;
15 delT = longP /15; // c h a n g e i n t i m e
16 GMT = LMT + delT ;
17 i4 =1.2/3600* GMT ; // e r r o r i n t i m e
18 H =( GMT -12+ i4 - delT ) *15; // h o u r a n g l e
19 i5 =10.6/3600* GMT ; // e r r o r i n d e c l i n a t i o n
20 delta = delta + i5 ;
21 ZM =(90 - alpha ) * pi /180;
22 PM =(90+ delta ) * pi /180;
23 A = asin ( sin ( PM ) / sin ( ZM ) * sin ( H * pi /180) ) ;
24 A = pi - A ;
25 ZP =2* atan ( sin ( A /2+ H * pi /360) / sin ( A /2 - H * pi /360) * tan ( PM
/2 - ZM /2) ) ;
26 lat = pi /2 - ZP ;
27 lat = lat *180/ pi +1;
28 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
29 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
30 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
31 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
32 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
33 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
34 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.63 latitude of place

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 3

56
 4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 delta =15+20/60+48/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f s t a r
7 Int =9+22/60+6/3600; // i n t e r v a l
8 pi =3.141;
9 dint = Int *9.8565/3600; // c h a n g e i n i n t e r v a l
10 H =( Int + dint ) *15/2; // h o u r a n g l e
11 lat = atan ( tan ( delta * pi /180) / cos ( H * pi /180) ) ;
12 lat = lat *180/ pi +5/6*16/3600;
13 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
14 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
15 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
16 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
17 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
18 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
19 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.64 latitude of place

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14159;
7 RA =1+41/60+48.64/3600;
8 lat =48+36/60+40/3600; // l a t i t u d e
9 delta =88+58/60+28.26/3600; // d e c l i n a t i o n o f p o l a r i s
10 GMM =16+48/60+20.86/3600;
11 longP =7+20/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f p l a c e P
12 i1 =51/3600; // e r r o r due t o b a r o m e t e r
13 i2 =1/3600; // e r r o r due t o b a r o m e t e r
14 i3 = -1/3600; // e r r o r due t o temp
15 lat = lat - i1 + i2 + i3 ;
16 delT = longP /15;

57
17 i4 = delT *9.8565/3600;
18 lst = GMM + i4 ;
19 LMT =20+24/60+50/3600;
20 i6 =9.8565/3600* LMT ; // e r r o r i n LMT
21 LST = LMT + i6 + lst -24;
22 H = LST - RA ; // h o u r a n g l e
23 H = H *15;
24 lat = lat -(90 - delta ) * cos ( H * pi /180) +.5* sin (1/3600* pi
/180) *(90 - delta ) ^2*( sin ( H * pi /180) ) ^2* tan ( lat * pi
/180) ;
25 disp ( ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
26 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
27 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
28 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
29 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
30 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
31 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.65 latitude of place

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 1 . 6 5
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 longP =120 -4 -20/60; // l o n g i t u d e o f p o i n t
7 delT = longP /15;
8 GST =8+30/60+20/3600; //GST on GMM
9 i = delT *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r i n t i m e
10 pi =3.1415;
11 lst = GST + i ; //LST on LMM
12 LST =19+52/60+16/3600;
13 RA = LST ;
14 LMN = LST - lst ;
15 i2 = LMN *9.8565/3600; // e r r o r i n LMN

58
16 LMN = LMN - i2 ;
17 OSM =10+55/60+30/3600; // O b s e r v e d mean t i m e
18 i3 =1/60+25/3600; // e r r o r i n o b s e r v e d t i m e
19 OSM = OSM - i3 ;
20 LMT = OSM +4/15+21/60/15;
21 I = LMN - LMT ; // i n t e r v a l
22 i4 =1.21/3600; // e r r o r i n i n t e r v a l
23 I = I + i4 ;
24 H = I ; // h o u r a n g l e
25 delta =6+15/60+02/3600; // d e f l e c t i o n
26 alpha =39+20/60+30/3600; // a l t i t u d e
27 theta =56+54/60+30/3600; // l o n g i t u d e
28 B = cos ( delta * pi /180) * cos ( theta * pi /180) / cos ( alpha * pi
/180) ;
29 m =225* H ^2*3600^2/2/206265;
30 lat = alpha + m * B /3600;
31 lat =90 - lat +6+15/60+02/3600;
32 disp (B , ” l a t i t u d e o f s t a r o b s e r v e d : ” ) ;
33 a = modulo ( lat *3600 ,60) ;
34 printf ( ” s e c o n d s %. 2 f ” ,a ) ;
35 b = modulo ( lat *3600 - a ,3600) /60;
36 printf ( ” m i n u t e s %i ” ,b ) ;
37 c =( lat *3600 - b *60 - a ) /3600;
38 printf ( ” d e g r e e s %i ” ,c ) ;

59
 Chapter 2

Photogrammetric Surveying

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Azimuth of camera

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14259;
7 f =120.80 // f o c a l l e n g t h
8 a = -35.52 // e l e v a t i o n o f A
9 b =8.48 // e l e v a t i o n o f B
10 c =48.26 // e l e v a t i o n o f C
11 alphaa = atan ( a / f ) ;
12 alphab = atan ( b / f ) ;
13 alphac = atan ( c / f ) ;
14 phi =(354+30/60) * pi /180; // a z i m u t h o f camera
15 phia = phi - alphaa -360* pi /180; // a z i m u t h o f a
16 disp ( phia / pi *180 , ” a z i m u t h o f a i n ( d e g r e e s ) ” ) ;
17 phib = phia + alphab ; // a z i m u t h o f b
18 disp ( phib / pi *180 , ” a z i m u t h o f b i n ( d e g r e e s ) ” ) ;
19 phic = phia + alphac ; // a z i m u t h o f c
20 disp ( phic / pi *180 , ” a z i m u t h o f c i n ( d e g r e e s ) ” ) ;
21 clear

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 Scilab code Exa 2.2 distance of points

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14259;
7 f =150; // f o c a l l e n g t h o f camera
8 ap =20.2 // e l e v a t i o n o f a from p
9 aa1 =16.4; // d i t a n c e t o t h e r i g h t
10 aq =35.2 // e l e v a t i o n o f a from q
11 PQ =100; // d i s t a n c e o f PQ
12 RL =126.845; // r e d u c e d l e v e l o f i n s t r u m e n t
13 alphap = atan ( ap / f ) ;
14 alphaq = atan ( aq / f ) ;
15 P = pi /3 - alphap ; // a n g l e P
16 Q =40* pi /180 - alphaq ; // a n g l e Q
17 A = pi -P - Q ; // a n g l e A ;
18 AP = PQ * sin ( Q ) / sin ( A ) ;
19 disp ( AP , ” d i s t a n c e o f AP i n (m) : ” ) ;
20 AQ = PQ * sin ( P ) / sin ( A ) ;
21 disp ( AQ , ” d i s t a n c e o f AQ i n (m) : ” ) ;
22 Pa1 = sqrt ( ap ^2+ f ^2) ;
23 AA1 = aa1 * AP / Pa1 ;
24 RLa = RL + AA1 ; // r e d u c e d l e v e l o f A
25 disp ( RLa , ” r e d u c e d l e v e l o f A i n (M) ” )

Scilab code Exa 2.3 distance of points

61
 2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 pi =3.14259;
7 theta =(44+30/60) * pi /180; // a n g l e b /w two p o i n t s
8 x1 =68.24; // d i s t a n c e o f f i r s t p o i n t
9 x2 =58.48; // d i s t a n c e o f 2 nd p o i n t
10 f =( x1 + x2 ) / tan ( theta ) /2+ sqrt (( x1 + x2 ) ^2/4/( tan ( theta ) )
^2+ x1 * x2 ) ;
11 disp (f , ” f o c a l l e n g t h o f l e n s i n (mm) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.4 representative fraction

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 // p a r t 1
7 pi =3.14259;
8 H =1200; // a l t i t u d e
9 h =80; // e l e v a t i o n o f h i l l
10 f =15/100;
11 R80 = f /( H - h ) ;
12 disp ( R80 , ” r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r a c t i o n o f h i l l i s ( t i m e s )
: ”);
13 // p a r t 2
14 h =300; // e l e v a t i o n o f h i l l
15 R300 = f /( H - h ) ;
16 disp ( R300 , ” r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r a c t i o n o f h i l l i s ( t i m e s
) : ”);

62
 Scilab code Exa 2.5 altitude of point

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 5
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 R =1/8000;
7 h =1500;
8 f =20/100;
9 H=h+f/R;
10 disp (H , ” h e i g h t a b o v e s e a l e v e l i n (m) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6 representative fraction

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 6
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 h =500; // e l e v a t o n o f p o i n t
7 f =20/100; // f o c a l l e n g t h
8 v =8.65/100; // v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o f p h o t o g r a p h
9 ho =2000; // h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e o f p h o t o g r a p h
10 R = v / ho ; // r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r a c t i o n
11 H=h+f/R;
12 disp (H , ” h e i g h t a b o v e s e a l e v e l i n (m) : ” ) ;
13 h =800;
14 S =( H - h ) / f /100; // s c a l e o f p h o t o g r a p h
15 disp (S , ” 1cm i n p h o t o g r a p h r e p r e s e n t s m e t r e s : ” )
16 clear

Scilab code Exa 2.7 altitude of point

63
 1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 7
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 m =1/50000; //map s c a l e
7 pd =10.16; // p h o t o d i s t a n c e
8 md =2.54; //map d i s t a n c e
9 R = pd / md * m ; // r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r a c t i o n
10 f =16/100;
11 h =200;
12 H=h+f/R;
13 disp (H , ” h e i g h t a b o v e s e a l e v e l i n (m) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.8 distance of points

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 8
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 f =20 // f o c a l l e n g t h
7 xa =2.65; // x c o o r d i n a t e o f a
8 xb = -1.92; // x c o o r d i n a t e o f b
9 ya =1.36; // y c o o r d i n a t e o f a
10 yb =3.65; // y c o o r d i n a t e o f b
11 H =2500;
12 ha =500; // e l e v a t i o n o f a
13 hb =300; // e l e v a t i o n o f b
14 Xa =( H - ha ) / f * xa ;
15 Xb =( H - hb ) / f * xb ;
16 Ya =( H - ha ) / f * ya ;
17 Yb =( H - hb ) / f * yb ;
18 AB = sqrt (( Xa - Xb ) ^2+( Ya - Yb ) ^2) ;
19 disp ( AB , ” d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n A & B i n (m) : ” )

64
20 clear

Scilab code Exa 2.9 altitude of a point

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 9
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 f =20 // f o c a l l e n g t h
7 xa =2.65; // x c o o r d i n a t e o f a
8 xb = -1.92; // x c o o r d i n a t e o f b
9 ya =1.36; // y c o o r d i n a t e o f a
10 yb =3.65; // y c o o r d i n a t e o f b
11 ha =500; // e l e v a t i o n o f a
12 hb =300; // e l e v a t i o n o f b
13 ABg =545;
14 ab =5.112;
15 hab = ha /2+ hb /2;
16 Happ = hab + ABg * f / ab
17
18 Xa =( Happ - ha ) / f * xa ;
19 Xb =( Happ - hb ) / f * xb ;
20 Ya =( Happ - ha ) / f * ya ;
21 Yb =( Happ - hb ) / f * yb ;
22 AB = sqrt (( Xa - Xb ) ^2+( Ya - Yb ) ^2) ;
23 Hact = ABg / AB *( Happ - hab ) + hab ;
24 disp ( Hact , ” a c t u a l f l y i n g h e i g h t o f A & B i n (m) : ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.10 relief displacement

1
2

65
 3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 0
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 f =20/100;
7 Sd =1/10000;
8 h =250; // e l e v a t i o n
9 r =6.44;
10 H = f / Sd ;
11 d=r*h/H;
12 disp (d , ” r e l i e f d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p o i n t i n ( cm ) ” )

Scilab code Exa 2.11 relief displacement

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 1
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 h =50; // e l e v a t i o n
7 H =2500 -1250;
8 r =6.35;
9 d=r*h/H;
10 disp (d , ” r e l i e f d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p o i n t i n ( cm ) ” )

Scilab code Exa 2.12 relief displacement

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 2
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 f =20/100; // f o c a l l e n g t h
7 l =250; // l e n g t h o f l i n e

66
 8 lp =8.5/100; // l e n g t h o f l i n e i n p h o t o g r a p h
9 H = l * f / lp ; // h e i g h t o f camera a b o v e datum
10 r =6.46; // d i s t a c e o f image o f t o p o f t h e t o w e r
11 d =0.46; // r e l e i f d i s p l a c e m e n t
12 h=d*H/r;
13 disp (h , ” h e i g h t o f t o w e r a b o v e i t s b a s e i n (m) ” )

Scilab code Exa 2.13 flight plan

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 3
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 l =20/100; // l e n g t h o f p h o t o g r a p h
7 w =20/100; // b r e a d t h o f p h o t o g r a p h
8 Pl =0.6; // l o n g i t u d i n a l l a p
9 Pw =0.3; // s i d e l a p
10 s =100*20;
11 L =(1 - Pl ) * s ;
12 W =(1 - Pw ) * s ;
13 Ar = L * W /1000/1000;
14 N =100/ Ar ;
15 A = round ( N ) ;
16 if N -A <0 then
17 disp (A , ” no . o f p h o t o g r a p h s t o be t a k e n ” ) ;
18 else
19 disp ( A +1 , ” no . o f p h o t o g r a p h s t o be t a k e n ” ) ;
20 end

Scilab code Exa 2.14 flight plan

67
 2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 4
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 Pl =0.6; // l o n g i t u d i n a l l a p
7 Pw =0.3; // s i d e l a p
8 L1 =10000;
9 s =100*20;
10 L2 = L1 ;
11 N1 = L1 /((1 - Pl ) * s ) +1;
12 A1 = round ( N1 ) ;
13 if N1 - A1 <0 then
14 N1 = A1
15 else
16 N1 = A1 +1;
17 end
18 N2 = L2 /((1 - Pw ) * s ) +1;
19 A2 = round ( N2 ) ;
20 if N2 - A2 <0 then
21 N2 = A2
22 else
23 N2 = A2 +1;
24 end
25 N = N1 * N2 ;
26 disp (N , ” no . o f p h o t o g r a p h s t o be t a k e n ” ) ;
27 clear

Scilab code Exa 2.15 photograph numbers

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 5
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 Pl =0.6; // l o n g i t u d i n a l l a p

68
 7 Pw =0.3; // s i d e l a p
8 L1 =12500;
9 s =100*20;
10 L2 =8000;
11 N1 = L1 /((1 - Pl ) * s ) +1;
12 A1 = round ( N1 ) ;
13 if N1 - A1 <0 then
14 N1 = A1
15 else
16 N1 = A1 +1;
17 end
18 N2 = L2 /((1 - Pw ) * s ) +1;
19 A2 = round ( N2 ) ;
20 if N2 - A2 <0 then
21 N2 = A2
22 else
23 N2 = A2 +1;
24 end
25 N = N1 * N2 ;
26 disp (N , ” no . o f p h o t o g r a p h s t o be t a k e n ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.16 flight planning

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 6
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 // p a r t 1
7 f =30/100; // f o c a l l e n g t h
8 h =400; // e l e v a t i o n o f datum
9 r =12000; // r a t i o
10 s =120*20;
11 L2 =24000;
12 L1 =30000;

69
13 Pl =0.6; // l o n g i t u d i n a l l a p
14 Pw =0.3; // s i d e l a p
15 H=h+r*f;
16 disp (H , ” h e i g h t a b o v e datum i n (m) : ” ) ;
17 // p a r t 2
18 W =(1 - Pw ) * s ;
19 disp (W , ” g r o u n d w i d t h c o v e r e d i n e a c h p h o t o g r a p h (m) :
”)
20 // p a r t 3
21 N2 = L2 /((1 - Pw ) * s ) +1;
22 A2 = round ( N2 ) ;
23 if N2 - A2 <0 then
24 N2 = A2
25 else
26 N2 = A2 +1;
27 end
28 disp ( N2 , ” no . o f f l i g h t s r e q u i r e d ” )
29 // p a r t 4
30 Asf = L2 /( N2 -1) ; // a c t u a l s p a c i n g b e t w e e n f l i g h t s
31 // p a r t 5
32 Sfl = Asf /600; // s p a c i n g o f f l i g h t l i n e s
33 // p a r t 6
34 gd =(1 - Pl ) * s ; // g r o u n d d i s t a n c e
35 // p a r t 7
36 Ei = gd /55.5; // e x p o s u r e i n t e r v a l
37 Ei = round ( Ei ) ;
38 // p a r t 8
39 Ags =55.56* Ei ; // a d g u s t e d g r o u n d d i s t a n c e
40 // p a r t 9
41 N1 = L1 / Ags +1;
42 A1 = round ( N1 ) ;
43 if N1 - A1 <0 then
44 N1 = A1
45 else
46 N1 = A1 +1;
47 end
48 N = N1 * N2 ;
49 disp (N , ” no . o f p h o t o g r a p h s t o be t a k e n ” ) ;

70
 Scilab code Exa 2.17 parallax of a point

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 7
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 f =150/1000; // f o c a l l e n g t h
7 r =20000; // r a t i o
8 Pl =0.6; // l o n g i t u d i n a l l a p
9 l =23/100; // l e n g t h
10 w =23/100; // w i d t h
11 B =(1 - Pl ) * l * r ; // b a s e l e n g t h
12 H=f*r;
13 h =0;
14 dh =( H - h ) ^2/ B / f *0.1/1000;
15 disp ( dh , ” e r r o r i n h e i g h t i n (m) : ” )

Scilab code Exa 2.18 parallax

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 8
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 H =600;
7 f =150/1000;
8 s=H/f;
9 b =6.375/100;
10 h1 =0;
11 h2 =120; // h e i g h t o f chimney

71
12 B = s * b ; // datum e l e v a t i o n
13 p1 = B * f *1000/( H - h1 ) ;
14 p2 = B * f *1000/( H - h2 ) ;
15 delp = p2 - p1 ;
16 delh = H * delp /1000/( b + delp /1000) ;
17 disp ( delh , ” p a r a l l a x h e i g h t o f t h e chimney i n (m) : ” ) ;
18 clear

Scilab code Exa 2.19 parallax

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 1 9
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e
6 B =200;
7 f =120;
8 p2 =52.52; // p a r a l l a x f o r t o p o f p o l e
9 p1 =48.27; // p a r a l l a x f o r bottom o f p o l e
10 delh =( p2 - p1 ) / p2 / p1 * B * f ;
11 disp ( delh , ” d i f e r e n c e i n e l e v a t i o n o f two p o i n t s i n (
m) : ” )

Scilab code Exa 2.20 parallax

1
2
3 // e x a p p l e 2 . 2 0
4 clc ; funcprot (0) ;
5 // I n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f Variable
6 // p a r t 1
7 delp =1.48/1000;
8 H =5000;

72
 9 h =500;
10 b =90/1000; // mean p r i n c i p a l b a s e
11 dh =( H - h ) ^2* delp /(( H - h ) * delp + b * H ) ;
12 disp ( dh , ” d i f f e r e n c e i n h e i g h t b e t w e e n two p o i n t s i n
(m) : ” ) ;
13 // p a r t 2
14 delp =15.5/1000;
15 dh =( H - h ) ^2* delp /(( H - h ) * delp + b * H ) ;
16 disp ( dh , ” d i f f e r e n c e i n h e i g h t b e t w e e n two p o i n t s i n
(m) : ” ) ;

73