Contents

O r a c l e D a t a b a s e 1 2 c : S q l Wo r k s h o p I

Chapter 1: Introduction
Lesson Objectives...................................................................................................................... 1-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-3
Course Objectives...................................................................................................................... 1-4
Course Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-5
Appendixes and Practices Used in the Course........................................................................... 1-7
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-8
Oracle Database 12c: Focus Areas............................................................................................. 1-9
Oracle Database 12c.................................................................................................................. 1-10
Oracle Fusion Middleware......................................................................................................... 1-12
Oracle Cloud.............................................................................................................................. 1-14
Oracle Cloud Services............................................................................................................... 1-15
Cloud Deployment Models........................................................................................................ 1-16
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-17
Relational and Object Relational Database Management Systems........................................... 1-18
Data Storage on Different Media............................................................................................... 1-19
Relational Database Concept..................................................................................................... 1-20
Definition of a Relational Database........................................................................................... 1-21
Data Models............................................................................................................................... 1-22
Entity Relationship Model......................................................................................................... 1-23
Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions............................................................................... 1-25
Relating Multiple Tables............................................................................................................ 1-27
Relational Database Terminology.............................................................................................. 1-29
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-31
Using SQL to Query Your Database.......................................................................................... 1-32
SQL Statements Used in the Course.......................................................................................... 1-33
Development Environments for SQL........................................................................................ 1-34
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-35

i
 Human Resources (HR) Schema............................................................................................... 1-36
Tables Used in the Course.......................................................................................................... 1-37
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-38
Oracle Database Documentation................................................................................................ 1-39
Additional Resources................................................................................................................. 1-40
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 1-41
Practice 1: Overview.................................................................................................................. 1-42

Chapter 2: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 2-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-3
Basic SELECT Statement.......................................................................................................... 2-4
Selecting All Columns............................................................................................................... 2-5
Selecting Specific Columns....................................................................................................... 2-6
Writing SQL Statements............................................................................................................ 2-7
Column Heading Defaults......................................................................................................... 2-8
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-9
Arithmetic Expressions.............................................................................................................. 2-10
Using Arithmetic Operators....................................................................................................... 2-11
Operator Precedence.................................................................................................................. 2-12
Defining a Null Value................................................................................................................ 2-13
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions...................................................................................... 2-14
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-15
Defining a Column Alias........................................................................................................... 2-16
Using Column Aliases............................................................................................................... 2-17
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-18
Concatenation Operator............................................................................................................. 2-19
Literal Character Strings............................................................................................................ 2-20
Using Literal Character Strings................................................................................................. 2-21
Alternative Quote (q) Operator.................................................................................................. 2-22
Duplicate Rows.......................................................................................................................... 2-23
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-24
Displaying Table Structure......................................................................................................... 2-25
Using the DESCRIBE Command.............................................................................................. 2-26
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 2-27
ii
 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 2-28
Practice 2: Overview.................................................................................................................. 2-29

Chapter 3: Restricting and Sorting Data

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 3-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-3
Limiting Rows by Using a Selection......................................................................................... 3-4
Limiting Rows That Are Selected.............................................................................................. 35
Using the WHERE Clause......................................................................................................... 3-6
Character Strings and Dates....................................................................................................... 3-7
Comparison Operators............................................................................................................... 3-8
Using Comparison Operators..................................................................................................... 3-9
Range Conditions Using the BETWEEN Operator................................................................... 3-10
Using the IN Operator................................................................................................................ 3-11
Pattern Matching Using the LIKE Operator.............................................................................. 3-12
Combining Wildcard Characters................................................................................................ 3-13
Using NULL Conditions............................................................................................................ 3-14
Defining Conditions Using Logical Operators.......................................................................... 3-15
Using the AND Operator........................................................................................................... 3-16
Using the OR Operator.............................................................................................................. 3-17
Using the NOT Operator............................................................................................................ 3-18
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-19
Rules of Precedence................................................................................................................... 3-20
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-22
Using the ORDER BY Clause................................................................................................... 3-23
Sorting........................................................................................................................................ 3-24
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-26
SQL Row Limiting Clause......................................................................................................... 3-27
Using SQL Row Limiting Clause in a Query............................................................................ 3-28
SQL Row Limiting Clause: Example........................................................................................ 3-29
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-30
Substitution Variables................................................................................................................ 3-31
Using the Single-Ampersand Substitution Variable.................................................................. 3-33
Character and Date Values with Substitution Variables............................................................. 3-35
Specifying Column Names, Expressions, and Text................................................................... 3-36
iii
 Using the Double-Ampersand Substitution Variable................................................................. 3-37
Using the Ampersand Substitution Variable in SQL*Plus......................................................... 3-38
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-39
Using the DEFINE Command................................................................................................... 3-40
Using the VERIFY Command................................................................................................... 3-41
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 3-42
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 3-43
Practice 3: Overview.................................................................................................................. 3-44

Chapter 4: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 4-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-3
SQL Functions........................................................................................................................... 4-4
Two Types of SQL Functions.................................................................................................... 4-5
Single-Row Functions................................................................................................................ 4-6
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-8
Character Functions................................................................................................................... 4-9
Case-Conversion Functions....................................................................................................... 4-11
Using Case-Conversion Functions............................................................................................. 4-12
Character-Manipulation Functions............................................................................................ 4-13
Using Character-Manipulation Functions.................................................................................. 4-14
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-15
Nesting Functions...................................................................................................................... 4-16
Nesting Functions: Example...................................................................................................... 4-17
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-18
Numeric Functions..................................................................................................................... 4-19
Using the ROUND Function...................................................................................................... 4-20
Using the TRUNC Function...................................................................................................... 4-21
Using the MOD Function.......................................................................................................... 4-22
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-23
Working with Dates................................................................................................................... 4-24
RR Date Format......................................................................................................................... 4-25
Using the SYSDATE Function.................................................................................................. 4-27
Using the CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Functions................................ 4-28
Arithmetic with Dates................................................................................................................ 4-29
iv
 Using Arithmetic Operators with Dates..................................................................................... 4-30
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-31
Date-Manipulation Functions.................................................................................................... 4-32
Using Date Functions................................................................................................................. 4-33
Using ROUND and TRUNC Functions with Dates.................................................................. 4-34
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 4-35
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 4-36
Practice 4: Overview.................................................................................................................. 4-37

Chapter 5: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 5-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 5-3
Conversion Functions................................................................................................................ 5-4
Implicit Data Type Conversion.................................................................................................. 5-5
Explicit Data Type Conversion.................................................................................................. 5-7
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 5-9
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates............................................................................... 5-10
Elements of the Date Format Model.......................................................................................... 5-11
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates............................................................................... 5-14
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers.......................................................................... 5-15
Using the TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions................................................................. 5-18
Using TO_CHAR and TO_DATE Functions with the RR Date Format................................... 5-20
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 5-21
General Functions...................................................................................................................... 5-22
NVL Function............................................................................................................................ 5-23
Using the NVL Function............................................................................................................ 5-24
Using the NVL2 Function.......................................................................................................... 5-25
Using the NULLIF Function...................................................................................................... 5-26
Using the COALESCE Function............................................................................................... 5-27
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 5-29
Conditional Expressions............................................................................................................ 5-30
CASE Expression...................................................................................................................... 5-31
Using the CASE Expression...................................................................................................... 5-32
Searched CASE Expression....................................................................................................... 5-33
DECODE Function.................................................................................................................... 5-34
v
 Using the DECODE Function.................................................................................................... 5-35
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 5-37
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 5-38
Practice 5: Overview.................................................................................................................. 5-39

Chapter 6: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 6-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-3
Group Functions........................................................................................................................ 6-4
Types of Group Functions.......................................................................................................... 6-5
Group Functions: Syntax........................................................................................................... 6-6
Using the AVG and SUM Functions.......................................................................................... 6-7
Using the MIN and MAX Functions......................................................................................... 6-8
Using the COUNT Function...................................................................................................... 6-9
Using the DISTINCT Keyword................................................................................................. 6-10
Group Functions and Null Values.............................................................................................. 6-11
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-12
Creating Groups of Data............................................................................................................ 6-13
Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY Clause Syntax.............................................................. 6-14
Using the GROUP BY Clause................................................................................................... 6-15
Grouping by More Than One Column....................................................................................... 6-17
Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns................................................................ 6-18
Illegal Queries Using Group Functions..................................................................................... 6-19
Restricting Group Results.......................................................................................................... 6-21
Restricting Group Results with the HAVING Clause................................................................ 6-22
Using the HAVING Clause........................................................................................................ 6-23
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-25
Nesting Group Functions........................................................................................................... 6-26
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 6-27
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 6-28
Practice 6: Overview.................................................................................................................. 6-29

Chapter 7: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 7-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-3
vi
Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables........................................................................................ 7-4
Types of Joins............................................................................................................................ 7-5
Joining Tables Using SQL:1999 Syntax.................................................................................... 7-6
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-7
Creating Natural Joins............................................................................................................... 7-8
Retrieving Records with Natural Joins...................................................................................... 7-9
Creating Joins with the USING Clause..................................................................................... 7-10
Joining Column Names.............................................................................................................. 7-11
Retrieving Records with the USING Clause............................................................................. 7-12
Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names..................................................................................... 7-13
Using Table Aliases with the USING Clause............................................................................. 7-14
Creating Joins with the ON Clause............................................................................................ 7-15
Retrieving Records with the ON Clause.................................................................................... 7-16
Creating Three-Way Joins.......................................................................................................... 7-17
Applying Additional Conditions to a Join................................................................................. 7-18
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-19
Joining a Table to Itself.............................................................................................................. 7-20
Self-Joins Using the ON Clause................................................................................................ 7-21
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-22
Nonequijoins.............................................................................................................................. 7-23
Retrieving Records with Nonequijoins...................................................................................... 7-24
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-25
Returning Records with No Direct Match Using OUTER Joins............................................... 7-26
INNER Versus OUTER Joins.................................................................................................... 7-27
LEFT OUTER JOIN.................................................................................................................. 7-28
RIGHT OUTER JOIN............................................................................................................... 7-29
FULL OUTER JOIN.................................................................................................................. 7-30
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-31
Cartesian Products..................................................................................................................... 7-32
Generating a Cartesian Product................................................................................................. 7-33
Creating Cross Joins.................................................................................................................. 7-34
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 7-35
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 7-36
Practice 7: Overview.................................................................................................................. 7-37

vii
Chapter 8: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries
Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 8-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-3
Using a Subquery to Solve a Problem....................................................................................... 8-4
Subquery Syntax........................................................................................................................ 8-5
Using a Subquery....................................................................................................................... 8-6
Rules and Guidelines for Using Subqueries.............................................................................. 8-7
Types of Subqueries................................................................................................................... 8-8
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-9
Single-Row Subqueries.............................................................................................................. 8-10
Executing Single-Row Subqueries............................................................................................ 8-11
Using Group Functions in a Subquery....................................................................................... 8-12
HAVING Clause with Subqueries............................................................................................. 8-13
What Is Wrong with This Statement?........................................................................................ 8-14
No Rows Returned by the Inner Query..................................................................................... 8-15
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-16
Multiple-Row Subqueries.......................................................................................................... 8-17
Using the ANY Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries............................................................. 8-18
Using the ALL Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries.............................................................. 8-19
Multiple-Column Subqueries..................................................................................................... 8-20
Multiple-Column Subquery: Example....................................................................................... 8-21
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-22
Null Values in a Subquery.......................................................................................................... 8-23
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 8-25
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 8-26
Practice 8: Overview.................................................................................................................. 8-27

Chapter 9: Using the Set Operators

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 9-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-3
Set Operators.............................................................................................................................. 9-4
Set Operator Rules..................................................................................................................... 9-5
Oracle Server and Set Operators................................................................................................ 9-6
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-7
viii
 Tables Used in This Lesson....................................................................................................... 9-8
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-12
UNION Operator....................................................................................................................... 9-13
Using the UNION Operator....................................................................................................... 9-14
UNION ALL Operator............................................................................................................... 9-15
Using the UNION ALL Operator............................................................................................... 9-16
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-17
INTERSECT Operator............................................................................................................... 9-18
Using the INTERSECT Operator.............................................................................................. 9-19
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-20
MINUS Operator....................................................................................................................... 9-21
Using the MINUS Operator....................................................................................................... 9-22
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-23
Matching SELECT Statements.................................................................................................. 9-24
Matching the SELECT Statement: Example............................................................................. 9-25
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-26
Using the ORDER BY Clause in Set Operations...................................................................... 9-27
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 9-28
Practice 9: Overview.................................................................................................................. 9-29

Chapter 10: Managing Tables Using DML Statements

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 10-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-3
Data Manipulation Language..................................................................................................... 10-4
Adding a New Row to a Table................................................................................................... 10-5
INSERT Statement Syntax......................................................................................................... 10-6
Inserting New Rows................................................................................................................... 10-7
Inserting Rows with Null Values............................................................................................... 10-8
Inserting Special Values............................................................................................................. 10-9
Inserting Specific Date and Time Values................................................................................... 10-10
Creating a Script........................................................................................................................ 10-11
Copying Rows from Another Table........................................................................................... 10-12
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-13
Changing Data in a Table........................................................................................................... 10-14
UPDATE Statement Syntax....................................................................................................... 10-15
ix
 Updating Rows in a Table.......................................................................................................... 10-16
Updating Two Columns with a Subquery.................................................................................. 10-1
Updating Rows Based on Another Table................................................................................... 10-18
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-19
Removing a Row from a Table.................................................................................................. 10-20
DELETE Statement................................................................................................................... 10-21
Deleting Rows from a Table...................................................................................................... 10-22
Deleting Rows Based on Another Table.................................................................................... 10-23
TRUNCATE Statement.............................................................................................................. 10-24
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-25
Database Transactions................................................................................................................ 10-26
Database Transactions: Start and End........................................................................................ 10-27
Advantages of COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements........................................................... 10-28
Explicit Transaction Control Statements................................................................................... 10-29
Rolling Back Changes to a Marker............................................................................................ 10-30
Implicit Transaction Processing................................................................................................. 10-31
State of Data Before COMMIT or ROLLBACK...................................................................... 10-33
State of Data After COMMIT.................................................................................................... 10-34
Committing Data........................................................................................................................ 10-35
State of Data After ROLLBACK............................................................................................... 10-36
State of Data After ROLLBACK: Example............................................................................... 10-37
Statement-Level Rollback.......................................................................................................... 10-38
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-39
Read Consistency....................................................................................................................... 10-40
Implementing Read Consistency............................................................................................... 10-41
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-42
FOR UPDATE Clause in a SELECT Statement........................................................................ 10-43
FOR UPDATE Clause: Examples.............................................................................................. 10-44
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 10-46
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 10-47
Practice 10: Overview................................................................................................................ 10-48

Chapter 11: Introduction to Data Definition Language

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 11-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 11-3
x
Database Objects........................................................................................................................ 11-4
Naming Rules............................................................................................................................ 11-5
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 11-6
CREATE TABLE Statement...................................................................................................... 11-7
Creating Tables.......................................................................................................................... 11-8
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 11-9
Datetime Data Types.................................................................................................................. 11-12
DEFAULT Option...................................................................................................................... 11-13
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 11-14
Including Constraints................................................................................................................. 11-15
Constraint Guidelines................................................................................................................ 11-16
Defining Constraints.................................................................................................................. 11-17
NOT NULL Constraint.............................................................................................................. 11-19
UNIQUE Constraint.................................................................................................................. 11-20
PRIMARY KEY Constraint....................................................................................................... 11-22
FOREIGN KEY Constraint....................................................................................................... 11-23
FOREIGN KEY Constraint: Keywords..................................................................................... 11-25
CHECK Constraint.................................................................................................................... 11-26
CREATE TABLE: Example....................................................................................................... 11-27
Violating Constraints................................................................................................................. 11-28
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 11-30
Creating a Table Using a Subquery............................................................................................ 11-31
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 11-33
ALTER TABLE Statement........................................................................................................ 11-34
Adding a Column....................................................................................................................... 11-36
Modifying a Column.................................................................................................................. 11-37
Dropping a Column................................................................................................................... 11-38
SET UNUSED Option............................................................................................................... 11-39
Read-Only Tables....................................................................................................................... 11-41
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 11-42
Dropping a Table........................................................................................................................ 11-43
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 11-44
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 11-45
Practice 11: Overview................................................................................................................ 11-46

xi
 O r a c l e D a t a b a s e 1 2 c : S q l Wo r k s h o p I I

Chapter 1: Introduction
Lesson Objectives...................................................................................................................... 1-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-3
Course Objectives...................................................................................................................... 1-4
Course Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 1-5
Course Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-6
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-7
Tables Used in This Course....................................................................................................... 1-8
Appendixes and Practices Used in This Course........................................................................ 1-10
Development Environments...................................................................................................... 1-11
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-12
Review of Restricting Data........................................................................................................ 1-13
Review of Sorting Data.............................................................................................................. 1-14
Review of SQL Functions.......................................................................................................... 1-15
Review of Single-Row Functions.............................................................................................. 1-16
Review of Types of Group Functions........................................................................................ 1-17
Review of Using Subqueries...................................................................................................... 1-18
Review of Managing Tables Using DML Statements................................................................ 1-20
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 1-22
Oracle Database SQL Documentation....................................................................................... 1-23
Additional Resources................................................................................................................. 1-24
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 1-25
Practice 1: Overview.................................................................................................................. 1-26

Chapter 2: Introduction to Data Dictionary Views

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 2-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-3
Data Dictionary.......................................................................................................................... 2-4
Data Dictionary Structure.......................................................................................................... 2-5
How to Use the Dictionary Views............................................................................................. 2-7
USER_OBJECTS and ALL_OBJECTS Views......................................................................... 2-8
USER_OBJECTS View............................................................................................................. 2-9

xii
 Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-10
Table Information....................................................................................................................... 2-11
Column Information.................................................................................................................. 2-12
Constraint Information............................................................................................................... 2-14
USER_CONSTRAINTS: Example........................................................................................... 2-15
Querying USER_CONS_COLUMNS....................................................................................... 2-16
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 2-17
Adding Comments to a Table..................................................................................................... 2-18
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 2-19
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 2-20
Practice 2: Overview.................................................................................................................. 2-21

Chapter 3: Creating Sequences, Synonyms, and Indexes

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 3-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-3
Database Objects........................................................................................................................ 3-4
Referencing Another User’s Tables........................................................................................... 3-5
Sequences................................................................................................................................... 3-6
CREATE SEQUENCE Statement: Syntax................................................................................ 3-7
Creating a Sequence................................................................................................................... 3-9
NEXTVAL and CURRVAL Pseudocolumns............................................................................. 3-10
Using a Sequence....................................................................................................................... 3-12
SQL Column Defaulting Using a Sequence.............................................................................. 3-13
Caching Sequence Values.......................................................................................................... 3-14
Modifying a Sequence............................................................................................................... 3-15
Guidelines for Modifying a Sequence....................................................................................... 3-16
Sequence Information................................................................................................................ 3-17
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-18
Synonyms................................................................................................................................... 3-19
Creating a Synonym for an Object............................................................................................ 3-20
Creating and Removing Synonyms........................................................................................... 3-21
Synonym Information................................................................................................................ 3-22
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 3-23
Indexes....................................................................................................................................... 3-24
How Are Indexes Created?........................................................................................................ 3-25

xiii
 Creating an Index....................................................................................................................... 3-26
CREATE INDEX with the CREATE TABLE Statement.......................................................... 3-27
Function-Based Indexes............................................................................................................. 3-29
Creating Multiple Indexes on the Same Set of Columns........................................................... 3-30
Example of Creating Multiple Indexes on the Same Set of Columns....................................... 3-31
Index Information...................................................................................................................... 3-32
USER_INDEXES: Examples.................................................................................................... 3-33
Querying USER_IND_COLUMNS.......................................................................................... 3-34
Removing an Index.................................................................................................................... 3-35
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 3-36
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 3-37
Practice 3: Overview.................................................................................................................. 3-38

Chapter 4: Creating Views

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 4-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-3
Database Objects........................................................................................................................ 4-4
What Is a View?......................................................................................................................... 4-5
Advantages of Views................................................................................................................. 4-6
Simple Views and Complex Views............................................................................................ 4-7
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-8
Creating a View.......................................................................................................................... 4-9
Retrieving Data from a View..................................................................................................... 4-12
Modifying a View...................................................................................................................... 4-13
Creating a Complex View.......................................................................................................... 4-14
View Information....................................................................................................................... 4-15
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-16
Rules for Performing DML Operations on a View.................................................................... 4-17
Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Clause............................................................................... 4-20
Denying DML Operations......................................................................................................... 4-21
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 4-22
Removing a View....................................................................................................................... 4-24
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 4-25
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 4-26
Practice 4: Overview.................................................................................................................. 4-27

xiv
Chapter 5: Managing Schema Objects
Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 5-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 5-3
Adding a Constraint Syntax....................................................................................................... 5-4
Adding a Constraint................................................................................................................... 5-5
Dropping a Constraint................................................................................................................ 5-6
Dropping a CONSTRAINT ONLINE....................................................................................... 5-7
ON DELETE Clause.................................................................................................................. 5-8
Cascading Constraints................................................................................................................ 5-9
Renaming Table Columns and Constraints................................................................................ 5-11
Disabling Constraints................................................................................................................. 5-12
Enabling Constraints.................................................................................................................. 5-13
Constraint States........................................................................................................................ 5-14
Deferring Constraints................................................................................................................. 5-15
Difference Between INITIALLY DEFERRED and INITIALLY IMMEDIATE....................... 5-16
DROP TABLE … PURGE........................................................................................................ 5-18
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 5-19
Temporary Tables....................................................................................................................... 5-20
Creating a Temporary Table....................................................................................................... 5-21
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 5-22
External Tables........................................................................................................................... 5-23
Creating a Directory for the External Table............................................................................... 5-24
Creating an External Table......................................................................................................... 5-26
Creating an External Table by Using ORACLE_LOADER...................................................... 5-28
Querying External Tables........................................................................................................... 5-30
Creating an External Table by Using ORACLE_DATAPUMP: Example................................. 5-31
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 5-32
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 5-33
Practice 5: Overview.................................................................................................................. 5-34

Chapter 6: Retrieving Data by Using Subqueries

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 6-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-3
Retrieving Data by Using a Subquery as a Source.................................................................... 6-4
xv
 Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-6
Multiple-Column Subqueries..................................................................................................... 6-7
Column Comparisons................................................................................................................ 6-8
Pairwise Comparison Subquery................................................................................................. 6-9
Nonpairwise Comparison Subquery.......................................................................................... 6-10
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-11
Scalar Subquery Expressions..................................................................................................... 6-12
Scalar Subqueries: Examples..................................................................................................... 6-13
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-14
Correlated Subqueries................................................................................................................ 6-15
Using Correlated Subqueries: Example 1.................................................................................. 6-17
Using Correlated Subqueries: Example 2.................................................................................. 6-18
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-19
Using the EXISTS Operator...................................................................................................... 6-20
Find All Departments That Do Not Have Any Employees........................................................ 6-22
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 6-23
WITH Clause............................................................................................................................. 6-24
WITH Clause: Example............................................................................................................. 6-25
Recursive WITH Clause............................................................................................................ 6-26
Recursive WITH Clause: Example............................................................................................ 6-27
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 6-28
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 6-29
Practice 6: Overview.................................................................................................................. 6-30

Chapter 7: Manipulating Data by Using Subqueries

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 7-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-3
Using Subqueries to Manipulate Data....................................................................................... 7-4
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-5
Inserting by Using a Subquery as a Target................................................................................ 7-6
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-8
Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Keyword on DML Statements......................................... 7-9
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 7-11
Correlated UPDATE.................................................................................................................. 7-12
Using Correlated UPDATE........................................................................................................ 7-13

xvi
 Correlated DELETE.................................................................................................................. 7-15
Using Correlated DELETE........................................................................................................ 7-16
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 7-17
Practice 7: Overview.................................................................................................................. 7-18

Chapter 8: Controlling User Access

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 8-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-3
Controlling User Access............................................................................................................ 8-4
Privileges................................................................................................................................... 8-5
System Privileges....................................................................................................................... 8-6
Creating Users............................................................................................................................ 8-7
User System Privileges.............................................................................................................. 8-8
Granting System Privileges....................................................................................................... 8-10
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-11
What Is a Role?.......................................................................................................................... 8-12
Creating and Granting Privileges to a Role............................................................................... 8-13
Changing Your Password........................................................................................................... 8-14
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-15
Object Privileges........................................................................................................................ 8-16
Granting Object Privileges......................................................................................................... 8-18
Passing On Your Privileges........................................................................................................ 8-19
Confirming Granted Privileges.................................................................................................. 8-20
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 8-21
Revoking Object Privileges....................................................................................................... 8-22
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 8-24
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 8-25
Practice 8: Overview.................................................................................................................. 8-26

Chapter 9: Manipulating Data

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 9-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-3
Explicit Default Feature: Overview........................................................................................... 9-4
Using Explicit Default Values.................................................................................................... 9-5
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-6
xvii
 Multitable INSERT Statements: Overview................................................................................ 9-7
Types of Multitable INSERT Statements................................................................................... 9-9
Multitable INSERT Statements.................................................................................................. 9-10
Unconditional INSERT ALL..................................................................................................... 9-12
Conditional INSERT ALL: Example......................................................................................... 9-13
Conditional INSERT ALL......................................................................................................... 9-14
Conditional INSERT FIRST: Example...................................................................................... 9-16
Conditional INSERT FIRST...................................................................................................... 9-17
Pivoting INSERT....................................................................................................................... 9-19
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-22
MERGE Statement.................................................................................................................... 9-23
MERGE Statement Syntax........................................................................................................ 9-24
Merging Rows: Example........................................................................................................... 9-25
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-28
FLASHBACK TABLE Statement............................................................................................. 9-29
Using the FLASHBACK TABLE Statement............................................................................. 9-31
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 9-32
Tracking Changes in Data.......................................................................................................... 9-33
Flashback Query: Example........................................................................................................ 9-34
Flashback Version Query: Example........................................................................................... 9-35
VERSIONS BETWEEN Clause................................................................................................ 9-36
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 9-37
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 9-39
Practice 9: Overview.................................................................................................................. 9-40

Chapter 10: Managing Data in Different Time Zones

Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 10-2
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-3
Time Zones................................................................................................................................ 10-4
TIME_ZONE Session Parameter............................................................................................... 10-5
CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, and LOCALTIMESTAMP........................... 10-6
Comparing Date and Time in a Session’s Time Zone................................................................ 10-7
DBTIMEZONE and SESSIONTIMEZONE............................................................................. 10-9
TIMESTAMP Data Types.......................................................................................................... 10-10
TIMESTAMP Fields.................................................................................................................. 10-11

xviii
Difference Between DATE and TIMESTAMP.......................................................................... 10-12
Comparing TIMESTAMP Data Types....................................................................................... 10-13
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-14
INTERVAL Data Types.............................................................................................................. 10-15
INTERVAL Fields...................................................................................................................... 10-17
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH: Example............................................................................... 10-18
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Data Type: Example.............................................................. 10-20
Lesson Agenda........................................................................................................................... 10-21
EXTRACT................................................................................................................................. 10-22
TZ_OFFSET.............................................................................................................................. 10-23
FROM_TZ................................................................................................................................. 10-25
TO_TIMESTAMP..................................................................................................................... 10-26
TO_YMINTERVAL................................................................................................................... 10-27
TO_DSINTERVAL.................................................................................................................... 10-28
Daylight Saving Time (DST)..................................................................................................... 10-29
Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 10-31
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 10-32
Practice 10: Overview................................................................................................................ 10-33

xix