Sailing hydrofoil

A sailing hydrofoil, hydrofoil sailboat, or hydrosail is a sailboat with wing-like

foils mounted under the hull. As the craft increases its speed the hydrofoils lift the
hull up and out of the water, greatly reducing wetted area, resulting in decreased
drag and increased speed. A sailing hydrofoil can achieve speeds exceeding twice
the wind speed.

Both monohull and multihull sailboats can be retrofitted with hydrofoils, although
greater stability can be achieved by using the wider planform of a catamaran or
trimaran.

Sailing hydrofoil catamaran with

Contents wingsail.
Typical configurations
Foiling Classes
Monohulls
International Moth
Laser dinghy
Optimist
Catamarans
America's Cup catamarans
C-Class catamarans
A-Class catamarans
Nacra 17 catamaran
Nacra F20 catamaran
Flying Phantom
iFLY15
Trimarans
TriFoiler
WindRider Rave

Experimental designs
See also
References
External links

Typical configurations
Some multihulls use three foils; two main forward foils provide lift so that the boat "flies" while a horizontal foil on the rudder is
trimmed to drive and control altitude. On catamarans, a single main foil can be attached between the hulls just in front of the
center of
gravity and at 2 degrees of incidence, spanning the tunnel with supporting struts. Hydrofoil catamarans are also called
foilcats.

Multihull sailboats can also employ hydrofoils only to assist performance. Just as daggerboards and rudders are foils that enhance the
control of a boat, assisting hydrofoils provide lift to the hull to reduce the wetted area without actually lifting the boat completely out
of the water.
Monohull boats typically employ a "ladder" arrangement of hydrofoils splayed out with a dihedral angle of 50 degrees, with a
stabilizing rudder foil. One of the earliest examples is the Monitor boat from 1957.[1] This design offers the advantages of maximum
lifting foil area at slow speeds and less at higher speeds, with rolling resistance arising from the dihedral support of the outboard
ladder foils.

Foiling Classes

Monohulls

International Moth
The most widespread use of hydrofoils in sailboats to date has been in the
International Moth class. Andy Paterson of Bloodaxe boats on the Isle of Wight is
widely considered to have developed the first functional foiling Moth, though his
boat had three foils in a tripod arrangement. Brett Burvill sailed a narrow skiff Moth
with inclined surface-piercing hydrofoils to a race win at the Moth World
Championships in 2001 in Australia, which was the first time a hydrofoil Moth had
won a race at a World Championship. This hydrofoil configuration was later
declared illegal by the class, as it was felt to constitute a multihull, which is
prohibited by class rules. Initially Ian Ward in Sydney, Australia developed the first
centerline foiling Moth which demonstrated that sailing on centerboard and rudder
foils alone was feasible. Subsequently, Garth and John Ilett in Perth, Australia
developed a two-hydrofoil system for the Moth with active flap control for the main
foil via a surface sensor. John's company Fastacraft was the first to produce a
commercially available hydrofoil International Moth. Fasta Craft's Prowler design,
superseded in 2008 by the F-Zero, features a carbon-fiber hull, inverted "T" foils on
the centerboard and rudder, and can reach speeds of over 27 knots. Fasta Craft has
since been joined in producing hydrofoil Moths by several other companies, Rohan Veal sailing a Bladerider
including Bladerider, Assassin, Exocet, and Aardvark Technologies.

Although initially debated fiercely within the class, the adoption of hydrofoils has proven a success for the International Moth class,
with rapid fleet growth in the years since 2001. All World Championships since 2004 have been won by hydrofoil-equipped Moths,
which can become foilborne in as little as six knots of breeze when steered by an experienced sailor of lighter weight. The class rule
remains open to development of all boat components including hydrofoil systems, and development within the class continues to be
spurred by both commercial and individual/amateur ef
forts.

Laser dinghy
The first time a Laser foiled was in December 2009 by Ian Ward in Sydney,
Australia. Top speeds of around 23-25kts are possible with this kit. The foils can be
removed and the boat remains class legal. This foiling system is unique in that it is
retractable, has flapless foils and the height sensing 'wand' is integrated within the
centerboard.

Optimist
Glide Free Foils on a Laser sailing
The "world's least advanced sailboat" was converted to hydrofoiling by the dinghy
Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, in 2017. [2][3]
The Optimist, only 2.3 metres in length and with a sail area of 3.3 square metres, is normally limited to speeds below 4 knots. The
hydrofoils allows the optimist dinghy to achieve 12knots in only 12 knots of wind.

Catamarans

America's Cup catamarans

The 2013 America's Cup featured daggerboard catamarans. Under the terms of the
protocol, these daggerboards could not feature trim tabs, could not exceed the beam
of the boat when raised and could not be adjusted when lowered, but a loophole
exploited by three teams was to create T-shaped rudders and L-shaped daggerboards
of which the leeward appendage serves as a hydrofoil on all points of sailing
conditions in winds over 10 knots. On September 6, 2012 in Auckland, during Team
New Zealand's fifth day of trials, their boat achieved circa 40 knots (74 km/h) with a
level trim and no heeling with 17 knots of breeze.[4] AC45f sailing on hydrofoils with one
daggerboard raised above the water.
The 2015–16 America's Cup World Series was raced with hydrofoiling AC45f
catamarans, which are smaller versions of the AC72.

The 2017 America's Cup was raced in the fully-foilingAC50 class.

C-Class catamarans
[5]
Recent International C-class catamaranhave been foiling, and further development is expected.

A-Class catamarans
International A-class catamaranrules initially allowed hydrofoilsbut were changed to specifically limit the foil span in 2000 after the
measurer and president were approached by Jeremy Banks, an Australian sailor, with a hydrofoiling design. Over time sailors still
found a way to foil. The 2014 A-Class Catamaran World Titles in Takapuna New Zealand demonstrated early foiling capabilities to
the class.[6] Now the A-Class can foil stably downwind in 6 knots and upwind in 12 knots or more. Peak speeds are reported to be
about 30 knots and 2.5X wind speed.[7] The A-Class has set the standard for 4-point foiling that many classes are now adopting.
[8]

Nacra 17 catamaran
The Nacra 17 as raced at the 2016 Olympics was capable of elevated foiling under some conditions. For the 2017 World
2020 Tokyo Olympics.[9]
Championships, the Nacra was upgraded to a fully-foiling yacht, to be raced at the

Nacra F20 catamaran

The F20 is a catamaran similar in design to Nacra's former 20 foot catamaran, however it is made out of carbon fiber and uses curved
daggerboards as hydrofoils.

Flying Phantom
The Flying Phantom is a catamaran that uses curveddaggerboards as hydrofoils.

iFLY15
iFLY15 is a 15-foot hydrofoil catamaran equipped with automatic foils, built by CEC Catamarans GmbH. It uses a mechanical
automatic system to stabilize the horizontal trim in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Jibes are facilitated by the four T-
[10]
shaped foils which are always in the water and stabilize the boat.
Trimarans

TriFoiler
In the 1990s the Hobie Cat company manufactured the TriFoiler (no longer in
production), a twin-sail trimaran with a mainsail on each outrigger capable of 35+
knot speeds in typical sailing conditions, making the TriFoiler the fastest production
sailboat in the world. The prototype of the Hobie TriFoiler, called Longshot, was
developed by brothers Dan and Greg Ketterman in conjunction with Russell Long. The iFlY15 sailing on its stabilized
Though more streamlined than the Trifoiler and having smaller hydrofoils, Longshot four daggerboard hydrofoils.
still holds the Class A speedsailing record of 43.55 knots on a 500-meter course, set
in Tarifa Spain in 1993. Until recently, it was the only existing speedsailing record
held by a hydrofoil, but the recent records of Hydroptère have added to the list with record breaking runs across the English
Channel.[11]

WindRider Rave
In 1998, WindRider LLC introduced the WindRider Rave,[12] a popular two-person trimaran hydrofoil capable of lifting off in as
little as 12-13 knots of wind. The Rave is capable of sailing between 1.5 and 2 times wind speed.[13] The boat's mainsail has no
boom. The Rave broke new ground in the development of flapped foils and control systems.

Experimental designs
Non-production experimental designs have been built:

The French experimental Hydroptère has set numerous speed records.

The boat attained a record speed of 47.6 knots [14] with a goal of
[15]
breaking the "50 knot barrier" in 2008. On 4 September 2009,
l’Hydroptère broke the worldspeed sailing record, sustaining a speed of
51.36 knots for 500m.[16]
The Vestas Sailrocket 2, a boat specifically built for breaking the world
speed sailing record, accomplished this on 18 November 2012, and then
broke its own record on 24 November 2012 by sailing 65.45 knots.
A Hobie 18 foilcat prototype calledKangalope with foil kits attached.[17]
Mirabaud LX is a Swiss 1.2 meter hydrofoil boat with traditional hull
replaced with centerfloat, supporting spar for foil, sail and crew perch
similar to moth sailing boat.[18]
Rich Miller's hydrofoil sailboard.[19]

See also
Hydrofoil board
Hydroptère L'hydroptère experimental hydrofoil.
Hobie TriFoiler

References
1. "Monitor specs" (http://www.foils.org/gallery/monitor.htm). International Hydrofoil Socieity. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
2. https://www.chalmers.se/en/news/Pages/The-optimist-dinghy-proves-it-can-fly.aspx. Missing or empty |title=
(help)
3. Chalmers Univ. of Technology. "The Foiling Optimist" (https://vimeo.com/213642315). Vimeo.com. Retrieved
5 January 2018.
 4. Team NZ's new catamaran in full flight(http://tvnz.co.nz/sailing-news/team-nz-s-new-catamaran-in-full-flight-video-50
66890), TVNZ, 2012-09-06
5. Foiling 'Little Cup' Cats set for prestigious C-Class Championship rophy
T (http://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/1
72395/Foiling-Little-Cup-Cats-set)
6. Worlds @Takapuna: Day 1, Report by Bob Griffits (http://www.a-cat.org/?q=node/359)
7. "DNA | HOLLAND COMPOSITES present the 2015 A-Cat W
orlds" (https://vimeo.com/139455209). Vimeo. Retrieved
2017-02-03.
8. "Catamaran Racing, News & Design"(http://www.catsailingnews.com/search/label/A-Class). Catamaran Racing,
News & Design. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
9. "WHO CAN TAME THE FOILING CAT?" (https://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/news/201712/who-can-tame-the-foiling-cat).
Yachting New Zealand. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
10. "Articles about iFly15" (http://www.xssailing.com/category/ifly15/). XS Sailing.
11. "Hobie TriFoiler History" (http://www.hobiecat.com/sailing/history_trifoiler.html). Retrieved 2008-05-15.
12. "WindRider Rave" (http://www.windrider.com/rave.shtml). Retrieved 2008-05-15.
13. Burns, Thom (1998). "The Rave Hydrofoil" (http://www.sailingbreezes.com/Sailing_Breezes_Current/advertisers/rav
e/rave_redefining.htm). Sailing Breezes online magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
14. "Assault on the World Sailing Speed Record"(https://web.archive.org/web/20110706102059/http://www .boatweb.co
m.au/2008/02/11/assault-on-the-world-sailing-speed-record/)
. 2008-02-11. Archived fromthe original (http://www.boa
tweb.com.au/2008/02/11/assault-on-the-world-sailing-speed-record/)on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
15. "l'Hydroptère, new version"(https://web.archive.org/web/20090418085617/http://www .hydroptere.com/_en/actu_deta
il.php?id_actu=41#centre). 2007-12-14. Archived fromthe original (http://www.hydroptere.com/_en/actu_detail.php?i
d_actu=41#centre) on April 18, 2009. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
16. "L'Hydroptère, monstre de vitesse"(https://www.lequipe.fr/Voile/Actualites/L-hydroptere-monstre-de-vitesse/57439)
.
L’Équipe. 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
17. Carlson, Dave. "Hydrofoil! (Hobie 18 foilcatKangalope)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110721101933/http://www .fa
stsail.com/catcobbler/). Archived from the original (http://www.fastsail.com/catcobbler/)on July 21, 2011. Retrieved
2008-05-15.
18. "Mirabaud LX" (http://mlxfoiler.wordpress.com/).
19. "The Miller Hydrofoil Sailboard"(http://www.foils.org/miller.htm). International Hydrofoil Society. 2007-09-11.
Retrieved 2008-05-15.

External links
Foils.org gallery of sailing hydrofoils
Miller Hydrofoil Sailboard- a hydrofoil windsurfer experiment
Sailing Cat with Foils
Trimaran Foil Assisted
Aspects of a Foiled Multihull
Glide Free Foils for the Laser sailing dinghy

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