4–15 Solutions to Exercises

Homework Exercises for Chapter 4

Solutions

EXERCISE 4.1
Transforming the weak-BE integral by parts as before:
  L  
κ   
(M ) δw d x = M κ δw d x − M κ δθ w  − V κ δw , (E4.5)
0 B B

and adding to the other weak relations we get

 L  L  
w κ  κ  
(M δκ + M δw − M δκ) d x − q δw d x − M̂ δθ w  − V̂ δw , (E4.6)
0 0 B B

L L L
The integral (M w δκ + M κ δw ) d x is the variation of 8 M w κ d x whereas the integral −M κ δκ d x
0 L 0 0
is the variation of − 2 1
0
M κ κ d x. Therefore the required functional is
 L  L  
w  

[w, κ] = (M − 1
2
Mκ) κ dx − w
q w d x − M̂ θ  − V̂ w . (E4.7)
0 0 B B

to which the one given in the Exercise statement can be contracted. If the PBC is made weak the following
additional boundary term appears:
 
 
(ŵ − w) V κ  + (θ̂ − θ w ) M κ  . (E4.8)
A A

EXERCISE 4.2
Integrating U by parts:
 L  L  L  
 2     
U= 1
2
E I (w ) d x = 1
2
Mw d x = 1
2
M w dx + 1
2
Mw  − 2 M w
1
(E4.9)
0 0 0 B B

At equilibrium M  = q, M̂ = M| B and V̂ = −M  | B , which substituted in the above gives

 L  
 
U= 1
2
qw d x + 12 M̂w  + 12 V̂ w = 12 W. (E4.10)
0 B B

EXERCISE 4.3

To be done. (not assigned so far)

L L L L
8 Proof: δ 0 M w κ d x = δ 0 (M w δκ + δ M w κ )d x = 0
(M w δκ + M κ δκ w )d x = 0
(M w δκ + M κ δw  )d x. The
tricky part is M w κ = E I w  κ = E I κw = M κ κ w .

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Chapter 4: THE BERNOULLI-EULER BEAM 4–16

EXERCISE 4.4
Transforming the weak-BE integral by parts:
  L  
 
(M κ ) δw d x = M κ δw d x − M κ δθ w  − V κ δw , (E4.11)
0 B B

and adding to the other weak relations we get

 L  L  L  
w κ κ   
(M − M ) δκ d x + M δw d x − q δw d x − M̂ δθ w  − V̂ δw , (E4.12)
0 0 0 B B

The first integral is the variation of

 L
(M κ κ − 12 M κ κ) d x, (E4.13)
0

whereas the second is the variation of

 L  L  L  L
κ   
M w dx = E Iκ w dx = E I w κ dx = M w κ d x. (E4.14)
0 0 0 0

Therefore the required functional is

 L  L  L  
κ w κ   w

[w, κ] = 1
2
M κ dx + (M − M ) κ d x − q w d x − M̂ θ  − V̂ w , (E4.15)
0 0 0 B B

as in the Exercise statement. This may be further contracted to

 L  L  
w  

[w, κ] = (M − 1
2
Mκ) κ dx − q w d x − M̂ θ w  − V̂ w . (E4.16)
0 0 B B

If the PBC is made weak the following additional boundary term appears:
 
 
(ŵ − w) V κ  + (θ̂ − θ w ) M κ  . (E4.17)
A A

The derivation is very similar to that of Exercise 4.1 and gives

   
L
1 κ w
 L
 

[w, κ, M] = 2
M κ + M(κ − κ) d x − qw d x − M̂θ w  − V̂ w . (E4.18)
0 0 B B

Note: there is an infinite number of three-field functionals and associated weak forms. The one shown above
leads to the historically important Hu-Washizu functional. If you start from a different diagram you may arrive
at another three-field functional.

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