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Political Parties in India WWW Tnpsctamil in

1. This document discusses the history and provisions of the Indian Constitution. It outlines the key events in the adoption of the Constitution such as the appointment of drafting committees and the introduction of bills. 2. It then summarizes some of the fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy contained in Parts 3 and 4 of the Constitution. Key principles around equality, freedom of speech and expression are highlighted. 3. The document also provides an overview of the fundamental duties of citizens introduced as part of the 42nd amendment in 1976 to balance fundamental rights.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
231 views24 pages

Political Parties in India WWW Tnpsctamil in

1. This document discusses the history and provisions of the Indian Constitution. It outlines the key events in the adoption of the Constitution such as the appointment of drafting committees and the introduction of bills. 2. It then summarizes some of the fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy contained in Parts 3 and 4 of the Constitution. Key principles around equality, freedom of speech and expression are highlighted. 3. The document also provides an overview of the fundamental duties of citizens introduced as part of the 42nd amendment in 1976 to balance fundamental rights.

Uploaded by

gsdurai.mba2725
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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,e;jpa murpayikg;G

murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d>

xU ehl;L kf;fis Ml;rp GhpAk; mbg;gilahd murpay;


Kiwiaf; $WtNj me;ehl;bd; murpayikg;G MFk;. murpd;
jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig> eph;thfk;> ePjpj;Jiw
Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J>
nghWg;Gfisg; gFj;J> gu];guk; mtw;Wf;F ,ilNaAk;> mtw;Wld;
kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtNj murpayikg;G MFk;.

murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs;

1. 1922y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpah;fSf;nfd murpay; rl;lk;


cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd fUjpdhh;.

2. Nk 16 1946 - fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia


Fwpj;J mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.

3. 9 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;`h ,e;jpa murpay;


eph;za rigapd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
4. 11 brk;gh; 1946 - lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,e;jpa murpay;
eph;za rigapd; epue;ju jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
5. ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13 FOf;fis mikj;jJ.

6. Njhuhakhd tiuT tp.vd;. uht; mth;fshy; jahhpf;fggl;lJ.

7. Murpayikg;G Kd;Djhuzq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; %d;W


thpirfspy; jug;gl;l me;jg; gpd;dzp tptuq;fspy; Rkhh; mWgJ
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ehLfspd; murpay; rl;lq;fspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; njhFj;Jj;


jug;gl;bUe;jd. lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay;
rl;l tiut[f;F xd;W 1947 Mf];l; 29Mk; njjp
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

8. tiuTf;FO 7 cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;lJ.


jiyth;: gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh;
kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs;: Nfhghy];thkp Ia;aq;fhh;> Myb
fpU~;z];thkp Iah;> Nf.vk;. Kd;rp> iraJ KfkJ rJyh> vd;.
khjtuht;> b.b. fpU~;zkhr;rhhp.

9. 1949 etk;gh; 26Mk; Njjp murpay; eph;za rig thapyhf ,e;jpa


,iwahz;ik kf;fshl;rpf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;ig ,e;jpa
kf;fs; ,aw;wp Vw;W nfhz;L jkf;Fj;jhNk mspj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; ,khyag; gzpia %d;W
Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt murpay; eph;zarig ntw;wpfukhf
epiwNtw;wptpl;lJ.

10. 1950 [dthp 26k; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G


eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %yq;fs;

%yq;fs; filgpbf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs;


1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;f murpayikg;gpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 75%
rl;lk; ,jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. Ml;rp
mikg;gpd; mbg;gil> khepy
cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtJ>
mtru epiy gpufldk;.
Ihp~; murpay; mikg;G NewpKiw Nfl;ghLfs;. FbauR

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jiyth; Njh;th;> uh[;a rigapd;


epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauR
jiytuhy; Njh;en; jLf;fg;gLtJ.
fdlh murpay; mikg;G $l;luR mikg;G> xd;wpa khepy
muRfSf;F ,ilNaahd cwT>
mjpfhug; gfph;T
M];jpNuypa murpay; mikg;G xd;wpa-khepyg; nghJg;gl;bay;>
xd;wpa-khepy cwT> thzpfk;>
ehlhSkd;w chpikfs;
n[h;kd; murpay; mikg;G mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ
mbg;gil chpikfis ePfF; tJ
A.v];.v. murpay; mikg;G $l;lhl;rp> ePjpj;Jiwapd;
jdpTAhpik> ePjpj;Jiwapd;
kWghprPyid> mbg;gil
chpikfs;> cah; ePjpkd;w> cr;r
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis ePfF
; tJ
Fwpj;J
gphpl;b~; murpay; mikg;G xw;iwf;FbTAhpik> rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rp> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw.

Kfg;Giu

nghUs;: Kfg;Giu vdg;gLtJ> ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J


itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;. NkYk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;iffis Ghpe;J
nfhs;sTk;> rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; rl;lj;jpd;
Kfg;Giu nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.

hP ngUghhp tof;fpy; “Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU


gFjp MfhJ” vd $wg;gl;lJ. (1960)

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Nfrthde;jghujp tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ngUghhp tof;fpd;


fUj;jpid kWj;J Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpNa
MFk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. (1973)

1976k; Mz;by; 42tJ murpay; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.


,j;jpUj;jk; Kfg;Giuapy; %d;W nrhw;fis GFj;jp cs;sJ. mjhtJ
rkjh;knewp> rkar; rhh;gpd;ik> kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL.

 ,e;jpah kw;Wk; mjd; vy;iyfs;: gFjp 1 ~uj;J xd;wpypUe;J


ehd;F tiu
 FbThpik - gFjp 2 ~uj;J Ie;J Kjy; gjpndhd;W tiu

FbThpik rl;lk; 1955y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 1986k; Mz;L


,r;rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.

mbg;gil chpikfs; (~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp-


gFjp-3)

mbg;gil chpikfspd; tifg;ghL:

1. rkj;Jt chpik (~uj;Jfs; 14-18)


2. Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 19-22)
3. Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik (~uj;Jfs; 23-24)
4. rka Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 25-28)
5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; chpikfs; (~uj;Jfs; 29-30)
6. murpayikg;G jPht; opfs; ngw chpik (~uj;Jfs; 32-35)

 Nkw;gb mbg;gil chpikfspy; nrhj;Jhpik ePff


; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjdhy; ~uj;J 19(i) (f) k; ~uj;J 31k; murpay; mikg;gpypUe;J
vL;fg;gl;L ~uj;J 300A = apy; NrHf;ff;gl;Ls;sJ.

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 ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; mbg;gil chpikfs;


mikf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fNk rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
 rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ mbg;gil
chpikfspd; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;. muR kw;Wk; muR rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Jiwfs; jiyapLk;NghJjhd;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; Njitg;ghL
vOk;. MjhtJ mbg;gil chpikfis muRf;F vjpuhfj; jhd;
vOg;g KbAk;. jdp kdpj nray;fSf;F vjpuhf mbg;gil
chpikfisf; Nfhu KbahJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy;> ePjpKiw kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk; gw;wp 13>
32> 226 Nghd;w ~uj;Jfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ~uj;J 14 “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;” kw;Wk; “rl;lq;fspd; %yk;
rk ghJfhg;G” vd;w ,U nrhw;nwhlh;fSk;> ePjpapd; Ml;rpiaAk;
rkePjpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. “rl;lj;jpd;Kd; rkj;Jtk;” vd;gjpy;
xUikapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s “rl;lk;” vd;gJ> ilrp vd;gth;
Fwpg;gpl;l ePjpapd; Ml;rp my;yJ rl;lf; Nfhl;ghL my;yJ ePjpf;
Nfhl;ghL vd;gijNa Fwpf;Fk;.
 ~uj;J 15 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> gpwg;gpl NtWghLfspdhy;
ghugl;rk; fhl;lhik.
 ~uj;J 16 rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> tk;rhtop> gpwg;gpl> ,Ug;gpl
NtWghLfspdhy; kl;Lk; muRg;gjtpia my;yJ Ntiyiag; ngwj;
jFjp ,y;iy vd;W ve;jf; FbkfDf;Fk; ghugl;rk; fhl;lf;$lhJ.
 1992k; Mz;L etk;gh; 16k; Njjp kz;ly; fkp~d; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb
r%fhPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gphptpdUf;F 27
tpOf;fhL ,lxJf;fL P nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ~uj;J 17 jPzl
; hik xopg;G - jPzl
; hikr; rl;lk; 1955> gpd;dh;
,jidNa ‘rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;’ vd 1976y;
khw;wg;gl;lJ.

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 ~uj;J 18 ‘gl;lq;fs; xopg;G’ vdpDk; uhZtj;jpYk; fy;tpj;


JiwapYk; rhjid GhpNthUf;Fg; gl;lq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F
tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ~uj;J 19 Rje;jpu chpik

19 (1)
a. Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;
b. MAjq;fs; ,y;yhky; mikjpahff; $l;lk; $Ltjw;Fr;
Rje;jpuk;
c. rq;fq;fs; mikg;gjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk;
d. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpf;Fs; vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ngha;
tUtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
e. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;fTk;
FbapUg;gjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
g. ve;jj; njhopiyNah> tpahghuj;ijNah> thzpfj;ijNah
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

 1978Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l 44tJ murpay; rl;l


jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G nrhj;JhpikahdJ ~uj;J 31d; fPo; xU
mbg;gil chpikahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; rpf;fy;fs; gy vOe;jjhy;>
44tJ murpay; rl;l jpUj;jkhdJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> mbg;gil
chpikahf ,Ue;j nrhj;Jhpik> ~uj;J 300d; fPo; rhjhuz
chpikahf;fg;gl;lJ. ~uj;J 31 ePff
; k; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 Fw;wq;fSf;Fj; jz;lidaspg;gJ Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G: ~uj;J 20
,e;jg; gphpT kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mtru
epiyapd; NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j
chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ
jpUj;jr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.
 ~uj;J 21 capUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;G:
rl;lj;jpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb my;yhky; ve;j xU
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eghpd; capiuAk; jdpr; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; gwpf;f KbahJ vd;W


murpayikg;gpd; 21MtJ gphpT cj;juthjkspf;fpwJ. ,JTk;
mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j
chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ.
 ~uj;J 22 ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk;> fhtypy; itf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;
vjpuhd ghJfhg;G.
 ~uj;J 22 (1) jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lk;. MNyhridf;FO NghJkhd
fhuzk; ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhy; xopa ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gbAk; jLg;G
%d;W khjq;fSf;F Nky; Nghf mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. mj;Jld;>
jLg;Gf; fhtYf;F tifnra;Ak; ve;jr; rl;lkhdhYk;> mjpfgl;rk;
vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;Fj; jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fyhk; vd;gijAk;
fz;bg;ghff; $wpahf Ntz;Lk;.
 ~uj;J 23 Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G. rl;ltpNuhjkhf
kdpjh;fis tpahghuk; nra;tJ> ‘ngfh;’ eph;gg
; e;jg;gLj;jp Ntiy
thq;FtJ Nghd;w Ruz;ly;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.
 ~uj;J 24 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fisj;
njhopw;rhiyfspNyh> Ruq;fq;fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd
njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F mkh;jJ
; tijj; jil nra;fpwJ.
 ~uj;J 25. Fbkf;fs;> vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk; ,d;wp ve;jr;
rkaj;ijAk; Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk; gug;gTk; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
cz;L.
 ~uj;J 26. vy;yh rkaj;jtUf;Fk;> rkag; gphptpdUf;Fk;> rka
kw;Wk; mwepiya mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpg; guhkhpf;f> rkak;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp~aq;fisj; jhNk eph;tfpj;Jf;nfhs;s>
nrhj;Jf;fis thq;fp eph;tfpf;fj; Njitahd mbg;gil
chpikia mspf;fpwJ.
 ~uj;J 27. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpd; tsh;rr
; pf;fhfTk;>
guhkhpg;gpw;fhfTk; MFk; nryTfSf;fhf thp nrYj;JkhW ve;j
xU egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ.

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 ~uj;J 28. Kw;wpYk; murhq;f epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp


epWtdq;fspy; rka Nghjid $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
 ~uj;J 29. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapNyDk; trpf;fpd;w
Fbkf;fspd; ve;j xU gphptpdUk; jkf;nfd;W gpuj;Nafkhd
nkhopiaNah> vOj;J tbtj;ijNah> gz;ghl;ilNah
nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg; Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; chpik
mth;fSf;F cz;L.
 ~uj;J 30. rpWghd;ikapdh; midtUk; - mth;fs; rkar;
rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; nkhopr; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; - mth;fs;
tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g> fy;tp epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp eph;tfpg;gjw;F
chpikAz;L.
 ~uj;J 32. 1. ePjpg;Nguhiz Ntz;Lk; kDit cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
jhf;fy; nra;ahky;> xU egh; Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;. 2. murpayikg;gpd; 3tJ gFjpapy;
cj;jputhjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; nghOJ>
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhiz ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.

1. Ml;nfhzh;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd


Kiwapy; rpiwg;gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;fr; nra;a
,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
2. nraYWj;Jk; ePjpNguhiz: nghJf;flikahd xU nraiy Xh;
mjpfhhp my;yJ $l;likg;G my;yJ fPo; ePjpkd;wk; nra;aj;
jtwpdhy; mf;flikiar; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
3. jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: fPo; ePjpkd;wNkh> Ml;rp
mjpfhhpNah jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ rl;l Kuzhf
VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy;> mij Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jhky;
nra;a> ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
4. newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: ePjpKiw rhh;ej
;
mYty;fisr; nra;Ak; jPHg;ghaq;fs;> mjpfhhpfs;> jk; mjpfhu
tuk;ig kPwp nray;gl;lhNyh mwKiwf;F khwhf eltbf;if

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vLj;jhNyh mtw;iw kW Ma;T nra;J ePff ; k; nra;tjw;nfd


mit rk;ge;jkhd Mtzq;fisj; jkf;F mDg;GkhW
ePjpkd;wk; MizapLtJjhd; newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz
MFk;.
5. jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz: nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy;
cs;stiu mth; vj;jFjpapy; mg;gjtp tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w
tpdtp> gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Mizjhd; jFjpKiw tpdTk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz MFk;.

mbg;gilf; flikfs;

1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;)


rl;lkhdJ> ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd;
njhFg;gpid mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jw;fhf 51- 51-A vDk; xU
~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy;
gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfs;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;
gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLfpwJ.

gj;J Gjpjhf murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j


~uj;jpd; fPo; mg;gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfs; gpd;tUkhW
$wg;gLfpwJ.

1. murpayikg;gpidg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>


mikg;Gfs;> Njrpaf;nfhb kw;Wk; ,tw;wpw;F khpahij
nrYj;J; jy;;
2. ekJ ehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij J}z;ba cah;ej ;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gpd;gw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghw;wp tsh;jj; y;

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3. ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wik> ,iwik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il


epiyepWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy;
4. ehl;bidg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; nghOJ Njrpag;
gzpGhpjy;
5. rkak;> nkhop kw;Wk; tl;lhuk; my;yJ gphpT NtWghLfisf;
fle;J ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fs; nghJ rNfhjuj;Jt czh;T kw;Wk;
,zf;fj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;; ngz;fspd; Nkd;ikiaj;
jho;jJ; fpd;w gof;fq;fisj; Jwj;jy;.
6. ekJ gy;tifahd fyhr;rhuj;jpd; cah;ej ; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F
kjpg;G mspj;jy; kw;Wk; NgZjy;
7. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; td tho;fi ; f cs;spl;l
,aw;if Rw;Wg;Gw #oiy ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
kw;Wk; thOk; caphpdq;fSf;fhf ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;
8. Ma;twpT tpisT epiy> kdpj eyk; kw;Wk; tprhuiz czh;T
kw;Wk; rPhj
; pUj;jq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
9. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;F ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;;
10. vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;> jdpkdpjd; kw;Wk; $l;Lr; nray;ghLfspd;
Kjd;ik epiyia Nehf;fp KaYjy; kw;Wk; ,jdhy;> ehL
Kaw;rpapd; cah;gb epiy rhjidfis Nehf;fp epiyahf
caUfpwJ.

,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;

 ~uj;J 52. ,e;jpahtpw;F xU FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;


vd;Wk; ,th; ,e;jpa murpd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;Wk;
murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk;> ,th; mt;tjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa murpay;
mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L NeubahfNth> jdJ fPOs;s mjpfhhpfs;
%ykhfNth nraYWj;jyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

jFjpfs;
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1. xU ,e;jpa FbkfdhfTk;
2. 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhfTk;
3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; rigf;Fg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp
ngw;wtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ VjhtnjhU khepy
murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ Nkw;fz;l murhq;fq;fspd; fPo;
,aq;Fk; VjhtnjhU tl;lhu my;yJ gpw mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh
Mjha mbg;gilapy; mike;j ve;j xU gjtpiaAk;
tfpg;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.

Cjpak;

khjr;rk;gsk; - &.1>50>000

NkYk; thlif juhky; murhq;f FbapUg;ig gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s


chpikAz;L.

Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gLk; Kiw

kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf> mth; xU


Njh;jy; FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,j;Njh;jy;
FO (m) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; (M) khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fPoitahd
rl;lg;Nguitapd; Njh;eJ
; vLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,t;thW ~uj;J 54 $WfpwJ. ,j;Njh;jy;
FOtpduhy; FbauRj; jiytiuj; Njh;en ; jLf;Fk; NghJ tpfpjg;
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. cWg;gpdh;fs; mspf;Fk; Xl;L>
xw;iwkhw;W Xl;L MFk;.

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,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;> jhk; gjtp Vw;w jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5


Mz;Lfs; njhlh;eJ; gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. xUth; vj;jid Kiw
Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpj; Njh;jYf;Fg; Nghl;baplyhk;.

“FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJ” njhlh;ghd


eilKiwfis ~uj;J 61 $WfpwJ. FbauRj; jiyth; jhkhfNt
jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;. my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
VjhtJ xU mitapy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;F
cWg;gpdh;fSf;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU
jPhk
; hdj;jpd; thapyhf> FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ Fw;wQ;rhl;lyhk;.
Fw;wr;rhl;L jPhk
; hdj;jpd; efy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mJ
njhlq;fg;gLk; 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF
mj;jhP k
; hdk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;Ff;Ff; Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJ

1. nrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - cr;r kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;w


ePjpgjpfs; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fs;> ml;lhh;dp n[duy;>
jzpf;ifj; jiyth;> nghJg; gzpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdh;fs;. jho;jj
; g;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapdh;fSf;Fz;lhd jdp mYtyh;fs;> jho;jj
; g;gl;l
gFjpapd; tptuj;ij jahh; nra;Ak; FO gpw;gl;Nlhh; epiyia
MAk; FO kw;Wk; nkhop thhp rpWghd;ikapNdhUf;F jdp
mYtyh; ,th;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij FbauR jiyth;
ngw;Ws;shh;.
2. ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs;
3. J}jhz;ik mjpfhuq;fs;
4. rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitf;
$l;lq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; mitfisf; $l;Lk;
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mjpfhuKk;> xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; FbauRj; jiythplk;


cs;sJ. kf;fsitiaf; fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuKk;
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkyitahd> khepyq;fsitiaf; (uh[;a
rig) fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk;> FbauR
jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rigfspy; ciu epfo;jj ; Tk;> my;yJ
,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; ciu epfo;jj ; Tk; chpikg;
ngw;W cs;shh;. rigfSf;Fr; nra;jp mDg;Gk; chpikiaAk;
,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. (~uj;J 86) Nkyitahd khepyq;fsitf;f
12 cWg;gpdh;fisAk;> fPoitahd kf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh
,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;.

FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh


Fwpj;J jdJ ,irtpid mspf;fyhk;. (~uj;J 111) my;yJ epWj;jp
itf;fyhk;> my;yJ gz kNrhjh jtpu rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fspy; jhk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tpguk; Fwpj;J kPzL
; k; kW ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf
mk;kNrhjhit mitf;Nf jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;. mk;kNrhjh FbauRj;
jiythpd; Nahridg;gb jpUj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh
kPzL
; k; mtUila ,irtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> FbauRj; jiyth;
jd;Dila ,irtpid mspf;f> kWf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; epjp
kNrhjhf;fisf; FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; nra;a
KbahJ.

XU rhjhuz kNrhjh Fwpj;J> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U


mitfSf;F ,ilNa Kuz;ghL vONkahapd;> mjidj; jPhj ; J
;
itf;f> ,U mitfspd; $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;a FbauRj;
jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L (~uj;J 108).

,;ej
; pa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;
wpQh;

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murhq;fj; jpw;F rl;l rk;ge;jkhd tp~aq;fspy; MNyhrid


toq;fTk; rl;l rk;ge;jkhf ,lg;gLg; gpw gzpfis nra;aTk;
cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp Mf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfis cila
xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj; jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. (~uj;J 76) FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu
muRj;jiyik tof;fwpQh; gjtp tfpg;ghh;. vdpDk; murhq;fj;jpd;
MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa mth; epakpf;fg;gLtjhy; Ml;rp khwpaTld;
ml;lh;dp-n[duYk; gjtp tpyFtJ xU kughf cUthfptpl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kjypy;


jd;Dila fUj;ijf; Nfl;FkhW $Wk; chpik mtUf;F cz;L.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYNk $l;lj;njhlhpd;
eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhz;L NgRfpd;w chpikAk; mtUf;F cz;L
vdpDk; jPhk
; hdq;fspd;kJ
P thf;fspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ.

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ehlhSkd;wk;

FbauRj;jiyth;>; khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L


mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk;
mike;Js;sJ.

FbauRj;jiyth;:

ehlhSkd;wj;jp;y; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;lj;njhlh;


eilngwhjNghJ> FbauRj; jiyth; cldbahfr; nray;glNtz;ba
mtrpakhd #o;epiy ,Ug;gjhf mth; jpUg;jpaile;jhy;>
ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;ijg; NghyNt nray;tr P R
; ila
mtrur; rl;lj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; gpwg;gp;ff
; yhk;.

khepyq;fsit:
sit

xd;wpaj;jp;d; gy;NtW mq;fq;fshfpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpa


Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fsp;d; kiwKf gpujpepjpj;Jt
mikg;ghf khepyq;fsit jpfo;fpwJ. kf;fs;njhif mjpfKs;s
cj;jug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpf mjpfgl;rkhf 34
cWg;gpdh;fSk;> kzpg;G+h;> kpN[huk;> rpf;fpk;> jphpGuh Nghd;w rpwpa
khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J jyh xU cWg;gpdUk; khepyq;fsitf;Fj;
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fsitapy; 250;
- f;Fk; kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;. ,th;fspy; 12 Ngh;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;. 238 Ngh; khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;>
Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Njh;en; jLf;fg;gLth;.

kf;fsit :

kf;fshy; Neubahfj; Njh;en


; jLg;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;lJ. 18 taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; xt;nthUtUk;>
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rl;lj;jpd;gb jFjpapog;Gr; nra;ag;glhj gl;rj;jpy;> kf;fsitj;


Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; chpik ngw;wtuhthh;. khepyq;fspy; cs;s
njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
530 - f;F kpfhkYk;> Neub Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj;
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 20 - f;F kpfhkYk; nfhz;ljhf
kf;fsit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ.
NkYk;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; ,uz;L
cWg;gpdh;fisf; FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fsitf;F epakdk;
nra;ayhk;. ,t;thwhf> kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552
cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs


jFjpfs;:;

,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitf;F


cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F
cWg;gpduhfj; Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fsitf;Fk; khepyq;fsitf;Fk; jitth; xUtUk;,


Jizj;jiyth; xUtUk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;Gf;
$WfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd;
jiytUk; Mthh;. khepyq;fsitapd; Jizj;jiytuhf
jkf;Fs;NsNa xUtiu me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;en ; jLj;Jf;
nfhs;th;. kf;fsitapd; jiytiuAk; (rghehafh;)
Jizj;jiytiuAk; (Jiz rghehafh;)> jkf;Fs;NsNa me;j
mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fNs Njh;en ; jLg;gh;.

kf;fsitj;jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk;> kf;fsitapd;


cWg;gpdh;fshf ePbf;f Kbahj epiyapy; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
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,Uthpy; vtNuDk; gjtp tpyf vz;zpdhy; kw;wtUf;Fj; jkJ


gjtptpyfy; fbjj;ij mDg;g Ntz;Lk;. mth;fisg; gjtp ePff; k;
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> 14 ehl;fs; Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L
kf;fsitapd; ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdh;fsp;d; MjuNthL xU
jPhk
; hdj;ij epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fsitj;Jizj;
jiytiug; gjtp ePff ; k; nra;tjw;fhd ,Nj Nghd;w Vw;ghL gphpT 90-
y; nrhy;yg;gl;L cs;sJ. kf;fsitj; jiyth; njhlh;eJ ; gjtpapy;
,Ug;ghh;.

XU $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU $l;lj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa


MWkhj fhy ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. nghJthf xt;Nthuhz;Lk;
%d;W ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; mit 1. gl;n[l;
$l;lj;njhlh; (gpg;uthp>Nk) 2. kiof;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh;
([{iy>nrg;lk;gh;) 3. Fsph;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; (etk;gh;>brk;gh;).
Mdhy; khepyq;fsitapd; gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; kl;Lk; %d;W-ehd;F
thufhy ,ilntspAld; ,uz;L gFjpfshf eilngw;W> xuhz;by;
ehd;F $l;lj;njhlh;fshf eilngWk;.

ve;j Xh; mitahdhYk;> mjid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F mitapd;


nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak;
M[uhfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gz kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida epjp kNrhjhf;fs; jtpu NtW


ve;j kNrhjhthdhYk; mjid VNjDk; Xh; mitapy; Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. mt;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjh> FbauRj;
jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;gg;gLk; Kd;dh;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L
mitfspYk;> jpUj;jq;fs; VJkpd;wpNah> ,uz;L mitfSk;
xg;Gf;nfhz;l jpUj;jq;fSlNdh> Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gz
kNrhjhitj; jtpu> VNjDk; xU kNrhjh rk;ge;jkhf ,uz;L
mitfSf;Fk; ,Wjpahff; fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;

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mtw;iwj; jPhg ; g
; jw;fhff; FbauRj; jiyth; ,uz;L mitfspd;
$l;Lf; $l;lj;ij miof;fyhk;.

gz kNrhjh:-
kNrhjh:-

xU kNrhjh> gzkNrhjhth vd;w Iak; Njhd;wpdhy;> mjpy;


kf;fsitj; jiythpd; jPhg ; N
; g ,WjpahdJ. gzkNrhjhitf; FbauR
jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;Gk;NghJ> mJ xU gzkNrhjh vd;W
kf;fsit jiyth; rhd;wspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gzkNrhjhitf;
FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;> kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk
mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;. kf;fsitapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh;
khepyq;fsitf;F mDg;gg;gLk; gzkNrhjhtpd; kPJ VNjDk;
jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw 14
ehl;fSf;Fs; khepyq;fsit my;yJ VNjDk; xU jpUj;jj;ijNah>
jpUj;jq;fs; midj;ijANkh epuhfhpj;Jtplyhk;. jpUj;jq;fis
kf;fsit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lgbNa ,uz;L mitfSk; me;j kNrhjhit
Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;. khepyq;fsitapy; ,Ue;J 14
ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j kNrhjh jpUg;gp mDg;gg;glhtpl;lhYk;> kf;fsit
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tbtj;jpNyNa me;j kNrhjh ,uz;L mitfspYk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;.

Xh; cWg;gpdh; NgrpaJ Fwpj;Njh> thf;fspj;J Fwpj;Njh>


ehlhSkd;wj;ijj; jtpu NtW ve;j mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh my;yJ
ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh ve;jtpjkhd eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ
vd;W murpay; rl;lk; tpjpj;Js;sJ.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs; Xh; cWg;gpdh; Ngrpa Ngr;R ePjpkd;wj;ij


mtkjpg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk;$l> ve;j xU ePjpkd;wKk; mth; kPJ
eltbf;if vLf;f KbahJ.

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ePjpgjpfisg; gjtp ePff


; k; nra;tjw;fhd jPhk; hdj;jpd; kPJ
NgRk;NghJ jtpu kw;w rkaq;fspy;> mth;fspd; elj;ijia tpkh;rpf;f
$lhJ.

fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk;:-

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk;> khepyr; rl;lNguit


cWg;gpdh; gjtpapy; ,Ue;Jk; ,lj;ijf; fhypnra;tJ rk;ge;jkhf
Ik;gj;jpuz;lhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1985> murpayikg;gpd; 101> 102> 190>
191 Mfpa gphpTfisj; jpUj;jpaJld;> Gjpa ml;ltiz xd;iwAk;
(gj;jhtJ ml;ltiz) Nrh;jj; J. fl;rpj;jhty; fhuzkhf
cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtpapog;gJ rk;ge;jkhd rpy tifAiufs; ,e;jj;
jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Nrh;ff
; g;gl;ld.

ePjpj;Jiw

(~uj;J 124-147 kw;Wk; 214-237)

cr;r ePjpkd;wk;:-

jiyik ePjpgjp xUtUk;> gpw ePjpgjpfs; vOtiuAk;


nfhz;ljhf cr;rePjpkd;wk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
murpay; rl;lj;jpd; 124tJ gpHpT $WfpwJ. vdpDk; Vida
ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; mfpfhpf;f
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1986Mk; Mz;L
,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;gb> jiyik ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kw;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 25 Mf
eph;zapf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk;
cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Nghd;Nwhiuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisf; FbauRj;jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. jiyik ePjpgjp

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epakdk; jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; NghJ fl;lhakhfj;


jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp xt;nthUtUk; 65 taJtiu gjtpapy;


,Uf;fyhk;. FbauRj; jiythpd; Mizapd; NghpNyNa cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjp;gjp xUtiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePff ; KbAk;. FbauRj;jiyth;
mj;jifa Miziag; gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; rk;ge;jgl;l
ePjpgjpf;Fj; jpwik ,y;iy vd;Nwh> mth; KiwNflhf
ele;Jnfhz;lhh; vd;Nwh fhuzk; fhl;b> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L
mitfspYk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; M[uhfp
thf;fspj;Jg; ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld;> jdpj;jdpahf xU jPhk ; hdj;ij
epiwNtw;w> mjid ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; me;jf; $l;l njhlhpNyNa
FbauRj;jiythplk; rkh;gg ; pf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf gjtptfpj;j xUth;>


,e;jpahtpw;Fs; ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;FiuQuhfj; njhopy;
Ghpaf; $lhJ vd;W murpay; mikg;Gj;jil tpjpj;Js;sJ.

jw;NghJ cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F> khjnkhd;Wf;F


(&gha; 1>00>000) Vida ePjpgjpfSf;F 90>000 &ghAk;> Cjpakhf
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Cjpak; jtpu Vida gbfs;> ,ytrf; FbapUg;G>
ehLKOtJk; gazk; nra;agazr; nryTfs;> Xa;T+jpak; Nghd;w gpw
rYiffSk; mth;fSf;F cz;L.

VNjDk; xU rkaj;jpy; cr;rePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis


Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa ePjpgjpfs; ,y;iy vd;why;> ePjpkd;w
eltbf;iffisj; njhlh;eJ
; elj;Jtjw;fhf> cah;ej
P pkd;w
ePjpgjpfspilNa cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakdk; ngWk;
jFjpAilath;fisj; Njitahd fhyj;jpw;Fj; jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfshf
epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F cz;L. vdpDk;>
rk;ge;jg;gl;l cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpj;j
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gpd;dUk;> FbauRj;jiythpd; Kd; mDkjpiag; ngw;w gpd;dUNk


,j;jifa jw;fhypf epakdq;fisr; nra;ayhk;.

cr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;Gk;:

 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; %y ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 131


 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nky;KiwaPlL
; ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 132
 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid $Wk; ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 143
 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 137
 cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU gjpT nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk;. ~uj;J 129

cah;ej
P pkd;wk;:

xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; Xh; cah;ej


P pkd;wk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd
murpayikg;G tpjpf;fpwJ. vdpDk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk;> ,uz;L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ; khepyq;fSf;F nghJthdjhfTk; my;yJ
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;Fk; xU Neub Ml;rpg;
gFjpf;Fk; nghJthdjhfTk;> Xh; cah;ej P pkd;wj;ij ehlhSkd;wk;
cUthf;fyhk;.

cr;rePjpkd;wj;ijg; NghyNt xt;Nthh; cah;ej P pkd;wKk; Xh;


Mtz ePjpkd;wkhfj; jpfo;tJld;> %ytprhuiz tuk;G>
Nky;KiwaPlL ; tprhuiz tuk;G Mfpatw;Wld;> ePjpkd;w
mtkjpg;Gf;fhfj; jz;lid mspf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; cilajhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ.

cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy


MSeiuAk; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfisf;
FbauRj; jiyth; epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. cah;ejP pkd;wj;jpd; jiyik
ePjpgjpiaj; jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk;NghJ> cah;ej P pkd;w
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jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;> FbauRj;jiyth; fye;jhNyhrpj;J


KbntLg;ghh;.

62 tajhFk; tiu cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpahfg; gjtpapy;


,Uf;fyhk;. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiag; gjtp;efP f
; k; nra;tjw;fhd
eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yNk cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjpiaAk;
gjtpePff
; k; nra;aKbAk;.

khjr;rk;gsk; : njhd;D}W Mwhapuk; &gha;

cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpiaf; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> Xh;


cah;ejP p kd;wj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhh; cah;ej
P pkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjpfisf;
FbauRj; jiyth; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ayhk; vdpDk; cah;ej P pkd;w ePjpgjp
xUtiu mtUila xg;Gjy; ,d;wp ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;W
cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPhg
; ;gspj;jpUf;fpwJ.

FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;W> Xa;Tngw;w ePjpgjp


xUtiu cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpy; nghWg;G ePjpgjpahf cah;ej
P pkd;wj;
jiyik ePjpgjp epakpf;fyhk;.

Xt;nthh; cah;ej P pkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jd;Dila mYtyh;fs; kPJ


KOikahd fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;Fk;. ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Vida
mYtyh;fspy; CjpaKk; kw;wgbfSk;> me;je;j khepyj;jpd;
xUq;fpizg;G epjpaj;jpypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
P pkd;wj;jpd; ePjptuk;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;
cah;ej fs;

 gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk;. ~uj;J 215


 vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J
227

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 tof;Ffisj; jhNd vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J


228
 rpy ePjpg;Nguhizfis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 226
 nghJ ePjptuk;G. ~uj;J 225
 mjpfhhpfisAk; Copah;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

Ml;rpnkhop

kj;jpa murpd; Ml;rpnkhop Njtehfhp vOj;JUtpYs;s ,e;jp


Mf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> kj;jpa murpy; mYty; Kiw
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba vz;fspd; tbtk;> ,e;jpa
vz;fspd; gd;dhl;L tbtkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ~uj;J 343
(1) $WfpwJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G njhlq;fpa 15 Mz;L fhy msTf;F


mj;jifa njhlf;fj;ij xl;b Kd;G Mq;fpy nkhop> kj;jpa murpd;
ve;j mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jNjh
me;j mYty; Kiw Nehf;fq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; ,J njhlh;eJ ;
gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; Nkw;nrhd;d fhy mstpd; NghJ> kj;jpa murpd;


mYty;Kiw Nehf;fq;fspy; vjw;fhfNtDk; Mq;fpy nkhopNahLk; $l
Njtehfhp tbt vz;fisAk; (,e;jp nkhop vz;fs;) gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
FbauRj; jiyth; Miz thapyhf mjpfhukspf;fyhk; vd ~uj;J
343 (2) $WfpwJ.

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