salt analysis
Radical : - A charged atom or groups of atoms which participates in chemical reactions.
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
Base Acid salt
Cu2+ SO42–
Basic radical Acidic radical
* Positive radical – Basic radical
* Negative radical – Acid radical
Valency - The magnitude of charge on a radical.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACIDIC RADICALS
Group I : This group consists of radical which are detected by dilute H2SO4 or dilute HCl.
These are (i) Carbonate, (ii) Sulphite, (iii) Sulphide, (iv) Acetate and (v) Nitrite
Group II: This group consists of radicals which are detected by concentrated H2SO4.
These are (i) Chloride, (ii) Bromide, (iii) Iodide, (iv) Nitrate and (v) Oxalate
Group III : The radicals which do not give any characteristic gas with dilute and concentrated H2SO4.
These are (i) Sulphate, (ii) Phosphate, (iii) Borate and (iv) Fluoride.
(A) Observation of Dil. HCl / H2SO4 + little amount of substance on slow heating.
Radical Test/Observation/Analysis Reaction
(1) CO3–2 (i) Sharp bubbling of colourless gas (CO2) CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
(Carbonate) (ii) Gas truns milky to lime water. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 (Milky) + H2O
(iii) On passing excess gas through lime CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
water, milky colour disappears. (soluble)
(i) Colourless gas (SO2) in which very CaSO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4+H2O + SO2
unpleasant smell of burnt sulphur
(2) SO3–2 (ii) Gas turns green to moist acidic K2Cr2O7 K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2
(Sulphite) paper K2SO4 + Cr(SO4)3 (green) + H2O
(iii) Sulphite gives white ppt. with BaCl2, which Na2SO3 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO3
is soluble in dil. HCl
(3) S–2 (i) Colourless gas with rotten egg smell (H2S) CaS + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2S
(Sulphide) (ii) Gas turns black to lead-acetate paper (CH3COO)2Pb+H2SPbS(black) 2CH3COOH
(iii) Sulphide turns violet colour to Na2S+Na2[FeNO(CN)5] Na4[Fe(NOS)(CN)5
Sodiumnitroprusside soln. (violet)
(i) Vinegar smell, acetate may be (CH3COO)2Ca+H2SO42CH3COOH +CaSO4
(Vinegar smell)
(4)CH3COO– (ii) Acetate gives blood red colour with neutral 3(CH3COO)2Ca + 2FeCl3
(Acetate) FeCl3 soln. 2Fe(CH3COO)3 + 3CaCl2
(i) Red, brown NO2 vapour comes out. 2KNO2 + H2SO4K2SO4 + 2HNO2
Nitrite may be 3HNO2HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
2NO + O2 2NO2
(5) NO2– (i) Gas turns blue to acidic KI strach paper 2KI + 2NO2 2KNO2 + I2
(Nitrite) Starch + I2 blue colour
72
(B) Observation of Conc. H2SO4 + little amount of substance of slow heating
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
(6) Cl– (i) Colourless fuming gas (HCl) with fast smell 2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
(Chloride) (ii) Chloride gives white ppt. with AgNO3, which NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
is soluble in NH4OH (white)
AgCl + 2NH4OH Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2O
(iii) Chromyl chloride test (v.imp.) (Soluble)
(a) Sodium chloride when heated with K2Cr2O7 4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4
& conc. H2SO4 then orange red vapour of 2CrO2Cl2 + 2Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
chromyl chloride CrO2Cl2 comes out. (orange red)
(b) This vapour when passed with NaOH gives CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH
yellow solution (Na2CrO4) Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
(c) Acidic solution of Na2CrO4 gives yellow ppt. Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb
with (CH3COO)2 Pb 2CH3COONa + PbCrO4 (yellow ppt)
(7) Br– (i) Brown vapour comes out of (Br2)Br – or NO3– 2NaBr + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HBr
may be 2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + 2H2O + SO2
(Bromide) (ii) Bromides gives light yellow ppt. with NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
AgNO3 which is partially soluble in NH4OH. (light yellow)
(iii) Brown vapour of Br2 when passed with H2O
gives brown colouration wheras NO2 vapour
don’t give any colour with NO2 vapour
(8) I– (i) Dark violet fume of I2 comes out. 2NaI + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HI
(Iodide) 2HI + H2SO4 I2 + 2H2 O + SO2
(violet)
(ii) Gives blue colouration with starch . I2 + starch Blue colour (complex)
(iii) Iodides gives yellow ppt. with AgNO3 which NaI + AgNO3 AgI + NaNO3
is insoluble in NH4OH (yellow)
(iv) Iodine with chloroform gives violet coloured 2KI + Cl2 (water) 2KCl + I2
chloroform I2 + chloroform violet coloured chloroform
(9) NO3– (i) Brown smoke comes out (NO2) NaNO3 H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3
(Nitrate) 4HNO3 2H2O + O2 + 4NO2
(ii) Ring test (v. imp.) NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3
aq. solution of salt is mixed in fresh FeSO4 6FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4
and conc. H2SO4 is passed through corners 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O
of test tube, brown ring is formed. FeSO4 + NO [Fe(NO)]SO4
(brown ring of nitrosoferrous sulphate)
BY MUKESH SHARMA
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
(10) C2O4–2 (i) Colourless gas (CO + CO2) comes out. Na2C2O4+H2SO4H2O+CO + CO2+Na2SO4
(Oxalate)
(ii) These gases burns with blue flame on the 2CO + O2 2CO2
moutn of test tube.
(ii) Oxalate solution gives –
(a) White ppt. with CaCl2 (a) Na2C2O4 + CaCl2 CaC2O4 + 2NaCl
(b) This ppt. is soluble in H2SO4 (b) CaC2O4+H2SO4 CaSO4 +H2C2O4
(V. imp.)
(c) This ppt. decolourise KMnO4 soln. (c) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4
2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2
(11) SO4–2 Small amount of substance + conc. HNO3 Na2SO4 + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2SO4
(Sulphate) mixtures is heated & now adding BaCl2 white ppt H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
comes which is insoluble in acid or base sulphate (white)
confirmed
(12) PO4–2 (b) Small amount of substance + conc. HNO3 (a) Na3PO4 + 3HNO3 3NaNO3 + H3PO4
(Phosphate) mixture is heated &
(b) Ammonium molybdate is mixed, yellow ppt. (b) H3PO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3
comes which confirms the presence of phosphate (NH4)3.PO412MoO3 + 12H2O + 21NH4NO3
[ammonium phosphomolybdate (yellow ppt)]
BY MUKESH SHARMA
TEST OF BASIC RADICALS
Group I Group IV
Redicals : Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+ (ous) Radicals : Ni+2, Co+2, Mn+2, Zn+2
Group reagent : Dil HCl Group reagent : H2S gas in presence of NH4Cl & NH4OH
Group II Group V
Redicals : Hg2+, Pb+2, Br3+, Cu2+, Cd2+ Group II A Radicals : Ba2+ , Sr2+, Ca2+
As 3+, Sb3+, Sn2+, Sn4+ Group IIB
Group reagent : H2S gas in presence of dil. HCl Group reagent : (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4OH
Group III Group VI
Radicals : Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+ Radical : Mg+2
Group reagent : NH4OH + NH4Cl Group reagent : Na2HPO4 in presence of NH4OH
Group No./
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
I group / In solution of substance mixting dil. HCl 2HgNO3 + 2HCl HgCl2 + 2HNO3
Hg+2,Ag+,Pb+2 white ppt. comes out which confirms the AgNO3 + HCl AgCl¯ + HNO3
presence of Hg+, Ag+ or Pb+2 Pb(NO3) + 2HCl PbCl2 +2HNO3
Imp. PbCl2 is soluble in hot water (but insoluble in cold water)
Whereas insoluble in both AgCl & HgCl2
(1) Pb+2 Pb+2 ion gives yellow ppt. with K2CrO4 & PbCl2+ K2CrO4 PbCrO4(yellow) + 2KCl
KI soln. separately. PbCl2 + 2KI PbI2 (yellow) + 2KCl
(2) Hg2+2 Hg2+2 gives black ppt. with NH3 Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4OH Hg(NH2)Cl + Hg
+ NH4 Cl + 2H2O
(3) Ag+ (i) AgCl is soluble in NH4OH AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
(ii) Ag+ ion gives yellow ppt. with KI Ag+ + I– AgI (yellow)
II group/ Passing H2S in presence of HCl these
Hg+2,Ag+2,Pb+2 gives ions
Cd+2,Bi+3(IIA)
As+3,Sb+3(Sn+2)
Sn+4(IIB)
Cd+2,As+3,Sn+4 Yellow ppt. (CdS, As2S3, SnS2)
Orange ppt. (Sb2S3)
Brown ppt. (SnS)
Sb+3 Black ppt.
Sn+2 (HgS, PbS, Bi2S3, CuS)
Hg+2, Pb+2, Bi+3
Cu+2
Note : Obtained ppt. is differentiated by the reaction of (NH 4)2S which is insoluble in the ppt. obtained of IIA
and soluble in II B ppt.
BY MUKESH SHARMA
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
II–A group/
(4) Hg+2 Adding Hg+2 ion white ppt. obtained which 2Hg+2 + SnCl2 + Sn+4 Sn+4 + Hg2Cl2
turns black (white)
HgCl2 + SnCl2 SnCl4 + 2Hg
(black)
(5) Pb+2 (i) In solution, Pb+2 gives white ppt. with H2SO4 Pb+2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2H+
(white)
(ii) In solution Pb+2 ion gives yellow ppt. Pb+2 + Cr2O4–2 PbCrO4 (yellow)
with K2CrO4 & KI Pb+2 + 2I– PbI2 (yellow)
(6) Cu+2 (i) These ion gives dark blue colour with Cu+2 + NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]+2 + H2O
excess NH4OH (dark blue colour)
(ii) Cu+2 ion gives chocolate colour with 2Cu+2 + K4Fe(CN)6 Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 4k
K4Fe(CN)6 (chocolate or red brown ppt.)
(7) Bi+3 Bi+3 ion gives white ppt. while adding water BiCl3 + H2O BiOCl + 2HCl
In HCl soln. (white bismuth oxychloride)
BiCl3 + 3Na2SnO2 + 6NaOH
(sodium stanite)
2Bi + 3Na2SnO3 + 6NaCl + 3H2O
(black sodium stanate)
(8) Cd+2 (i) The yellow precipitate is dissolved in 50% 3Cds + 8HNO3 3Cd(NO3)2 + 4H2O+2NO +3S
HNO3. To the resulting solution, NH4OH is (50%)
added slowly. A white ppt. appears which Cd(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH 2NH4NO3 + Cd(OH)2
dissolve in excess of NH4OH. white ppt.
Cd(OH)2 + 2NH4OH + 2NH4NO3
[Cd(NH3)4](NO3)2aq. + 4H2O
(ii) When H2S gas is passed in this solution [Cd(NH3)4](NO3)2 + H2S
a yellow ppt. a pears CdS 2NH4NO3 + 2NH3
(yellow ppt.)
II–B group/
(9) As+3 In solution As+3 ion turns yellow ppt. with As+3
HNO3 +5
As (as H3AsO4)
ammonium molybdate and HNO3 H3AsO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3
(NH4)3AsO4 + 12MoO3 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O
(10) Sn+2 Sn+2 ion in solution gives
white ppt. in form of SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 SnCl4 + HgCl2
SnCl2 with HgCl2, which frequently turns black Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2 SnCl4 + 2Hg (back)
(11) Sn+4 Al turns Sn+4 to Sn+2 After it Sn+2 is SnCl4 + HgCl2 No reaction
examined by HgCl2 3SnCl4 + 2Al 2AlCl3 + 3SnCl2
(12) Sb+3 On adding water in solution, Sb+3 ion SbCl3 + H2O SbOCl (white) + 2HCl
forms white ppt. in the form of SbCl3
III group/
Fe+3, Cr+3 & Al+3 These ion precipts in the form of hydroxide Fe+3 + 3OH– Fe(OH)3 (red ppt.)
on adding NH4Cl & NH4OH Cr+3 + 3OH– Cr(OH)3 (green ppt.)
Al+3 + 3OH– Al(OH)3 (white ppt.)
Note : In the analysis of III group, some drops of conc. HNO 3 are also added before oxidising Fe+2 to Fe+3.
(13) Al+3 White ppt. of Al(OH)3 is soluble in NaOH Imp. Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
(sodium metaaluminate)
(14) Cr+3 ppt. of Cr(OH)3 is soluble in NaOH + Br2 water Br2 + H2O 2HBr + O
soln. in this soln. when BaCl2 is added yellow 2Cr(OH)3 + 4NaOH + 3O 2Na2CrO4 + 5H2O
BY MUKESH SHARMA
ppt. is obtained Na CrO 2 4 + BaCl2 BaCrO4 (yellow ppt.) + 2NaCl
(15) Fe+3 (i) (a) Brown ppt. of Fe(OH)3 is soluble Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O
in HCl FeCl3 + 3KCNS Fe(CN)S3 + 3KCl
(b) When KCNS is added in this soln. (ferric thiocyanate)
soln. blood red colouration is obtained (blood red)
(ii) In this soln., on adding K4[Fe(CN)6], 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl
prussian blue colour is obtained (ferric ferrocyanide prussian blue)
IV group/ These ions in presence of NH4OH preciptitate MCl2 + H2S MS + 2HCl
Zn+2, Mn+2 on passing H2S.
Co+2, Ni+2 Black (CoS, Nis)
Co+2, Ni+2 Ppt., (soluble in aqua–ragia)
Zn+2 White (ZnS) (soluble in HCl)
Mn2 Pink or buff (MnS), soluble in HCl
(16) Ni+2 In presence of NH4OH, Ni salt on reaction V. Imp. CH3–C=NOH + NiCl2 + 2NH4OH
|
with dimethyl glyoxime (DMG) turns red CH3–C=NOH
ppt. of nickel dimethyl glyxoime Nickel dimethyl glyoxime (red ppt)
(17) Co+2 Cobalt salt turns blue colouration with CoCl2 + 4NH4 CNS
NH4CNS (NH4)2[Co(CNS)4] + 2NH4Cl
(ammonium cobalt thiocyanate)
(blue colour)
(18) Zn+2 In solution, Zn+2 ion turns white ppt. with V. Imp
NaOH which is soluble in excess NaOH Zn+2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 (white) + 2Na
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
(19) Mn+2 (a) Mn+2 ion gives pink ppt. with NaOH V. Imp
(b) On heating turns black or brown Mn+2 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + 2Na
(Pink)
Mn(OH)2 + O MnO2 + H2O
(brown and black)
V group/ On adding (NH4)2CO3, these precipitates in M+2 + (NH4)2CO3 MCO3 + 2NH4+
Ba+2, Sr+2, the form of carbonates. BaCO3, CaCO3, SrCO3 (white)
Ca+2 soluble in CH3COOH
(20) Ba+2 Gives Ba+2 ion in solution
(i) Yellow ppt. with K2CrO4 Ba+2 + K2CrO4 BaCrO4 ( yellow) + 2K
(ii) white ppt. with (NH4)2SO4 Ba+2+ (NH4)2SO4 BaSO4(white) + 2NH4+
(iii) white ppt. with (NH4)2C2O4 Ba+2+ (NH4)2C2O4BaC2O4(white)+ 2NH4+
(21) Sr+2 Sr+2 ion with (i) (NH4)2SO4 gives white Sr+2(NH4)2SO4 SrSO4 + 2NH4+
precipitate (white ppt.)
(22) Cr+2 Ca+2 ion gives white ppt. only with Ca+2 + (NH4)2C2O4 CaC2O4 +2NH4+
(NH4)2C2O4 (white)
Sr+2 + (NH4)2C2O4 SrC2O4 +2NH4+
(white ppt.)
BY MUKESH SHARMA
Note : The order of that is same as above Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2
VI Group /
(23) Mg+2 ion gives white ppt. with NH4OH Mg+2 + (NH4)2HPO4 + NH4OH
Mg+2 (NH4)2HPO4 MgNH4PO4 (white) + 2NH4+ + H2O
Zero group/
(24) (i) (a) All ammonium salts on reacting (a) NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 +H2O
NH4+ with base like (NaOH), gives smell
of NH3
(b) Gas evolved (NH3) gives white fume (b) NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (white fume)
with HCl
(c) On passing NH3 in Hg2(NO3)2, blakc (c) Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NH3
colour is obtained Hg + Hg(NH2)NO3 + NH4NO3
(black)
(b) Brown ppt. is obtained with (d) 2K2HgI4 + 4KOH + NH4Cl
nesseler’s reagent (Nesseler’s reagent)
NH2
Hg
O
+ 7KI + KCl. 3H2O
Hg
I
(Iodide solution brown ppt.)
BY MUKESH SHARMA
BORAX BEAD TEST
On heating borax the colourless glass bead fromed consists of sodium metaborate and boric anhydride.
Heat
Na2B4O7. 10H2O Heat
Na2B4O7 2NaBO2 B2O3
Glassy bead
On heating with a coloured salt, the glassy bead froms a coloured metaborate in oxidising flame.
CuSO4 CuO + SO3
CuO + B2O3 Cu(BO2)2
Copper metaborate
(Blue)
Metal Oxidising - flame Reducing - flame
Hot Cold Hot Cold
Copper Green Blue Colourless Brown-red
Iron Brown-yellow Pale-yellow Bottle green Bottle green
Chromium Green Green Green Green
Cobalt Blue Blue Blue Blue
Nickel Violet Brown Grey Grey
Physical Appearance or inorganic salt
S.No. Inorganic Salt Colour
1. Cu+2 Blue
2. Cr+3, Cr+6 Dark green
3. Fe+3 Green
4. Fe+2 Yellow or Brown
5. Mn+2 Light Pink
6. Co+2 Pink
7. Ni+2 Green or Blue
8. HgO, HgI2, Pb3O4 Red
9. Pb, Hg and Ba salts Comparatively heavy
BY MUKESH SHARMA
ACTION OF HEAT
1. Except (Na, K, Rb and Cs) all carbonates on heating decomposes to give CO2.
LiCO3 Li2O + CO2
MgCO3 MgO + CO2
2. Generally all bicarbonates decomposes to give carbonates and CO2
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
3. Generally halides are stable on heating but some halides decomposes.
2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + Cl2
MgCl2. 6H2O MgO + 2HCl + 5H2O
Hg2Cl2 HgCl2 + Hg
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
4. Nitrates decomposes on heating.
NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O
2MnO3 2MnO2 + O2 (except Li)
1
2LiNO3 Li2O + 2NO2 + O imp.
2 2
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O
2Cu(NO3)2 CuO + 4NO2 + O2 } (except Hg all bivalent nitrates)
Hg(NO3)2 Hg + 2NO2 + O2
5. Silver salts on heating gives Ag.
1
Ag2CO3 2Ag + CO2 +
2
2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
CHARACTERISTIC FLAME COLOUR
(1) Pb yeallow, green (2) Cu salt, BO3–3 Blue or green
(3) Li red (4) Na golden red
(5) K violet (6) Rb boilet red
(7) Cs voilet blue (8) Ca brick red
(9) Sr krimson red (10) Ba apple green
Imp. Note ; (1) Be & Mg don’t give flame test
(2) Colourless white salt dont’ possess Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr etc.
(3) White substances which swells are alum, borate and phosphate.
SUBLIMATION ACTION OF A SUBSTANCE AND COLOUR
White HgCl2, Hg2Cl2, As2O3, Sb2O3
Yellow AlCl3 and NH3 halides
Brown HgO, Hg(NO3)2
Blue, Balck and Voilet Iodides
Black BY MUKESH SHARMA
As, Sb, Hg sulphides and iodides.
