A presentation for 8th Workshop on EPCC, June 5-9, Les Diablerets, Switzherland
An Early Warning and Security
Countermeasure (EWSC) System
for Electric Power Control Centers
Boming Zhang, Ph D, Prof., SMIEEE
Dept. of Electrical Eng.
Tsinghua Univ.
Beijing 100084, China
Email:
[email protected] Online Dynamic Security Assessment --
On-line Implementation Issue
zEPRI , Siemens & North State Power : on-line DSA
[ ]G. C. Ejebe, et al., “On-line dynamic security assessment in an EMS”,
IEEE Computer Application in Power, pp. 43-47, Jun. 1998
zBPA: implementing Voltage stability and ATC,
plan to implement DSA
[ ]Carson W. Taylor, “The future in on-line security assessment and
wide-area stability control”, 0-7803-5935-6 2000 IEEE
zONS, a Brazilian ISO: an on-line automatic DSA to
be implemented
[ ]Jorge L. Jardim, Carlos S. Neto, Wes T. Kwasnicki, Design features
of a dynamic security assessment system, Proc. of Power Systems
Conference and Exposition, Vol.1, IEEE PES 10-13 Oct. 2004, pp. 446 -
452
Security and reliability of power system
operation -- a new point of view
This issue can be thought from three directions:
zTime dimension:
fastest transient state
faster dynamic state
slowest steady state
A blackout is actually a time evolution process of a sequence of
events from faults to contingencies which forces a shift of the
power system state from security, to warning, to emergency, to
contingencies and finally to black out.
zSpace dimension
Sub-networksto be analyzed are hierarchical in
management and distributed in space distance
zObjective dimension
voltage oriented
phase angle oriented
and
security oriented
economy oriented
Design flow chart of
the EWSC system
Emergency alarm and corrective control
countermeasure
to alarm and correct following violations of
zSteady-state thermal transmission limit;
zVoltage magnitude limit;
zPower transmission limit with transient
stability constraints ;
zLimit on minimum CCT (Critical Cutting Time);
zLimit on voltage stability
Security and stability analysis, early warning
and preventive countermeasure in normal
insecure state
(1) If any insecurity is met, following early warnings
and preventive countermeasures are done according
to
zSteady state insecurity:
zDynamic state insecurity;
zVoltage stability insecurity.
(2) If no insecurity is met, the margin to insecurity is
checked. If this margin is very close to the
insecurity, following enhancement countermeasure
is given to enhance
zSteady state margin;
zDynamic state margin;
zVoltage stability margin
zshort circuit currents for all possible elements
are scanned and ranked , and protective relay
settings are checked
Predicted mode of EWSC system
Hardware configuration
2 x PC Protective Operation Operator Operator
Coordinator Relay MMI Planning MMI MMI
SCADA
PC 1 PC 2 …… PC 6
Fig 2 Hardware configuration of the EWSC system
Key Techniques adopted in the EWSC
(1) How to define
contingency set
Fig 3 structure of contingency set
(2) Real-time information rebuilding
z Switch status identification;
z Network topology analysis;
z State estimation and bad data identification;
z Real-time load flow;
z Transmission line parameter estimation.
(3)Emergency alarm and corrective countermeasure
zEmergency limits are determined based on
steady and dynamic analysis
zCorrective countermeasures for relieving
thermal limit and power overloading and voltage
violation are done resorting to quasi-steady-state
sensitivity analysis
(4)Early warning and preventive
countermeasure in normal state
z Power loading index:
2
⎛ Pl (t ) ⎞
PI loading (t ) = ∑ ⎜ max ⎟
l∈∀lines ⎝ Pl ⎠
z Voltage profile flat index:
2
⎛ Vi (t ) − Vi average
⎞
PIV _ profile (t ) = ∑ ⎜ max ⎟
i∈∀Bus ⎝ (Vi − Vi
min
) / 2 ⎠
zFrangibility index on transient stability:
CCT _ MIN (t ) = Min {CCTi (t ) | i ∈ ∀Faults}
i
zFrangibility index on voltage stability:
λ min (t ) = Min {λir e al ( Jacobi(t ) ) , i = 1, 2,...n}
i
zDistance index to voltage collapse:
Distance = (Nose point load – Base load)/Base load
And some others
(5)Early warning and preventive countermeasure
in steady state
zN-1 scanning
zEvaluate severe contingencies
zpreventive countermeasure for insecure case
in dynamic state
zA mixed method combining Extended Equal Area
Criterion(EEAC) with Step-By-Step (SBS) digital simulation
is used
z margins of energy, critical generator MW output and CCT
zMW transmission limit under transient stability constraints
zPreventive countermeasures are given by sensitivity
method for some problem cases
for voltage stability
zCalculate the distance to voltage collapse point for a
given load increasing mode;
zCalculate minimum singular value in current operation
state;
zFind out weak point of voltage stability and give location
and amount of MVar compensation to enhance voltage
stability;
zEvaluate severity of N-1 contingencies to voltage stability
and rank and screen out severe ones;
zCalculate preventive countermeasure for weak cases by
using the sensitivity of voltage collapse point to controls;
zPost-contingency evaluation for severe contingencies to
check correctness of the analysis results done just now.
(6)Evaluation and enhancement countermeasure in
normal secure state
(7)Integrated early warning
Characters of the EWSC system
zRun real-time and on-line:
zTrack variation of system state:
zAutomatization:
zEarly warning and prevention:
z Fast speed in calculation:
¾ PC cluster used
zExtendable and portable:
¾ Qt used to support UNIX or NT ; IEC 61970 CIM/XML
Test Results
Min Singular value
Time
Fig. 4 Minimum singular values in one day
CCT
After control
Before control Fault order number
Fig. 5 CCT Ranking for faults before and after preventive control
Pt i e- Vl oad Cur ve
steady
VL( p. u. )
state limit
1. 1 In base
case
1
0. 9
Tr ansi ent st abi l i t y
steady state
0. 8 l i mi t
limit in most
0. 7 severe N-1
0. 6
370 570 770 970 1170 1370 1570 1770 1970 2170 2370 2570 2770
Pt i e( MW)
l oad1 l oad1( wi t h f aul t 6)
Fig. 6 Transient stability limit on double 500 kV tie lines
Computing issue
zThe tasks: ranking, screening and evaluation
for all 50 contingencies
za cluster of 3 PCs is used
Bus Gen load branch 3 PCs
267 95 148 451 65.5s
