CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1) Introduction
describe the problem situation globally, nationally, locally, specifically the trends and issues in
the field
cite the legal bases of the study
cite statistics and sources to support the idea
state the contribution of the study
make a clinching statement that will relate the introduction to the problem
2) Theoretical and conceptual framework
Theory
-an organized body of concepts synthesized from studies or observations which is an acceptable
explanation for the existence of truth of something
Concepts
-abstraction of observable phenomena and views
Framework
-the structure which gives shape to the general body
3) Statement of the problem
Results from a felt need
Must reflect a noteworthy contribution to knowledge
Must be within the researcher's competence and interests
Should not be answerable by yes or no
Each subproblem should be extensive in coverage
Can be categorized as general or specific
Example:
The study aims to present an “architectural design” solution of a medical center. This specifically
will be answered by the following questions:
1. What is the appropriate design solution for a medical center for Bacolod city?
2. …….
4) Hypothesis of the study
Are intelligent tentative answers to the problems
The operationalization of the research theory and must be stated in positive form
Without a hypothesis, your research will be literally aimless
5) Assumptions of the study
As premises which serve as the starting point of the study
These statements are accepted as true and need not be proven
1. Universal assumptions
2. Study assumptions
3. Research-based assumptions
6) Scope and limitation
Aligns and focuses the research in the desired and expected perspective
Geographical coverage
Timeframe
Variables
Instruments and other constraints
7) Significance of the study
The study should prove the important contributions of the study to:
1. Solving the problem
2. Bridging a gap of knowledge
3. Improving conditions
4. Supporting government thrusts
Definition of terms
Key terms should only be defined
Two ways to define:
1. Conceptual
2. Operational
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
3 MAJOR PARTS OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1. Related legal basis
- Major sources are laws and department directives, circulars, orders and memorandum
2. Related literature
- Any written materials published in books, journals, magazines, novel, poetry, yearbook, and
encyclopedia
3. Related studies
- Published and unpublished studies, inquiries, and investigations
- Local or foreign
IMPORTANCE OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
It helps or guide the researcher in searching for or selecting a better research problem or topic
It helps the investigator understand his topic or research better
It ensures that there will be no duplication of other studies
It provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the planned research
It gives the researcher the feeling of confidence
It provides information about the research methods used
It provides findings and conclusion of past investigation
To put your work into perspective
To avoid gaps in the literature
CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The surveyed material must be recent as possible
Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them
valid and reliable
Review materials must not be too few or too many
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
Books, encyclopedias and almanacs and other similar references
Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and others
Manuscripts, monographs, and speeches
The constitution and laws of the land
Bulletins, circulars and other emanating from the government offices
WAYS OF CITING RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
1. By author or writer
2. By topic
3. By chronological order
By author: example
According to Filippo (1984), proper job performances is achieved only if employees are trained because they
will improve their skills.
HOW TO WRITE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Use headings in logical order to indicate main points
Avoid too long introduction to your main point
Include information that is directly related and relevant to the topics
A maximum of half page (double space) must constitute one paragraph
Do not copy into the information from your source. No more than 10% of the entire paper is allowed
for direct quotation
Give due credit to the real source of your data
Paraphrase using your own words and style the data gathered
Summarize important points from your topic
Reinforce your data with selected figures or statistics from your source
A common problem in writing the RRL is that it can turn into a boring list of ideas in paragraph forms
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
It constitutes the blueprint for the collective, measurement, analysis of data
It aids the researcher in the allocation of his limited resources by posing crucial choices
It is the blueprint that includes experiments, interviews and observations, analysis of records or
combination
Data
- A collection of numbers, quantities, facts or records used as the bases for drawing conclusions or
making inferences
SOURCES OF DATA
Data are classified according to sources as follows:
1. Primary data
- an individual person
- Organized group or organization such as association, fraternities, schools, and community
- established practices such as marriage, religious rites, legal and economic system
2. Secondary data
- Books including dictionaries, encyclopedia, almanacs, etc.…
- Articles published in professional journals, magazines, newspapers and other publication
- Verbal and written data
ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA
The primary data frequently gave detailed definition of terms and statistical units used in the survey
The primary data usually includes a copy of the procedures used in the selection of the type of sample
and in collecting data
The data are usually broken down into finer classifications
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
More convenient to use because they are already condensed and organized
Analysis and interpretations are done more easily
Libraries make secondary data more easily accessible
TOOLS IN DATA GATHERING
1) Questionnaire
- The most common used to generate data, sometimes called survey form.
- It refers to paper and pencil data gathering method by letting the subject or the subject or
respondent
Types of questionnaire:
1. Personally administered
2. Mailed
ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaire is easy to construct
Distribution is easy and inexpensive
Response is easy to tabulate
The respondent's replies are free
Confidential information may be given freely
The respondent can fill out easily the questionnaire
The respondent can give more accurate responses
DISADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaire cannot be used by those who cannot read and write, especially those who
are totally illiterate
If many respondents do not return the filled up copies, considerable follow-ups are necessary
If the respondents give wrong information, it cannot be corrected at once
A respondent may leave some or many questions unanswered because nobody urges him to do
so
Some questions may be vague
The choices may be limited
PERSONALLY ADMINISTERED
Advantages
- It can be easily collected
- Any doubts in the questionnaire can be easily clarified
- The researcher also has the opportunity to introduce the research topic
Disadvantages
Are not willing to allow company time for data collection
CRITERIA OF A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE
The language must be clear and appropriate
The content of the question and time period involved must be specific
The questions should show singleness of purpose
The questions must be free from assumptions
The questions must be free from suggestions
The question should have linguistic completeness and grammatically correct
KINDS OF QUESTIONNAIRES
1. Open-ended type
One whose options of the items are not given or not arranged. This leaves the
respondent to answer the question to his own way
Example:
o Are you creative? If so why, if not why not?
o What’s your favorite website?
2. Close-ended type
Answers are given/ enumerated and the respondents simply check/ encircle his answer
Example:
o Are you feeling better?
GUIDELINES IN CONSTRUCTING QUESTIONNAIRES
Use correct grammars
Make all questions unequivocal
Avoid asking biased question
Objectify the responses
Relate all questions to the topic under study
Giving the question in a logical sequence
Would carefully or avoid questions that deal with confidential or embarrassing information
Explain and illustrate difficult question
State all questions affirmatively
2) Interview
-this is feasible when a personal interaction is available
1. Structured interview
2. Unstructured interview
Advantages
Inexpensive in terms of the number of questions
Able to witness for himself the reaction/emotions portrayed
More info is generated
A necessary technique for some respondent esp. where info on a person’s feelings is needed
Necessary for some particular sample
Clarify some points which are not found in the questionnaire
Disadvantages
Sometimes uncomfortable
Time-consuming and more expensive when commuting
Information gathered is difficult to quantify
Needs training to be able to do the art of questioning
3) Observation
Can be used in descriptive and experimental studies but not on historical
Data collection by observation records behavior/events
Best used in social researches unlike engineering and science researchers
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
1. Unstructured observation
- As non-selective method observation would be a complete acc. Of an event
2. Structured observation
- Knows what aspect of the group activity are relevant for his purpose
DATA COLLECTION GUIDE QUESTIONS
What should be observed?
How should observations be recorded?
What procedures should be used to assure the accuracy…?
SAMPLING
- A small group that the researcher wants to observe
Purpose/advantages of sampling
Make possible the study of a large heterogeneous population
For economy
For speed
For accuracy
Save the sources of data from being all consumed
CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES
o Population -theoretically specific aggregation
o Study population- aggregation of the elements from which sample is actually selected
o Sample- elements who are actually selected to participate/ to be subject of the study
o Sampling unit- set of elements considered for selection in some state of sampling
o Variable- set of exclusive attribute
o Sampling error- degree of error of a sample statistics
Disadvantages of sampling
If biased, not representative, or too small, the conclusion may not be valid/reliable
Must have a common characteristic which is the basis of study
If population is very large, there are many sections and subjections, the sampling procedure may
be complicated
If the researcher does not possess the necessary skills and technical know-how in sampling
procedure, the sampling procedure becomes biased and unrepresentative
GOOD SAMPLING
Should be true
No bias
Quality of the sample should be same
Regulating conditions should be the same
Needs to be adequate
Estimate the sampling error
TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. Probability
- A proportion of the population and such sample is selected from the population
2. Nonprobability
-Not a proportion of the population and there is no system in selecting the sample
TYPES OF NON PROBABILITY
1. Accidental
- No system of selection but only those whom the researcher/interviewer meets by chance are
included
2. Quota sampling
-specified number persons of certain types are included in the sample
3. Snowball
-usually done when there is a small population size
4. Convenience
-the process of picking out the people in the most convenient and fastest way to immediately get their
reactions to a certain issue
5. Consecutive
-very similar to convenience sampling
WHEN TO USES NON- SAMPLING
When demonstrating that particular trait
When it aims to….
TYPES OF PROBABILITY
1. Pure random
-which everyone in the population has an equal chance
2. Systematic
-every nth name in the list may be selected to be included
3. Stratified
-used when the study has a grouping
4. Purposive
-determining the target population, those to be involved in the study
5. Cluster
- When population is so big or the geographical area is too large
6. Sample size Ex.
Slovin’s formula
1000_______
n= sample size
N
1+1000(0.05)
n=_________ N= population
1+Ne2 n= 275.8
e= margin error
=276
CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND ITERPRATATION OF DATA
