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Elastic Modulus and Material Properties

Young's modulus, also known as the modulus of elasticity, is a measure of the stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of stress to strain. It is represented by the symbol E and measured in GPa. Common materials have the following approximate Young's moduli: rubber (0.01-0.1 GPa), wood (11 GPa), steel (200 GPa), and diamond (1050-1210 GPa). Shear modulus, represented by G, is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain and also measures a material's stiffness during shear deformation. Poisson's ratio is the ratio of lateral to linear strain and varies between 0.1-0.5 for most materials.

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163 views4 pages

Elastic Modulus and Material Properties

Young's modulus, also known as the modulus of elasticity, is a measure of the stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of stress to strain. It is represented by the symbol E and measured in GPa. Common materials have the following approximate Young's moduli: rubber (0.01-0.1 GPa), wood (11 GPa), steel (200 GPa), and diamond (1050-1210 GPa). Shear modulus, represented by G, is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain and also measures a material's stiffness during shear deformation. Poisson's ratio is the ratio of lateral to linear strain and varies between 0.1-0.5 for most materials.

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YOUNG’S MODULUS OR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

 It is the ratio between compressive stress and compressive strain or tensile stress
and tensile strain.
 It is denoted by ‘E’.
 Its units are GN/m2.
 Measure of the stiffness of a solid material.
 It is a mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials.

Approximate Young's modulus for various materials

Material GPa
Rubber (small strain) 0.01 - 0.1
HDPE 0.8
Nylon 2–4
wood (along grain) 11
High-strength concrete 30
Magnesium metal (Mg) 45
Glass 50-90
Aluminum 69
Bronze 96-120
Brass 100-125
Titanium (Ti) 110.3
Titanium alloys 105-120
Copper (Cu) 117
Wrought iron 190-210
Steel (ASTM-A36) 200
Cobalt-chrome 220-258
Tungsten (W) 400-410
Silicon carbide (SiC) 450
Diamond (C) 1050-1210
Carbyne (C)[36] 32100
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OR SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY.

 It is the ratio of shear stress (τ) to shear strain (γ).


 It is represented by ‘C’, ‘N’ or ‘G’. Its units are GN/m2.

Material Typical values

Diamond[2] 478

Steel[3] 79.3

Copper[4] 44.7

Titanium[3] 41.4

Glass[3] 26.2

Aluminium[3] 25.5

Iron[5] 52.5

Polyethylene[3] 0.117

Rubber[6] 0.0006

BULK MODULUS

 Bulk Modulus or Volume Modulus of elasticity


 It is defined as the ratio of applied pressure (on each face of solid cube) to
volumetric strain. It is represented by ‘K’. Its units are GN/m2.

Approximate bulk modulus (K) for common materials

Material Bulk modulus in GPa

Glass 35 to 55

Steel 160

Diamond (at 4K) [2] 443

Water 2.2×109 Pa (value increases at higher pressures)


POISSON’S RATIO

 The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is called Poisson’s ratio. It is denoted by ‘μ’
or ‘ν’ or ‘1/m’.
 μ = lateral strain/linear strain = 1/m
 The value of ‘μ’ varies from 1/3 to 1/4 depending upon the material.

Material Poisson's ratio


rubber 0.4999
gold 0.42–0.44
saturated clay 0.40–0.49
magnesium 0.252-0.289
titanium 0.265-0.34
copper 0.33
aluminium-alloy 0.32
clay 0.30–0.45
stainless steel 0.30–0.31
steel 0.27–0.30
cast iron 0.21–0.26
sand 0.20–0.45
concrete 0.1-0.2
glass 0.18–0.3
foam 0.10–0.50
cork 0

Relation between the Elastic constants:

 Relation between E and C: E = 2C [1+ μ]


 Relation between E and K: 3K (1-2μ)
 Relation between E, C and K: E=9KC/ (3K+C).

Thank you.

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