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General Question: 1. What Is Read Modify Write Technique?

The document discusses several topics related to embedded systems including read modify write techniques, direct memory access controllers, RISC architecture advantages, the purpose of infinite loops, interrupt latency reduction, and circuit diagrams for 4-20mA measurement, USB interface, multiple SPI devices, and I2C communication. It provides explanations of these concepts and asks questions to check understanding.

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Mohamed Malik
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154 views4 pages

General Question: 1. What Is Read Modify Write Technique?

The document discusses several topics related to embedded systems including read modify write techniques, direct memory access controllers, RISC architecture advantages, the purpose of infinite loops, interrupt latency reduction, and circuit diagrams for 4-20mA measurement, USB interface, multiple SPI devices, and I2C communication. It provides explanations of these concepts and asks questions to check understanding.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Question:

1. What is read modify write technique?


- Read modify write is a technique used to access the ports.
- Here in a single instruction all the three actions are combined.
- Here initially the data is read from the port then modified .
- At last the value is written back on the port.
- This feature saves many lines of code and makes the process easier.

2. What is the need for DMAC in ES?


- Direct memory access is mainly used to overcome the disadvantages of interrupt and
progam controlled I/O.
- DMA modules usually take the control over from the processor and perform the
memory operations and this is mainly because to counteract the mismatch in the
processing speeds of I/O units and the procesor. This is comparatively faster.
- It is an important part of any embedded systems,and the reason for their use is that
they can be used for bursty data transfers instead of single byte approaches.
- It has to wait for the systems resources such as the system bus in case it is already in
control of it.

3. A vast majority of High Performance Embedded systems today use RISC


architecture why?
- According to the instruction sets used, computers are normally classified into RISC
and CISC. RISC stands for 'Reduced Instruction Set Computing' . The design
philosophy of RISC architecture is such that only one instruction is performed on
each machine cycle thus taking very less time and speeding up when compared to
their CISC counterparts.
- Here the use of registers is optimised as most of the memory access operations are
limited to store and load operations.
- Fewer and simple addressing modes, and simple instruction formats leads to greater
efficiency, optimisation of compilers, re-organisation of code for better throughput in
terms of space and time complexities. All these features make it the choice of
architecture in majority of the Embedded systems.
- CISC again have their own advantages and they are preferred whenever the
performance and compiler simplification are the issues to be taken care of.
4. What is the need for an infinite loop in Embedded systems?
- Infinite Loops are those program constructs where in there is no break statement so
as to get out of the loop, it just keeps looping over the statements within the block
defined.
Example:
While(Boolean True) OR for(;;);
{
//Code
}
- Embedded systems need infinite loops for repeatedly processing/monitoring the state
of the program. One example could be the case of a program state continuously being
checked for any exceptional errors that might just occur during run time such as
memory outage or divide by zero etc.,
- For e.g. Customer care Telephone systems where in a pre-recorded audio file is
played in case the dialer is put on hold..
- Also circuits being responsible for indicating that a particular component is
active/alive during its operation by means of LED's.

5. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can you reduce it?

Interrupt latency is a time taken to return from the interrupt service routine post
handling a specific interrupt. By writing minor ISR routines, interrupt latency can be
reduced.
Hardware Question:

1. Draw circuit and write program for measuring for 4-20mA measurement using
Controller ADC.
You know about this

2. Draw a schematic for USB interface with microcontroller with in-built USB

3. Draw circuit for 4 SPI device connected to controller


4. Draw schematic for

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