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FINAL REPORT

Prepaied for
American Institute of Steel Construction
July 1981

'" - II ~ ~teel Research G.T. BLAKE

RR1033

'oeville, PA

7158
 ...

STRUCTURAL TESTS OF LARGE PIN-CONNECTED LINKS

Abstract

-- Pin-connected plate links, such as those used to lift heavy beams, are dimensioned by using

design equations that are based on limited test data developed more than 40 years ago_ Therefore, the

American Institute of Steel Construction (A ISC) sponsored additional tension tests of pin-connected plate

links with thicknesses ranging from 1/ 4 inch to 2 inches and with pin diameters between 2 and 3-1 / 2 inches.

These tests were conducted by U. S. Steel Research.

All specimens failed in a ductile manner after extensive elongation of the pinhole. Of the

23 specimens tested, 18 failed in a single rupture line through the section behind the pin, 2 failed in a

double rupture line through the section behind the pin, 2 failed through the net section beside the pin, and

1 failed by dishing. The data obtained can be used by AISC to refine the present design equations.

. .
 Intror1uction

Pin-connected plates Rnd links a r ~ us e " in vari o us

types of erection equipment t o lift heavy b e ams. The des ig n
specifications for these connections wer ~ developed
experimentally and theoretically by B . G. Johnston , l) · who
investigated a range of plate thicknesses varying between O . 12~
and 0 . 75 inch (3 and 20 mm) by using 3-inch-r1iameter (76 mm)
pins . Design equations based on the results of Johnston ' s work
were extrapolated for thickness and pin rliameters beyond the
scope of the original study. This report describes the results
of tests sponsored by the American Institute of Steel
Con s truction (AISC) and conducted at the U. S . Steel Research
Labo r ato r y to obtain data for refining the current design equa-
tions .

Test Specimens

Plate - link specimens were fabricated by the American

Bridge Division of U. S . Steel Corporation , in thicknesses from
1 / 4 inch to 2 inches (6 to 51 mm) as shown in Figures lA through
IF . Carbon steel with a yield point from about 30 to 45 ksi ( 205
to 308 MPa) , which was available in stock, was used for the
specimens . The specimens were designed acc o rding to current AISC
design criteria . 2 ) To facilitate test observations , one end of
each plate - link specimen (the bottom end in Figures LA through
IF) was designed to fail before the opposite end . Various pin
sizes ranging from 2 to 3- 1/ 2 inches (51 to 89 mm) were used to
determine pin - size effects . Each pinhole was 1/ 9 inch (3 mm )
larger than the corresponding pin rliameter . The mechanical
properties of each plate are given in Taole T. The as-fabricated
dimensions at the location of the critical pin hole are given in
Table II .

Testing Procedures for Thick-Link Plates

Tests of pin - connecten plate links with thicknesses o f

1- 1 / 4, 1- 3/ 4 , and 2 inches (32, 44, and 51 mm) were conducted in
the 4- million - pound (17 . 8 MN) tension - testing machine located at
the National plant of U. S . Steel ' s National - Duquesne Works,
Figure 2. Special clevises were designed to accomodat e the
., plate- link specimens in this machine . The specimens were t e sted

• See References .

- 2-
ilorizontally in the test frame , with one end pinned to the ~ove ­
able crosshead asse~bly . The loads were applied hydraulically
through the moveable crosshead . Strain gages were applied t o the
center of both sides of the first t est specimen to verify
uniaxial loading and uniform loading of the speci~en cross -
section.

The applied forces we r e deter~ined by reading a

c a librated Heise pre ss u r e gage with a least reading of 20 psi
( 183 kN / m2) , which is equivalent to 20 , 000 pounds (38 . 98 k~ )
force . Di s placements we r e measured us ing displacement
t r an s ducers with a ± 3 - inch - maxl~um ( 76 :nm) travel. Because of
the large displa c ements of the yiel d ing pin holes in che th~ck
plates , autog r aphic plotting of load versu s displacement was not
p r actical . I nstead , load s were applied incrementally and the
forces and d i splacements were recorded for each increment . cr.e
ultimate load was determined as the highest load reached p r ior to
speci~en failu r e .

Te s ting ? r oc edures for Thin ~ink ?lates

The pin - connected link - plate speci mens , ~rom 1/ 4

through 3/ 4 inch (0 th r ough 19 mm) we r e ~ested at ~esearch in a
Baldwin ~ima - Hamilton universal - testing - machi,e with a capacicy
of 44 0 , 000 - pound fo r ce ( 1957 kN) , E'lgure 3 . Special cle'/ i s e s
with spacers were fab r icated to accomodate the different plate
thicknesse s . The space rs were used to keep the specimens
centered and within an axial alignme n t of 1/ 16 inch (2 mm) .
Strain gages were applied to the center of both sides of the
first specimen to ve r ify uniaxial loading and uniform loading of
the specimen cross s ection . Calculated loads from the strain -
gage measu r emen t s ag r eed with the ma c hine loads within 3 per -
cent . (A s light cambe r in t he te s t s pecimen induced some
bending , which r esulted in an apparent higher load . ) One end of
each specimen was pinned in a clevis that was bolted to the
upper , moveable cro s shead . The other end of the specimen was
pinned to a clevis bolted to the lower stationary crosshead .
Loads ·..ere applied hyd r aulically through the moveable - crosshead
a ssembly until the highe s t load wa s r eached prior to fail u re.

Te s t loads were indicated on a reacout dial ( part of

the calib r ated testing machine ) and autograp h ical_y recorded wlch
the applied loads .

- 3-
 Results

The results of the pin-connecte <'l -platc-link tests are

summarized in Table Ill . Load-displacement curves for each test
are shown in Figures 4 through 27. The original plots and
.' recorded data have been r eplotted for clarity and reporting con-
venience . Photographs fo r each of the failed specimen ends are
shown in Figures 28 through 40 . All specimens failed in a
ductile manner. Extensive elongation of the pinholes of all
specimens is evident in the figures.

All failures occurred at the ends designed to fail

except for Specimen 2-B . In this case, a loose packing of spacers
allowed the 2-inch-diameter pin to cause localized dishing around
the pinhole . This resulted in a tearing of the pi nhole before
the larger J-inch-diameter pinhole began to yield , Figure 30
(yielded end) . The failures in all but five specimens resulted
in a single rupture through the section behind the pins parallel
to the direction of the applied load . Specimens I-A and 2-A had
tensile failures in the net section of one side of the pins as
shown in Figures 28 and 29, respectively. Specimens I-B and 2- D
had double r upture lines through the section behind the pinhole,
as shown in Figures 28 and 29, respectively.

Summary

Pin-connected plate links , such as those used to lift

heavy beams, are dimensioned by using design equations that are
based on limited test data developed more than 40 years ago .
Therefore , the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
sponsored additional tension tests of pin-connected plate links
with thicknesses ran~ing from 1/ 4 inch to 2 inches (6 to 51 mm)
and with pin diameters between 2 and 3-1 / 2 inches (51 and
89 mm) . These tests were conducted by U. S . Steel Research. The
data obtained can be used by AIS C to refine the present design
equations .

Acknowledgments

N. W. Young of the American Bridge Division designed

the test specimens and arranged for the fabrication .
D. A. Morris , G . Peterson , and J. T . Thoma of the National ?lant
of National - Duquesne Works provided assistance during tests on
the 4- million -pou nd tensile-testing machine. R. M. Carratura,
W. J . Jankovic, and R. E. Droske of the Research ~aboratory
conducted the tests . The assistance of each o f these persons is
g ra tefully ackno wled~ ed .

-4-
 Re:e t"e nces

1. B. G . Johns ton, "P in - Connec ted Pla te Lin '<s, "Tra '1sac t ions
ASCE, 104, 1939 .

2. American Institute of Steel Conscructiol'l , "Specificati on fat" ",

the Design, Fabt"ication, and C:t"ection of Stt"uctut"al Sc!!el fot"
Buildings ," 1978.
r

.,
-- Table I

Mechanical Proeertics of Pin-Link Plates*

•

Nominal Measured Yield Tensile Percent

Thickness , Thickness, Stress , ** Strength, Elongation
inches inches ksi ksi in 8 Inches

0 . 250 0 . 256 45.4 74 .4 24 . 0

0 . 375 0 . 388 37 . 3 62 . 4 27 . 8

0 . 500 0 .4 88 37 . 5 68.1 27 . 0

0 . 750 0.722 38.0 69 .4 28 . 0

1. 250 1. 256 33 . 3 67 . 6 32.0

1. 750 1.766 40.9 72 . 0 31 . 3

2.000 2 . 018 30 . 8 60.8 32 . 2

* Average of two tests of strap-type tensile specimens for each

plate thickness.

** 0 . 2% offset method.

Conversion Factors:
1 in. = 25 .4 mm
1 ksi = 6 . 845 MPa
 Table II

As- f a bricated Di~ensions at t he Critical Pinhole

Nomina l Clea r Edge Cl ea r Snd

Hole Dis tance , Di s t a n c e ,
Ss>ecimen Diame te r , be , a,
No . inche s i nche s inches

I-A 3- 1/ 8 1 - 5/ 8 , 1 - 1/ 4 1 - 9/ 16
1- 8 3- 1/ 8 2- 3/ 16 , 2- 3/ 16 1- 3/ 8
l-C 2- 1/ 8 1- 1/ 2 , 1 - 3/ 8 1-5 / 16
1- 0 2- 1/ 8 2- 3/ 16, 2- 3/ 16 1 - 3/ 8
2- A 3- 1/ 8 1 - 15 / 16, 1- 11 / 16 1 - 7/ 8
2- 8 3/ 1- 8 2- 3/ 4 , 2- 13 / 16 2- 1 / 16
2- C 2- 1 / 8 1- 3/ 4 , 1- 7 / 8 1- 3/ ~
2- D 2- 1/ 8 2- 13 / 16, 2- 13 / 16 1- 7/ 8
3- A 3- 1/ 8 2- 3/ 16 , 2- 3/ 16 2- 1/ 4
3- 8 3- 1/ 8 3- 5/ 16 , 3- 5/ i6 2- 1 / 4
3- C 2- 1/ 8 2 - 3/ l6 , 2 - 3/ 10 2 - 1/ 4
3- D 2- 1/ 8 3- 5/ 16, 3- 5/ 16 2- 1/ 4
4- A 3- 1/ 8 2- 15 / 16 , 2-7 / 8 2- 15 / 16
4- 8 3- 1/ 8 4- 3/ 8 , 4- 7 / 16 2- 13 / 16
4- C 2- 1/ 8 3 , 2- 15 / 16 2- 15 / 16
4- 0 2- 1/ 8 4- 7 / 16, 4- 9 / 16 2- 7/ 8
4- E 3- 5/ 8 3- 1/ 8 , 2- 15 / 16 3
4- f 3- 5/ 8 4- 1/ 2 , 4- 1/ 2 3
5- C 3 - 5/ 8 4- 9/ 16 , 4- 1/ 4 4- 1/ 4
5- 0 3- 5/ 8 6- 5/ 8 , 6- 11 / 16 4- 7 / 16
6- C 3- 5/ 8 5- 7/ 8 , 5- 7/ 8 6
6- 0 3-5 / 8 8- 7/ 8 , 8 - 7/ 8 5- 7 / 8
7- C 3- 5/ 8 6- 11/ 16 , 6- 11 / 16 6- 5/ 8
7- 0 3- 5/ 8 10, 10 - 1/ 8 6- 3/ 4

1 i n . = 2 5 . 4 mn
 Tabl0 II I
.'
Pin - Link Test Results

Pin
Nominal Diamete r Ultima t e
Pl a t e at Te s t Te s t
Specimen Thickness . End . Load .
Number inches i nc hes kip s Mode of Fa i 1 ure

I- A 0 . 250 3 . 00 53 . 1 Side Tension

1- 8 0 . 250 3 . 00 57 . 9 Double Pull Through
l-C 0 . 250 2 . 00 47 . 5 Single Pull Through
I- D 0 . 250 2 . 00 50 . 1 Single Pull Through
2- A 0 . 375 3 . 00 79 . 8 Side Tension
2- 8 0 . 375 3 . 00 85 . 7 Dishing at Ivrong End
2- C 0 . 375 2 . 00 71. 5 Single Pull Through
2- D 0 . 375 2 . 00 75 . 8 Double Pull Th rough
3- A 0 . 500 3 . 00 150 Single Pull Through
3- 8 0 . 500 3 . 00 147 Single Pull Through
3- D 0 . 500 2 . 00 121 Single Pull Through
4- A 0 . 750 3 . 00 245 Single Pull Through
4- 8 0 . 750 3 . 00 240 Single Pull Through
4- C 0 . 750 2 . 00 216 Single Pull Through
4- D 0 . 750 2 . 00 220 Single Pull Through
4- E 0 . 750 3 . 50 255 Single Pull Through
4- F 0 . 750 3 . 50 242 Single Pull Through
5-C 1 . 250 3 . 50 510 Single Pull Through
5- D 1. 250 3 . 50 550 Single Pull Through
6- C 1.750 3 . 50 950 Single Pull Through
6- D 1 . 750 3 . 50 990 Single Pull Through
7- C 2 . 000 3 . 50 1100 Single Pull Through
7- D 2 . 000 3 . 50 1185 Single Pull Through

Conversion Facto rs:

1 in . = 25 . 4 mm
1 kip = 4 . 45 kN

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ELEVATION

PLAN AND ELEVATION VIEWS OF 4- MU.LlON- POUND-CAPACITY /17.8 MN) TESTING MACHINE
(FROM ABO DRAWING 3640)
RL-I8-3130 Figure 2
 PIN-CONNECTED LINK PLATES BEING TESTED IN 440-K IP
(1957 kN) UNIVERSAL-TESTING MACHINE

P8553B-1 Figure 3
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38 ULT=147 KIPS

co.oo C.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20

DISPLACEMENT,INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
F·~ F 1
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3C ULT=121 KIPS

CtJ .00 0.20 C.40 C.60 C.80 1.00 1.20

DISPLACEMENT,INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
FIGURE 14
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3D ULT=123 r:IPS

9J .00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2·00

DISPLACEMENT.INCHES
PI N-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
 o
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(I")

o
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...,. 4A ULT=245 KIPS

en.oo o .40 0 .80 1 .20 1 .-£0 2.00

DISPLACEMENT.INCHES
PIN-CONNEC-ED LINK TESTS
FIGURE 16
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..... 48 ULT=240 KIPS

9J .00 o.~o 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00

DISPLACEMENT,INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
F Tr. II RF 17
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4C ULT=216 KIPS

9>.00 C.40 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00

DISPLACEMENT,INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
FIGURE 18
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(T)

o
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ULT=220 KIPS

9J .00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00

DISPLRCEMENT.INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
 o
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o
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4E ULT=255 KIPS

C1J .00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00

DISPLACEMENT.INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
FIGURE 20
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ULT=242 KIPS

CU.OO 0.40 C.80 1.20 •. 60 2.00

DISPLRCEMENT,INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
o
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CD

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III

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5C ULT=510 KIPS

9J .00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00

DISPLACEMENT.INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
FIGU RE 22
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50 ULT=550 KIPS

c=tJ.oo 0 . 50 1 . 00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

DISPLACEMENT,INCHES
prN-CO~NECTED LINK TESTS
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6C ULT=950 KIPS

9J.oo O.~O 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00

DISPLACEMENT.INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
FIGURE 24
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60 ULT=990 KIPS

9:1.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40

DISPLRCEMENT,INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
T,-,
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7C ULT=1100 KIPS

't.oo a.bO 1.60 2.~0 3.20 ~.OO ~.80

DISPLACEMENT.INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
FIGURE 26
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70 ULT=1185 KIPS

9:J . 00 0 . l:l0 1 . 60 2.40 3 . 20 4 . 00

DISPLACEMENT.INCHES
PIN-CONNECTED LINK TESTS
FIGUR E 27
.

3/ 4·INCH (10 mm) PLATE·lINK SPECIMENS

P8553B·9 Figure 29
 3-A 3-6

1/2-INCH (13 mm) PLATE -LINK SPECIMENS

P8553B-10 Figure 30
 3-[

1! 2·INCH (13 mm ) PLATE· LlNK SPECIMENS

P8553B·11 Figure 31
 3! 4·INCH (19 mm) PLATE·LlNK SPECIMENS

P8553B·12 Figure 32
 3/4·INCH (19 mm) PLATE· LlNK SPECIMENS

P8553B·13 Figure 33
 3/4-INCH (19 '11m) PLATE -LINK SPECIMENS

P8553B -14 Figure 34

 s-c

1·1/4·INCH (32 mm ) PLATE·LlNK SPECIMEN

P8553B·15 Figure 35
 •
S-D

1-1/ 4-INCH (32 mm) PLATE -LINK SPECIMEN

..

P8553B-16 Figure 36
,

1-3/4-INCH (44 mm) PLATE-LINK SPECIMEN

P8553B -17 Figure 37

•

1·3/4·INCH (44 mm ) PLATE ·LlNK SPECIMEN

P8553B· 18 Figure 38
, .•
•
7-C

2·INCH (50.8 mm ) PLATE ·LINK SPECIMEN

Figure 39
P8553B·19
 .

•
,
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2·INCH (50.8 mm) PLATE·L1NK SPECIMEN

.,
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P8553B·20 Figure 40
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