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VIBRATION MONITORING
FUNDAMENTAL REALITIES
All machines vibrate – only dead machines don’t
Vibration is a symptom – to and fro motion
A body vibrates because it has mass and
stiffness & they are related.
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VIBRATION MONITORING
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF EXCESS VIBRATION
Increased Stresses On Risk of fatigue.
Machine Components
Increased Load On Bearings Reduced bearing life.
Higher Forces On Mountings Loosening of foundation
Damage to supporting
structure.
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VIBRATION MONITORING
WHAT IS VIBRATION ?
WHAT CAUSES VIBRATION ?
HOW DO WE MEASURE VIBRATION ?
HOW DO WE ANALYSE VIBRATION ?
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VIBRATION MONITORING
WHAT IS VIBRATION ?
• IT IS MOTION OF MECHANICAL PARTS
BACK AND FORTH FROM ITS POSITION
OF REST.
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Imagine
Imagine a bird perched on a thin twig of a tree.
And the bird goes up and down. In other words
it oscillates.How would you describe its motion
over a period of time?
Now imagine that two birds sit on the same
branch and the frequency of oscillation
increases to 20 times/min. The vibration
increases greatly and the birds fly off. What has
happened?
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VIBRATION MONITORING
What causes Vibration ?
INDUCED FORCE
&
FREEDOM FOR MOVEMENT
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VIBRATION MONITORING
Types of Forces ?
Inertia Forces
Acceleration & Deceleration
Looseness & Impacts
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VIBRATION MONITORING
Degrees of Freedom?
Degrees of Freedom determines the
direction in which we measure vibration
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Basic Theory Of Vibration
Simple Spring Mass System
Max Acceleration, Min Velocity
Displacement
Upper Limit
Neutral Position
Lower Position
Max Velocity, Min Acceleration Max Acceleration, Min Velocity
IT FOLLOWS SINE CURVE
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VIBRATION MONITORING
Modes of Amplitudes
• DISPLACEMENT
• VELOCITY
• ACCELERATION
• SPIKE ENERGY
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The significance
Displacement gives the strain energy
Velocity gives the kinetic energy
Acceleration gives the force
Spike energy/HFD/gE are special
ways to measure acceleration only.
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Physical Significance Of Vibration
Amplitude
Displacement : Stress Indicator
Velocity : Fatigue Indicator
Acceleration : Force Indicator
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Amplitude Measurement
1. Displacement : Total distance traveled
by the mass. Unit : Microns, Mils
2. Velocity : Rate of change of
displacement. It is the measure of the speed
at which the mass is vibrating during its
oscillation. Unit : MM/Sec, Inch/sec
3. Acceleration : It is the rate of change of
velocity. The greater the rate of change of
velocity the greater the forces (P=mf) on the
Machines. Unit : M/Sec2, Inch/sec2
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VIBRATION MONITORING
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
DISPLACEMENT - MICRONS
VELOCITY - MM / SEC.
ACCELERATION - MM / SEC2 , G
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Scales Of Amplitude
Peak to Peak
Peak
RMS
Av.
Peak -a
Peak to Peak - 2a
RMS - 0.707 a
Average - 0.637 a
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VIBRATION MONITORING
AMPLITUDE DESCRIPTORS
• RMS - Displacement
Velocity
• PEAK - 1.414 RMS Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
• PEAK-TO-PEAK - 2 * PEAK Displacement
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Measurement direction -
Horizontal, Vertical, Axial.
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General rule of direction
We measure H direction for machines
on the foundation.
We measure V direction for machines
on structures
We measure A direction when we
suspect misalignment
There are advantages, but there are
exceptions to this rule.
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Simplest Transducers
Finger – index finger –
displacement to even 10 microns
and acceleration or impacts FEEL
5 Rupee coin a go no-go test
Eye
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Other Transducers
Velocity
Proximity Probes
Accelerometers
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Accelerometer
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Accelerometer
1. Produces signal proportional to
acceleration of seismic mass, can
get disp, and vel also.
2. Large Frequency range
3. Smaller in size
4. Can be used remote
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Fixing Transducers
Come back to the same point
9 inch probe
Magnet
Stud
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Simple rules of Limits (Alarm)
For Velocity – 5 to 7 times of baseline
For Displacement – 4 to 5 times of Base
For Acceleration – 20 to 40 times Base
For Spike Energy – 30 to 50 times Base
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How do we set the limits?
Warning and Alarm Limits
Baseline = Y mm/s; G, D
Warning = 1.5 x Y mm/s; 10 G; 1.5 D
Alarm = 5 to 7 x Y mm/s;30-50G, 4/5D
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VIBRATION
Displacement: Acceleration:
Sensitive to low Sensitive to high
frequencies. frequencies.
Good guide for imbalance, Good for rolling element
& other low frequency faults. bearing damage.
Velocity:
Has average sensitivity throughout the frequency range.
Reasonably sensitive to imbalance, misalignment, looseness and
rolling element bearing damage.
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Advantage Of Using Velocity?
Flat frequency range compared to
displacement & acceleration.
Almost all machines generate fault
frequency between 600CPM to 60KCPM
Velocity indicates fatigue.
Velocity is the best indicator of vibration
severity.
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Amplitude & Frequency
Amplitude:
It is the magnitude of Vibration signal.
Units: Micron, MM/Sec, M/Sec2
Frequency:
How many times oscillation is occurring
for a given time period?
Units: CPS(Hz), CPM
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Physical Significance Of Vibration
Characteristics
Amplitude - How much is it vibrating?
(severity) of the problem.
Frequency - What is vibrating?
Source of the vibration.
Phase Angle – Relation of vibration?
Cause of the performance.
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Analysis with overall?
What faults can we
measure and How?
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Detection By Vibration
Analysis
Unbalance
If the ratios of H:V:A = 5:4:1
And it is true for both bearings
on either sides, expect for
overhung rotors
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Detection By Vibration
Analysis
Misalignment
If the ratio of H:V:A = 4:2:3
Sometimes the axial may be
more than the horizontal. It
may be due to less stiff rotors.
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Detection By Vibration
Analysis
Mechanical Looseness, Structural
Weakness, Soft Foot
The ratio of H:V:A = 2:4:1 for foundation
The ratio of H:V:A = 2:1:4 for structures
The ratio of H:V:A = 2: 4: 3 for soft foot
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Detection By Vibration
Analysis
Antifriction Bearing Defects
The ratio of H:V:A = 5:3:1
and the gSE or gE is also high
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Detection By Vibration
Analysis
Electrical Problems
Vibrations are more to the motor side
than on the driven side or the
vibrations disappear suddenly on
switching off.
In some cases there is a distinct noise.
Or the needle starts to flicker when
near an electrical cable.
