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Failure Theories: Brittle & Ductile

There are two main types of material failure: brittle failure and ductile failure. Brittle failure occurs with little deformation while ductile failure involves plastic deformation. There are three main failure theories for predicting when materials will fail under stress: maximum normal stress theory, maximum shear stress (Tresca) theory, and von Mises maximum distortional energy theory. The maximum normal stress theory applies to brittle materials failing when normal stresses exceed strength. The Tresca theory applies to ductile materials failing in shear when shear stresses exceed the shear strength. The von Mises theory accounts for combined stresses failing ductile materials when an equivalent stress exceeds the yield stress.

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117 views2 pages

Failure Theories: Brittle & Ductile

There are two main types of material failure: brittle failure and ductile failure. Brittle failure occurs with little deformation while ductile failure involves plastic deformation. There are three main failure theories for predicting when materials will fail under stress: maximum normal stress theory, maximum shear stress (Tresca) theory, and von Mises maximum distortional energy theory. The maximum normal stress theory applies to brittle materials failing when normal stresses exceed strength. The Tresca theory applies to ductile materials failing in shear when shear stresses exceed the shear strength. The von Mises theory accounts for combined stresses failing ductile materials when an equivalent stress exceeds the yield stress.

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29/3/2018 9.

1 Failure Theories

9.1 Failure Theories


        Types of Failure | Max. Normal Stresses
        Max. Shear Stress | Max. Distortional Energy

» Types of Failure
In general there are two basic methods in which materials FAIL:

    •Brittle Failure or Fracture occurs when a material breaks in two after only a small amount,
if any, plastic deformation. Ceramics such as chalk and concrete are examples of materials which
exhibit brittle failure.
    •Ductile Failure or Yielding occurs when a material exceeds a its elastic range and undergoes
permanent (plastic) deformation. Metals such as aluminum, steel and copper are examples of
materials which exhibit ductile failure.

» Maximum Normal Stress


The MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS FAILURE
THEORY states that when the Maximum Normal Stress
in any direction of a Brittle material reaches the Strength
of the material - the material fails. Thus, finding the
Principal Stresses at critical locations is important.
Mathematically failure occurs when:

sI > SU or sII > SU   (Tension)


|sI| > |SC| or |sII| > |SC|   (Compression)

SU is the ultimate strength in Tension


SC is the ultimate strength in Compression
In general SC > SU for Brittle materials
Max. Normal Stress Failure Surface

» Tresca - Maximum Shear Stress (Plane Stress


Only)
The TRESCA YIELD CONDITION states that for
ductile materials, when the Maximum Shear Stress
exceeds the Shear Strength, tY, the material yields.
Recall that for a given plane the The Maximum In-
Plane Shear Stress is the average of the In-Plane
Principal Stresses.

sI sII
tmax =
2

The two Maximum Out-of-Plane Shear Stresses are:

sI s
tmax = max , II The above plot is a Failure Map. If the
2 2 In-plane Principal Stresses lie outside
the shaded zone, failure occurs.

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29/3/2018 9.1 Failure Theories

tmax is the Maximum Shear Stress Under a uniaxial load, sII = sIII =
sI is the Maximum Principal Stress
0. Thus, the axial yield stress is sI
sII is the Minimum Principal Stress
Note that the Out-of-Plane Principal Stress (sIII) for the = SY = 2tY. The Maximum Shear
strain plane condition is zero Stress Theory predicts that the
Shear Yield Stress is half the
Failure occurs when the maximum of the Three Axial Yield Stress.
Maximum Shear Stresses reaches the shear yield When the In-Plane Principal
stress, tY. Stresses are the same sign (1st
and 3rd quadrant), the Maximum
Shear Stress in the system is Out-
of-Plane.
When the In-Plane Principal
Stresses are opposite sign (2nd
and 4th quadrant), the Maximum
Shear Stress in the system is In-
Plane.

» von Mises - Maximum Distortional Energy


The von MISES YIELD CRITERIA states that a
material will fail when the von Mises Equivalent Stress
(so exceeds the Axial Yield Stress (SY). The von Mises
Equivalent Stress is defined by:

2so2 = (sI - sII)2 + (sII - sIII)2 + (sIII - sI)2

When so = SY the material is deemed to have yielded.

For Plane Stress the von Mises Failure Criterion reduces


to:

1/2
so = sI2 sIsII + sII2 SY

or
1/2
so = sx2 sxsy + sy2 + 3ty2 SY
von Mises Failure Surface

The above plot is a Failure Map. If


Using the above relationship, the von-Mises relationship
the In-plane Principal Stresses lie
predicts that ratio of the Axial Yield Stress to the Shear
outside the shaded zone, failure
Yield Stress is: SY = 1.732 tY. occurs.

From the Tresca condition: SY = 2 tY.

In general, metals tend follow the Axial Yield Stress-Shear


Yield Stress relationship of von Mises, making von Mises
more accurate. However, von Mises is harder to use.

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