what is cell site

A cell site or cell tower is a cellular telephone site where antennae

and electronic communications equipment are placed — typically
on a radio mast, tower, The raised structure typically supports
antennae and one or more sets of transmitter/receivers
transceivers, digital signal processors, control electronics, a GPS
receiver for timing (for CDMA2000/IS-95 or GSM systems),
primary and backup electrical power sources, and sheltering.

In GSM networks, the correct term is Base Transceiver Station

(BTS), and colloquial synonyms are "mobile phone mast" or "base
station". The term "base station site" might better reflect the
increasing co-location of multiple mobile operators, and therefore
multiple base stations, at a single site. Depending on an operator's
technology, even a site hosting just a single mobile operator may
house multiple base stations, each to serve a different air
interface technology (CDMA2000 or GSM, for example).

what is bsc site

The Base Station Controller (BSC) is in control of and supervises a
number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The BSC is responsible
for the allocation of radio resources to a mobile call and for the
handovers that are made between base stations under his control.
Other handovers are under control of the MSC.

Radio Network Controller

The Radio Network Controller (or RNC) is a governing element in the UMTS
radio access network (UTRAN) and is responsible for controlling the Node
Bs that are connected to it. The RNC carries out radio resource
management, some of the mobility management functions and is the point
where encryption is done before user data is sent to and from the mobile.
The RNC connects to the Circuit Switched Core Network through Media
Gateway (MGW) and to the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) in the
Packet Switched Core Network.

1 Interfaces

2 Protocols

3 RNC roles

4 See also

Interfaces

RNC Interfaces

The logical connections between the network elements are known as

interfaces. The interface between the RNC and the Circuit Switched Core
Network (CS-CN) is called Iu-CS and between the RNC and the Packet
Switched Core Network is called Iu-PS. Other interfaces include Iub
(between the RNC and the Node B) and Iur (between RNCs in the same
network). Iu interfaces carry user traffic (such as voice or data) as well as
control information (see Protocols), and Iur interface is mainly needed for
soft handovers involving 2 RNCs though not required as the absence of Iur
will cause these handovers to become hard handovers.

Until 3gpp R4, all the interfaces in the UTRAN are implemented using ATM
only, except the Uu (air) interface which uses WCDMA technology. Starting
R5, IP bearers can be used over Ethernet instead. Physically, these
interfaces can be carried over SDH over optical fiber, E1 (sometimes
referred to as PDH) - over a copper wire or microwave radio. Several E1s can
be bundled to form an IMA Group. Since the interfaces are logical, many
interfaces can be multiplexed onto the same transmission line. The actual
implementation depends on the network topology; examples are chain,
distant star,mesh and loop configurations.

Protocols

Iub, Iu and Iur protocols all carry both user data and signalling (that is,
control plane).

Signalling protocol responsible for the control of the Node B by the RNC is
called NBAP (Node-B Application Part). NBAP is subdivided into Common
and Dedicated NBAP (C-NBAP and D-NBAP), where Common NBAP controls
overall Node B functionality and Dedicated NBAP controls separate cells or
sectors of the Node B. NBAP is carried over Iub. In order for NBAP to handle
common and dedicated procedures, it is divided into: NodeB Control Port
(NCP) which handles common NBAP procedures and Communication
Control Port (CCP) which handles dedicated NBAP procedures.

Control plane protocol for the transport layer is called ALCAP (Access Link
Control Application Protocol). Basic functionality of ALCAP is multiplexing of
different users onto one AAL2 transmission path using channel IDs (CIDs).
ALCAP is carried over Iub and Iu-CS interfaces.

Signalling protocol responsible for communication between RNC and the

core network is called RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part), and
is carried over Iu interface.

Signalling protocol responsible for communications between RNCs is called

RNSAP (Radio Network Subsystem Application Part) and is carried on the Iur
interface.

RNC roles[edit]

In a relationship to a UE (in a soft handover situation) an RNC can play two

different roles. These are:
D-RNC: Drift RNC

S-RNC: Serving RNC

However, as far as the NodeB is concerned, the RNC may play a third role:

C-RNC: Controlling RNC

It is important to know that one RNC can assume more than one role at any
time.

An RNC also controls the power of a NodeB.

note
Packet switching
Packet switching is a method of grouping data transmitted over a
digital network into packets which are composed of a header and
a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to
direct the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted
and used by application software. Packet switching is the primary
basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.

circuit switching

circuit switching is commonly used for connecting voice circuits,

the concept of a dedicated path persisting between two
communicating parties or nodes can be extended to signal content
other than voice. Its advantage is that it provides for continuous
transfer without the overhead associated with packets making
maximal use of available bandwidth for that communication. Its
disadvantage is that it can be relatively inefficient because unused
capacity guaranteed to a connection cannot be used by other
connections on the same network.

Signalling System No. 7

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling
protocols developed in 1975, which is used to set up and tear
down most of the world's public switched telephone network
(PSTN) telephone calls. It also performs number translation, local
number portability, prepaid billing, Short Message Service (SMS),
and other mass market services.

Base station subsystem(BSS)

The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional
cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling
traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network
switching subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech
channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging,
transmission and reception over the air interface and many other
tasks related to the radio network.

BSC
The Base Station Controller (BSC) is in control of and supervises a
number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The BSC is responsible
for the allocation of radio resources to a mobile call and for the
handovers that are made between base stations under his control.
Other handovers are under control of the MSC
BSC convey information to and from the BTS. it connect terrestial
circuits & air interface channels . controls upto 40 BTS and also
control handover between BTS and it self.

Base transceiver station(BTS)

A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece of equipment that

facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE)
and a network. UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets),
WLL phones, computers with wireless Internet connectivity. The
network can be that of any of the wireless communication
technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX
or other wide area network (WAN) technology.

it contain RF hardware and having 1-6 carrier in a BTS cabinet and

7 -48 calls simultaneous calls per BTS.

it is generally associated with mobile communication

technologies like GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms part
of the base station subsystem (BSS) developments for system
management. It may also have equipment for encrypting and
decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass
filters), etc. antennas may also be considered as components of
BTS in general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS.
Typically a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it
to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the
cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by
a parent base station controller via the base station control
function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even
incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides
an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network
management system (NMS), and manages operational states of
each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The
basic structure and functions of the BTS remains the same
regardless of the wireless technologies.

Network switching subsystem

Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is the
component of a GSM system that carries out call switching and
mobility management functions for mobile phones roaming on
the network of base stations. It is owned and deployed by mobile
phone operators and allows mobile devices to communicate with
each other and telephones in the wider public switched telephone
network (PSTN). The architecture contains specific features and
functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in
one location.

The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network,

used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and
circuit switched data calls. It was extended with an overlay
architecture to provide packet-switched data services known as
the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones to have access
to services such as WAP, MMS and the Internet.

Mobile switching centre server

The mobile switching station, abbreviated as MSC Server or MSS,
is a 2G core network element which controls the network
switching subsystem elements.

its responsiility is to call switching and provide operation and

management support. and collection of call billing data.

TRANSMISSION LINK
Interconnecting two main sites, such as 2 Switching centers that
are far apart.

Interconnecting BSC to BTSs. There are two types of this service:

Local (Intra-City) Transmission Link: This is to interconnect two

points that are located in the same city area.

National (Inter-City) Transmission Link: This is to interconnect two

points that are located in two different cities.

Some of the available capacities for this service:

E1

Fast Ethernet (FE)

STM-1(Electrical)

STM-1(Optical)

STM-4

STM16

Gigabit Ethernet (GE)

Features:Permanent since we have redundant routes by adopting
ring topologies,Secure and reliable ,High Quality

Radio repeater
A radio repeater is a combination of a radio receiver and a radio
transmitter that receives a signal and retransmits it, so that two-
way radio signals can cover longer distances. A repeater sited at a
high elevation can allow two mobile stations, otherwise out of
line-of-sight propagation range of each other, to communicate.[1]
Repeaters are found in professional, commercial, and government
mobile radio systems and also in amateur radio.

Repeater systems use two different radio frequencies; the mobiles

transmit on one frequency, and the repeater station receives
those transmission and transmits on a second frequency. Since the
repeater must transmit at the same time as the signal is being
received, and may even use the same antenna for both
transmitting and receiving, frequency-selective filters are required
to prevent the receiver from being overloaded by the transmitted
signal. Some repeaters use two different frequency bands to
provide isolation between input and output or as a convenience.

why isolation between two frequency needed

Because the transmitter and receiver are on at the same time,
isolation must exist to keep the repeater's own transmitter from
degrading the repeater receiver. If the repeater transmitter and
receiver are not isolated well, the repeater's own transmitter
desensitizes the repeater receiver. The problem is similar to being
at a rock concert and not being able to hear the weak signal of a
conversation over the much stronger signal of the band.

Duplexer system
In same-band repeaters, isolation between transmitter and
receiver can be created by using a single antenna and a device
called a duplexer. The device is a tuned filter connected to the
antenna. In this example, consider a type of device called a band-
pass duplexer. It allows, or passes, a band, (or a narrow range,) of
frequencies.

There are two legs to the duplexer filter, one is tuned to pass the
input frequency, the other is tuned to pass the output frequency.
Both legs of the filter are coupled to the antenna. The repeater
receiver is connected to the input leg while the transmitter is
connected to the output leg. If the right specifications are chosen,
the duplexer has a narrow-enough filter to prevent the repeater's
receiver from being overloaded by its own transmitter. By virtue of
the transmitter and receiver being on different frequencies, they
can operate at the same time on a single antenna.

Any anomaly or fault with the antenna or antenna feed cable will
reflect transmitter power back into the receiver, possibly causing
the receiver to be overloaded. The reflected power will quickly
exceed the duplexer's filtering ability.