Oil Well Testing Handbook Amanat U. Chaudhry Advanced TWPSOM Petroleum Systems, Inc. Houston, Texas rosenoas sosrox eps toxoox GP SEHVOR CATER ans SNEED satanic aa Se ONO gy en (ut Poel bing Ht nica of EverContents FOrEWOd ooesesssesseeee Preface Acknowledgements... 1. Introduction nesses. 1 1.1. Role of Oil Well Tests and information in Petroleum Industry 1 1.2 History of O Well Testng and Uses of Oil Well Tests 1 1.3. OllWell Test Data Acauisiton, Analysis, and Management .. 2 1.4 Selecting Oi Wells for Optimum Simulation Treatment sos : 2 1.8 Reservoir System Characterization Process 4 1.6 Scope and Objective 6 1.7 Organization : ae 8 1.8 Unit's, Systems and Conversions wsvennnnee 14 References . 12 Additional Reading 12 2. Fundamentals of Reservoir Oil Flow Analysis .... 13 2.4 Introduction 13 2.2 Basic Fluid Flow Equations inO Reservar [This page has been reformatted by Knovel w provide easier awvigation.] yjviii Contents 2.3 Numerical Models and Their Applications ........ 26 24 Unsteady-state Pressure Distribution Calculations ‘in Directional Well senesennnsavens 33 25 Summary 4 References sesinity serene crete J Additional Reading “ 42 3. Transient Well Testing Methods for Horizontal Oil Wells. ot 44 34 Introduction i: Z a pea 3.2 Flow Equations for Horizontal Oil Wells ............... 44 3.3 Horizontal Oil Well Performance during Transient State. ...... i‘ fe a 84 3.4 Transient Well Testing Techniques in Horizontal Oil Wells oo . senesennsvesensan pice 3.5 Flow Time Equations and Solutions: ..ssuenne 88 3.6 Pressure Response Equations and Methods of Analysis oo....cscscessseeeee venenesecensaesencssnn 95 3.7 Horizontal Well Response and Normalized Pressure Derivative - 103 38 Effects of Wellbore Storage 104 3.9 Summary... senune 104 References seven 105 Additional Reading ... 106. 4, Pressure Drawdown Testing Techniques for Oil Wells ae . 107 4A Introduction... 107 42 Pressure-time History for Constant-rate Drawdown Test ce ee 108 43 Transient Analysis — Infinite-acting Reservoirs 108 [This page has been reformatied by Knovel t provide easier navigation.Contents 44 Late Transient Analysis - Bounded (Developed) RESEVOIS nnn 45 Semi-steady-state Analysis — Reservoir Limit Be eeereereereeereetes 46 Two-rate Flow Test Analysis, : 4.7 Variable-rate FIOW Tests. o.nnnnsunnsinunneis 48 — Multirate Flow Test Analysis “ 4.9 Drawdown Rate Normalization Methods 440 Summary References cnn Additional Reading Pressure Buildup Analysis Tech Wells oon... seeseseee 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ideal Pressure Buildup Test ..... 5.3. Actual Buildup Tests - Infinite Reservoir 5.4 Pressure Buildup Test Analysis in Infinite-acting Reservoir at 55 Pressure Buldup Testing Methods for Finite (Bounded) Reservoir 5.6 Multiphase Buildup Test Analysis .. 5.7 Afterflow Analysis Using Russel's Technique ..... 5.8 Pressure Buildup Tests Preceded by Two Different Flow Rates : oe 5.8 Variable-rate Pressure Buildup Analysis .. 5.10 Multiphase, Multi-rate Buildup Analysis... 5.11. Rate Normalization Techniques and Procedures (Pressure Buildup Data) 5.12 Summary References and Additional Reading [This page has Been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. ix 1 115 121 129 137 146 150 154 151 . 153 153 153 157 176 194 199 201 208 210 214 231 232x Contents Original and Average Reservoir Pressure Estimation Methods 6.1 Introduction 62 Original Reservoir Pressure in Infinite Reservoirs 6.3 Estimating Average and Initial | Reservoir Pressure 64 Estimating Constant Pressure at Aquifer in Water-drive Reservoirs 65 Summary ...... References and Adiional Reading Well Testing Methods for Natu Reservoirs 7A Introduction 72 Identification of Natural Fractures 73 Characteristics of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 7.4 Typical Pressure Drawdown Behavior Curve Shapes . .. 7.5 Pressure Buildup Behavior Characteristics 7.6 Well Test Interpretation Methods, Uses, and Limitations... 7.7 Buildup Analysis Techniques for “Tan Reservoir Matrix 7.8 Interpretation of Interference Tests in Matrix and Fractured Reservoir .... : 7.8 Horizontal Well Pressure Behavior Cue Shapes ..... 7.10 Horizontal Well Production Forecasting — Duak porosity Reservoir ‘age has besa reformatted by Knovel w provide easier navi 234 234 234 235 244 2562 252 254 254 255 255 256 287 270 275 278 28410. Contents 7.11 Summary z References and Additonal Reading Fundamentals of Type Curve Matching Methods for Oil Wells... 841 Introduction = 82 Application to Conventional Tests. 8.3 Fracture Type Curve Matching Techniques 84 Type Curves — Horizontal Fractured Oil Wells, 85 Summary References and Additional Reading Flow Regime Identification and Anatysie Using Special Methods .. a me 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fracture Linear Flow Period 9.3 Bilinear Flow 94 Formation Linear Flow 9.5 Pseudo-radial Flow 9.6 Type Curve Matching Methods 9.7 Summary oe esse ReFeAENCES ravens Additional Reading Application of Pressure Derivative in Oil Well Test Analysis 10.1 Introduction: 10.2 Pressure Derivative ‘Applications in Well Test Analysis .. 10.3 Pressure Derivative Analysis Methods .... 10.4 Fractured Reservoir Systems ........ [This page has been reformatted by Knovel to prov xi 285 285 . 287 287 287 313 329 337 338 339 339 387 357 . 359 359 359 359 365xii 1. 12. Contents 10.5 106 References .... Additional Reading - Pressure Derivative Trends for Other Common Flow Regimes ‘Summary Massive eae fractured Oil Well Behavior Analysis .. 44 12 113 11.4 15 18 WT References Introduction Methods of Evaluating MHF Oil Wells... Analyzing Infinite Flow Capacity Fractures... Analyzing Finite Flow Capacity Fractures Estimating Formation Characteristics of Finite Conductivity Fractures Pretreatment Testing of Hydraulically Fractured Candidate Summary... Adgitional Reading Drill-stem Testing Methods 124 12.2 123, 12.4 125 126 12.7 128 Introduction ae DST Equipment and Operational Procedures. Recommended Flow and Shut.in Time for Dril- stem Tests Troubleshooting DST Pressure Charis Checking Validity and Consistency of Reporting DST Data Estimation of Average Flow Rate DST Analysis Methods, Uses, and Limitations... Wireline Formation Test Data Evaluation [This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 370 371 at 371 372 372 372 372 373 378 384 385 386 . 387 387 388 389 390 391 392 396 a413. 14, 15. Contents 129 Summary ey References and Additional Reading Interference and Pulse Test Analysis Methods . 13.4 Introduction ef 132 Interference Test Analysis Techniques 13.3. Analysis of Pulse Test Pressure Response ....... 13.4 Vertical Pulse Test Design and Analysis Methods ...... 135. Design and Analysis of Unequal Pulses 13.6 Summary References so ‘Additional Reading .. ction Well Transient Testing and Analysis... 14.1 Introduction z 14.2. Injectivity Test Analysis Methods. 14.3 Pressure Fall-off Test Analysis Methods 144 Two-rate Injectivity Test Analysis 145 Step-rate Injectivity Testing Technique 146 Summary References .... Additional Reading ‘Well Testing Methods in eee oil Reservoir Systems ... 15.1 _ Introduction : 15.2 _dentication of Layered Oil Reservoir Systeme 15.3 Analyzing Pressure Behavior in Multlayered Systems navigation xili 427 427 429 429 429 434 445 448 462 462 462 463 463 475 492 496 505xiv 16. Contents 15.4 Concept of Reservoir Layer Fracture Conductivity ey 15.5 Pressure Production Performance Response Equations 15:6 investigating Degroe of Communication and Type of Crossflow 15.7 Pressure Buildup Characteristics in n Layered Reservoir Systems . 15.8 Pressure Analysis Methods for Oi Wells Producing Commingled Zones ..... 15.9 Factors Affecting Multilayered Reservoir Performance 15.10. Economic Aspects of Interiayer Crossfow 15.11 Summary . References and Ad ial Reading : Pressure Analysis Methods in Heterogeneous Oil Reservoir Systems 16.1 Introduction 416.2 Effect of Pressure on Rock Properties 16.3 Major Causes of Heterogeneities .... 16.4 Pressure Responses near No Flow Boundaries ... 16.5 Effect of Hydraulic Diffusivity on Reservoir BehAVIOE un 16.6 Simple Procedures and Guidelines to Estimate Reservoir Heterogeneity Properties 16.7 General Approach fo Estimate Fracture Trends or Heterogeneity 16.8 Determination of Reservoir Parameters and Fracture Orientations: has been reformatted by Knovel lo provide easier navigation | 509 510 512 512 514 520 821 524 521 523 523 523 524 524 53416.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 References and Additional Reading Contents Defining Reservoir Heterogeneity by Multiple- well Tests soe Method for Calculating Fracture Orientation ...... Estimating Two-dimensional Permeability with Vertical interference Testing Application of Pulse Tests to Describe Reservoir Heterogeneity Valiity of Various Models and Steps Used to Obtain Reservoir Description... Summary... Appendices Appendix A: ‘Appendix B: Appendix C: Appendix D: Conversion Factors between Unit Systems Correlation Tables and Dimensionless Functions References and Addi Pressure Drop through Vertical, In Horizontal Oil Wells. C1. Hagedom and Brown Method ©.2 Beggs and Brill Method ae References and Additional Reading il and Water PVT Properties and Correlation Equations D.1. Oil PVT Properties and Correlations D.2. Solution Gas-oil Ratio... esa D.3. Oil Formation Volume Factor D4. Total Formation Volume Factor D.5 Oil Density D.6 Oil Viscosity D.7_ Oil Compressi xv 539 555 561 873 574 574 S77 585 594 595 596 602 608 607 608 612 613 616 616 618 622xvi Contents D.8 Reservoir Rock Properties 623 D.9_ Reservoir PVT Water Properties coe 624 References and Additional Reading ec... 639 Nomenclature ...........04. Bibliography . oe C45 Index .... sve 661 [This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation