Apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic expressions,

including binomials, and collect like terms where appropriate.

Understand that the distributive law can be applied to algebraic expressions
as well as numbers, and understanding the inverse relationship between
expansion and factorisation.
Extend and apply the index laws to variables, using positive integral indices.

A TASK
Can you solve: Quadratic equations play a very important part in
x2 + 2x = 15? solving thousands of problems in our modern society.

Research quadratic equations.

The quadratic equation : x2

has two solutions: x= 2 and x = 3.
22
32

The clay tablets were written on

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY with a blunt reed leaving wedge
Algebra has its origins in the work of shaped indents. Cuneiform tablet
mathematicians in ancient Babylonia. means the writing is wedge shaped.

There are many Babylonian maths tablets

that have survived 2000 years.

The Babylonian solution to the quadratic

equation:

was:

17
 Algebra Warmup

Algebra is fundamental to solving

millions of real world problems.
No big deal. Looks
pretty simple to me.
Exercise 2.1
Simplify the following expressions:
3x + 2x = 5x 2y

1 2x + 4x 2 3 3c + 6c
4 5 12c + 7c 6
7 19y + 8y 8 9 2x + 6x
10 11 12 d + 3d
13 8a + 5a 14 15 3m + 6m
16 5x + x + 3x 17 18
19 20
The key is to only join together
the terms that are alike.

5y2 2 = 3y2 + 5y

21 3x + 4 + 2x 22 7 + 4b + 2b
23 24
25 8x + 5x + 7 26
27 28
29 8b2 2+9 30 7x3 3+3

31 32 6as2 + 5d5 2 + 2d5

33 34

Multiply the numbers.

Exercise 2.2 Multiply the letters.
Simplify the following expressions:
4 × 2x =4×2×x 3d × 5e = 3 × d × 5 × e
= 8x = 15de 10b × = 10 × ×b
= 2b

1 3 × 5x 2 2 × 7a 3 3 × 6m
4 4 × 3x 5 3 × 5b 6 p×4
7 3x × 9 8 2f × 4n 9 7x × 2y
10 5h × 2b 11 8t × 3d 12 g × 7k

13 × 4n 14 10r × 15 8m ×

18
 Index Law 1
Multiply the numbers.
Multiply the letters. am×an = am+n

4a × 3a = 4 × 3 × a × a 2 2 ×n×n
= 12a2 3n 2

16 4x × 3x 17 3d × 4d m x m 2 = m x m x m = m3
18 5a × 3a 19 7d × 3d
20 5x × 2x 21 2x × 3x 22 3x × 4x
23 4a2 × 3a 24 6p × 2p3 25 9w × 3w2
26 8s3 × 2s2 27 4x2 × 5x × 2x 28 3e × e2 × 2d
29 5mn × 3m2n 30 7pn × 4p2n 31 4ab × 6a2b
32 3p2d × 2pd 33 4h2 × 4h 34 4a2b2c × 5a2bc

9a ÷ 6a and and and are the same thing.

Exercise 2.3
Simplify the following expressions:

8x ÷ 2 = 9a ÷ 6a = 18ay ÷ 4a =

= 4x
= =

1 8a ÷ 2 2 12x ÷ 3 3 6c ÷ 2
4 15x ÷ 5 5 14y ÷ 7 6 8n ÷ 4
7 24k ÷ 6 8 30d ÷ 10 9 9x ÷ 6
10 20x ÷ 15x 11 14g ÷ 4g 12 6y ÷ 4y
13 12ay ÷ 4a 14 14de ÷ 4e 15 18dg ÷ 4d

Divide the numbers.

Divide the letters

6x5 ÷ 4x2y = Index Law 2 Calculators are very good at

am÷an =a handling fractions:
= See Technology 2.1

16 8x ÷ 4 17 6p ÷ 3 18 12y ÷ 2y
19 4g ÷ 2g 20 12a5 ÷ 4a2 21 8v7 ÷ 4v4
22 12a7y ÷ 4a3 23 14de4 ÷ 7e2 24 18dg ÷ 4d
25 16b8c2 ÷ 24b6 26 28a5d3 ÷ 12d2 27 24d5w6z ÷ 36d3w3

Chapter 2 Algebra 19
 Distributive Law
Each term inside the brackets: b and c
The distributive law: is multiplied by the term outside the
a(b + c) = ab + ac brackets: a to give: ab + ac

ie., a is distributed through the brackets.

Exercise 2.4
Expand each of the following: Multiply each inside
term by the outside term.
4(a + 3) = 4a + 12

1 4(b + 3) 2 5(c + 2) 3 2(a + 7)

4 3(g + 1) 5 6(h + 5) 6 7(n + 4)
7 8 9
10 11 12

13 2(a + 3) 14 5(r + 2) 15 2(c + 4)

16 17 3(y + 2) 18 9(w + 6)
19 20 21 5(4v + 3)
5w x 3w = 15ww = 15w2 + times + = +

22 t(2t + 3) 23 3z(4z + 5) 24 6g(4g + 5)

25 26 27
28 t(2t + 3) 29 30 6g(4g + 5)
31 p(3 + 2p) 32 33

Exercise 2.5
Simplify each of the following by expanding and then collecting like terms:
8(2x + 3) + 5x + 7
= 16x + 24 + 5x + 7
= 21x + 31

1 2(x + 3) + 3x + 5 2
3 4
5 6
7 8 2y(3y + 1) + 8y2 + 3y + 2
9 t(2t + 3) + 5t2 + 6t 10 3z(4z + 5) + 15z2 + 10z

20
 Distribute - to spread out,
to cover everything.
The Distributive Law: a(b + c) = ab + ac
Exercise 2.6
Simplify each of the following by expanding and then collecting like terms:
3(x + 2) + 2(x + 4)
= 3x + 6 + 2x + 8 =
= 5x + 14 =

1 2(x + 3) + 3(x + 1) 2 5(x + 2) + 2(x + 4)

3 2(c + 4) + 3(c + 3) 4 4(d + 5) + 3(d + 1)
5 5(h + 1) + 2(h + 3) 6 + times + = +
7 3(m + 4) + 2(m + 2) 8
9 10
11 12 5(v + 3) +
13 14

Multiply each inside term

by the outside term.

The Distributive Law:

a(b + c) = ab + ac

+ times + = +

=
=x

15 16
17 18
19 20
21 22

Chapter 2 Algebra 21
 Distributive Law
Multiply each inside term
The Distributive Law: by the outside term.

a(b + c) = ab + ac

Exercise 2.7
Simplify each of the following by expanding and then collecting like terms:
(x + 5)(x + 4) (x + 3)2 = (x + 3)(x + 3)
= x(x + 4) + 5(x + 4) = x(x + 3) + 3(x + 3)
= x2 + 4x + 5x + 20 = x2 + 3x + 3x + 9
= x2 + 9x + 20 = x2 + 6x + 9

1 (x + 1)(x + 2) 2 (x + 2)(x + 1)
3 (x + 3)(x + 1) 4 (x + 1)(x + 4)
5 (x + 2)(x + 4) 6 (x + 1)2
7 (x + 2)2 8 (x + 3)2 + times + = +

9 (2x + 1)(x + 1) 10 (2x + 1)(x + 2)

Simplify each of the following by expanding and then collecting like terms:
2

= x2 = x2
= x2 = x2

11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
19 2 20 2

21 2 22 2

23 24
25 26

22
 Factorisation The inverse of distribution is called
factorisation. In factorisation, the highest
common factor is taken from each term.

The common term, a, is taken

Factorisation: out and put at the front.

ab + ac = a(b + c)

Exercise 2.8
Factorise each of the following:
2x + 6 8a + 4 6x2 + 9x
= 2(x + 3) = 4(2a + 1) = 3x(2x + 3)

1 2a + 6 2 2b + 4 3 2c + 10
4 5x + 10 5 3m + 6 6 4n + 8
7 3p + 9 8 5d + 20 9 7h + 35
10 6a + 3 11 10u + 5 12 9r + 3
13 15x + 3 14 18g + 6 15 21s + 7
16 5p + 40 17 3n + 27 18 35x + 5

Algebra is an essential tool in thousands

of careers and is fundamental to solving
millions of problems. A bit of factorisation
preparation.
Exercise 2.9
Find the highest common factor of each of the following pairs of terms:
3a and 6a 4ef and 8fg
The factors of 3a are: 3, a The factors of 4ef are: 2, 4, e, f
The factors of 6a are: 2, 3, 6, a The factors of 6a are: 2, 4, 8, f, g

The highest common factor = 3a The highest common factor = 4f

1 3x and 6x 2 4a and 8ab 3 6ab and 10a

4 4b and 6ab 5 3xy and 9y 6 5s and 10d
7 3g and 12 8 12e and 4 9 8ab and 12abc
10 6p and 14pq 11 4p and 16 12 8a and 2b
13 6 and 12y 14 5xy and 15yz 15 15ef and 27fg
16 16g and 8 17 16h and 64hij 18 14rt and 35t

Chapter 2 Algebra 23
 Factorisation
Factorising is the inverse of distributing.

The highest common factor, a, is taken out

Factorisation: and put at the front.

ab + ac = a(b + c)

Exercise 2.10
Factorise each of the following:
7t2

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
13 14 15 14c2
16 16h2 17 21d3 18 24p3 2

+ times + = +

Exercise 2.11
Factorise each of the following:
2 + 15x 3 2

2(5p + 3)

1 2 For these problems, take out

3 4 the negative common factor.
5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
13 2 + 12x 14 2 + 25g 15 2

16 2c + 2b 17 2 + 3q 18 2 + 5o
19 3 + 15a 20 4 2 21 5 3

24
 Mental Computation
You need to be a good mental
Exercise 2.12 athlete because many everyday
problems are solved mentally.
1 Spell Distributive.
2 Simplify: 2a + 6a
3
4 Factorise: 6x + 4
5
6 102×103
7 (23)2
8 Complete: 4×17 = 4(10 + 7) = 4×10 + 4×7 =
9 134 × 11
10 I pay $300 per week on rent, roughly how much per year?

134×11 = 1474
Roughly 50 weeks
Write the 1st and last numbers: 1.........4
$300×50 = $300÷2×100
Sum each consecutive pair: 1+3=4, 3+4=7
= $150×100
Insert these between the 1st and last: 1474
= $15 000

Exercise 2.13
1 Spell Factorise.
2 Simplify: 8x + 3x
3 Small opportunities are
4 Factorise: 9x + 6 often the beginning of great
5 enterprises - Demosthenes.
6 105÷103
7 (x2)5
8 Complete: 5×28 = 5(20 + 8) = 5×20 + 5×8 =
9 2416×11
10 I pay $360 per week on rent, roughly how much per year?

Exercise 2.14
1 Spell Algebra.
2 Simplify: 6y + 4y In what month do people eat the least?
3
4 Factorise: 6x + 8
5
6 104×102
7 (x3)3
8 Complete: 3×42 = 3(40 + 2) = 3×40 + 3×2 =
9 6251×11
10 I pay $480 per week on rent, roughly how much per year?

Chapter 2 Algebra 25
 NAPLAN Questions

Exercise 2.15
The value of 3x2 1?
The value of when x = 3? 2

= = 3×1 + 2 + 5
= 10
= =3

1 If x = 4, what is the value of ?

3 What is the value of 3x2 - 5x + 1 when x = 1?

4 A = 3d2 What is the value of A when d = 5?

5 , what is the value of M when a = 1.8 and b = 0.2?

6 Given that P = 50b + 250, what is b when P = 600? One method is to

substitute values for x
until both expressions
7 are the same.
8 y = 3x + 2

10

11

12 If a = 3, what is the value of 6a?

13 Expand: 2(5x + 1)

14

15 What is the value of a2 + b2

16 What is the value of 5x2 when x = 2?

26
 Competition Questions
Build maths muscle and
prepare for mathematics
Exercise 2.16 competitions at the same
1 Evaluate each of the following: time.
a) Order of Operations:
b) 1 ( ) brackets first.
c) 2 × and ÷ from left to right.
d) 3 + and from left to right.
e)
f)

2 Simplify each of the following:

a) 23×22 27÷25
b) 25÷23
=2
c) 22÷23×24
= 22 or 4
d) 37÷39×32

3 Simplify each of the following:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f) 2

4 What is the next term in the following sequence? 64, 26, 43, .....

5 What is the next term in the following sequence? 729, 36, 93, .....

6 If 2(x+2) = 16, what is the value of x?

7 If 4 = 8, what is the value of x?

8 If x and y are positive numbers, which of the following is the largest?

a) (x + y)2
b) x2 + y2
c) x2 + xy + y2

Stockbrokers buy and sell shares and bonds for clients.

Relevant school subjects are Mathematics and English.
Courses usually involve a Universtity Bachelor degree with a

Chapter 2 Algebra 27
 Investigations

Investigation 2.1 The Distributive law: a(b + c) = ab + ac

b +c
1 Write an algebraic expression
for the area of the rectangle a
shown on the right.

b c
2 Write an algebraic expression
for the area of each of the two a a
rectangles shown on the right and
sum them together.

3 What do you notice?

Investigation 2.2 The Distributive law: a(b + c) = ab + ac

Use centicubes or counters to prove the distributive law for
each of the following instances:

1 2(3 + 1) = 2x3 + 2x1

2 lots of (3 + 1) is the same as 2 lots of 3 and 2 lots of 1

2 3(2 + 1)= 3x2 + 3x1

3 2(4 + 2) = 2x4 + 2x2

4 4(3 + 2) = 4x3 + 4x2

Investigation 2.3 (a + b)(a + b) = a2 +2ab + b2

(a + b)(a b) = a2 b2
a b
Use one of the above methods to prove either:
a
(a + b)(a + b) = a2 +2ab + b2

or (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2 b

28
 A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 2.17
1 Who am I? If you subtract me from 56 and then
double the answer, the result is 26.
2 Put the four weights on the pans so that the balance balances.

4 2

1 1

A Game

Guess
1 One player thinks of a number from
1 to 20 and writes it on a piece of paper. 11
2 The other player asks a series of questions

1 Is the number even? NO

2 Is the number >10? YES
3 Is the number > 14? NO
4 Is the number = 11? YES
3 Switch players.
The winner is the player asking the least number of questions.

A Sweet Trick
1 Ask your audience to write down 6
two numbers less than 20. 13
2 They add 1st to 2nd to make a 3rd. 19
3 They add 2nd to 3rd to make a 4th. 32
4 Repeat until there are ten numbers. 51
83
134
217
351
568
5 Ask them to total all ten numbers.
How? Multiply the
call out the answer: 1474 seventh number by 11
(134×11). Why?

Chapter 2 Algebra 29
 Technology

Technology 2.1 Simplifying Fractions

1 Simplify 15 35 = 3r7 meaning

2 Simplify 18 4 = 4r1r2 meaning

To change to a vulgar fraction: 2ndF to give 9r2 ie

3
a) 3 : 9 b) 9 : 12 c) 16 : 24
d) 2.1 : 3.5 e) 14.4 : 12.6 f) 256 : 1024

Technology 2.2 Expanding and Factorising

Graphics calculators are capable of expanding and factorising:
1 Choose expand from the algebra menu.
2

1 Choose factor from the algebra menu.

2

Technology 2.3 The Distributive Law and Factorising

There are a considerable number of resources about the Distributive Law and
factorising on the Internet.

Try some of them.

Technology 2.4 Substitution

Use a spreadsheet to check your answers to previous exercises:

Use any substituting

value other than 0

A B
1 Substituting value 3
=2*B1 + 6
2 2x + 6 12
3 2(x + 3) 12 Enter the second expression
=2*(B1 + 3)

30
 Chapter Review 1

Exercise 2.18
2y
1 Simplify the following expressions:
a) b) 7x + 3x c)
d) e) f) 3rs2 + 5x5 2 + 3x5

g) 5 × 3x h) 3x × 5 i) 3a × 2a
j) 2
4x × 5x k) 5y × 2y3 l) 2x2 × 3x × 2x
m) 20x ÷ 5 n) 21y ÷ 7 o) 8g ÷ 2g
p) 12x ÷ 3 q) 14y ÷ 2y r) 18ab ÷ 4a
s) 10a5 ÷ 4a2 t) 24d5e6f ÷ 36d3e3
6y + 15
2 Expand each of the following:
a) 3(x + 2) b) 5(a + 4) c) 6(y + 7)
d) e) f)
g) h) 2(y + 3) i) 8(p + 4)
j) x(2x + 3) k) l) 6m(4m + 5)
m) g(2 + 5g) n) o)

3 Simplify each of the following by expanding and then collecting like terms:
a) 2(x + 3) + 5(x + 4) b) 2(x + 5) + 4(x + 1)
c) d)
e) f)
g) (x + 3)(x + 2) h) (x + 1)2
i) j)
k) l)
m) n)

4 Factorise each of the following:

a) 5x + 15 b) 3y + 6 c) 4a + 16
d) 18x + 3 e) 18e + 6 f) 14d + 7
g) h) i)
j) k) l)
m) n) o)
p) 14f2 q) 21x3 r) 24p3 2

s) t) u)
v) 2 + 12x w) 2 + 24g x) 2

y) 3 + 15x z) 5 2
5 2 2(3x3 + 4)

Chapter 2 Algebra 31
 Chapter Review 2

Exercise 2.19
2y
1 Simplify the following expressions:
a) b) 5x + 4x c)
d) e) f) 6fg2 + 3z4 2 + 3z4
g) 6 × 2x h) 8x × 2 i) 5a × 3a
j) 2
2x × 3x k) 4k × 2k3 l) 3x2 × 4x × x
m) 24x ÷ 6 n) 28o ÷ 7 o) 6h ÷ 2h
p) 16x ÷ 4 q) 12a ÷ 6a r) 20mn ÷ 4m
s) 14a6 ÷ 7a4 t) 24a5e6t ÷ 20a4e3
6y + 15
2 Expand each of the following:
a) 2(x + 5) b) 4(z + 3) c) 5(y + 3)
d) e) f)
g) h) 6(r + 1) i) 7(u + 5)
j) a(4a + 3) k) l) 6d(2d + 3)
m) p(2 + 3p) n) o)

3 Simplify each of the following by expanding and then collecting like terms:
a) 3(x + 1) + 2(x + 4) b) 3(x + 2) + 4(x + 3)
c) d)
e) f)
g) (x + 2)(x + 3) h) (x + 1)2
i) j)
k) l)
m) n)

4 Factorise each of the following:

a) 3x + 15 b) 2a + 8 c) 6b + 12
d) 15c + 3 e) 18d + 9 f) 12e + 6
g) h) i)
j) k) l)
m) n) o)
p) 12r2 q) 18x4 r) 12y4 2

s) t) u)
v) 5 + 12x w) 2 + 24f x) 2

y) 3 + 15x z) 7 2
5 2 2(3x3 + 4)

32
 A TASK
Reduce surface Allen's Rule suggests that animals from colder
area NOW! climates usually have shorter limbs and smaller ears.
The reason being that a smaller surface area to volume
ratio reduces heat loss.

Research Allen's Rule

What is Allen's Rule.
Find examples that may support Allen's Rule.
Design an experiment to demonstrate Allen's
Rule.
What advantages would a high surface area to
volume ratio be to an animal or plant?

Surface area/volume ratio

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY
Tetrahedron SAV= 7.2
1847 Bergmann's Rule suggests that large animals
are found in colder climates and small animals are
found in warmer climates.
1877 Allen's Rule suggests that animals with a
smaller surface area to volume ratio are better able to Cube SAV=6
survive colder climates.
1937 Hesse's Rule suggests that animals with a
larger heart to body weight are found in colder
Sphere SAV=4.8
climates compared to animals in warmer climates.

33
 Area Warmup

Square s Rectangle b Triangle

s s h
l l
s
b b
Area = s 2
Area = l×b Area = ½bh

Exercise 3.1
Calculate the area of each of the following shapes:

5.8m 6.2cm
2.3cm

5.8m 4.7cm
3.7cm
Area = s2
= (5.8m)2 Area = ½bh
= 33.64 m2 Area = l×b = 0.5×4.7cm×6.2cm
= 3.7cm × 2.3cm = 14.57 cm2
= 8.51 cm2

1 2 3
3.7m 2.3cm 6m

3.7m 9m
2.3cm
4 5 6
12m 2.2km
5.3cm

36m 3.7km 2.9cm

7 A kitchen bench top is 1.4 m by 2.9 m. How many square metres of laminate is
needed to cover the top of the bench?
8 A rectangular paddock is 124 m by 111 m. What is the area of the paddock in
square metres and hectares (1 hectare = 10 000m2)?
A hectare is the area of a
square 100 m by 100 m.

9 A triangular road sign has a base of 20 cm and a perpendicular height of 32 cm.

What is the area of the road sign?
10 A bedroom is 3.3 m by 2.8 m. How many square metres of carpet is needed to

11 A paddock, in the shape of a triangle, has a base of 648 m and a perpendicular

height of 457 m. What is the area of the paddock in square metres and hectares?
12 The builder wants to put a 2 m wide concrete path around the outside of a 12 m
square building. What is the area of the path?

34
 Composite Shapes
Composite shapes can be
squares, rectangles, and triangles
composed together.

Exercise 3.2
Calculate the area of each of the following composite shapes:

= 10-4=6 h = 9-7=2
4m 9m
7m 7m
4m
13 m
10 m
Area = rectangle + square Area = triangle + rectangle
= lb + s2 = ½bh + lb
= 7×6 + 4×4 m2 = 0.5×13×2 + 13×7 m2
= 42 + 16 m2 = 13 + 91 m2
= 58 m2 = 104 m2

1 2 3
23 cm
9 cm
12 cm
5m 11 cm
8m 27 cm
5m 6 cm

12 m 22 cm
14 cm

4 5 6
29 cm 42 cm

9m 8 cm
6m 68 cm
21 cm
14 m
63 cm

7 8 9 9 cm
47 cm

36 cm
55 cm
4.2 m 22 cm

5.5 m 14 cm

5 cm
Chapter 3 Area 35
 Prisms Prisms are solid, or hollow, objects with two
identical ends and rectangular sides.

Triangular Prism = 2 triangular ends + 3 rectangular sides

Rectangular Prism = 2 rectangular ends + 4 rectangular sides

Pentagonal Prism = 2 pentagonal ends + 5 rectangular sides

Exercise 3.3
Copy and complete the following table:
Prism Ends Sides Total faces
Triangular prism 2 triangles 3 rectangles 5
Rectangular prism 2 rectangles
Pentagonal prism
Hexagonal prism
Heptagonal prism
Octagonal prism

Exercise 3.4
Draw a net for each of the following solids:

or

1 2 3

36
 Surface Area
The surface area of a solid is the
total area of each face of the solid.

Exercise 3.5
Find the surface area of each of the following prisms:

Surface area = 2 ends + 2 sides + (top + bottom)

3 cm = 2×6×3 + 2×3×9 + 2×(6×9) cm2
9 cm
6 cm = 36 + 54 + 108 cm2
Surface area = 198 cm2

1 2

4 cm 5 cm
8 cm 11 cm
7 cm 6 cm

3 4 1.9 cm
3.6 m
7.4 m 8.5 cm
4.2 m
7.7 cm

5 6
36 cm
4.1 m 7.8 m
3.6 m 7 cm
5 cm

Surface area = 2 ends + 3 sides

5 cm
= 2×½×6×4 + 5×10 + 5×10 + 6×10 cm2
10 cm
6 cm = 24 + 50 + 50 + 60 cm2
4 cm
Surface area = 184 cm2

7 8 10 cm 6 cm
16 cm
10 cm
18 cm
12 cm 14 cm
8 cm

Chapter 3 Area 37