Experiment No.

4
Aim: - To determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of air conditioning
system in Open type ducting, using Thermostatic Expansion Valve.

Air Damper Position:

Air Inlet damper Open 100%

Air Out damper Open 100%

Air Circulation damper Closed 100%

Expansion Device:

Solenoid valve ON

Hand valve for Capillary SHUT

Experimental Procedure:-

1. Check the supply of Trainer as per Installation Procedure (A&B) and if you find
the trainer satisfactory, then carry out this experiment.

2. Keep the status of Air Damper Positions and Expansion device selection as
given above.

3. Switch on Mains Supply and compressor supply.

4. By using selector switch on Temperature Indicator, note the temperature

T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 in the observation table.

5. Note the pressures of Freon gas in the circuit by noting P1, P2, P3, and P4
Pressures in the observation table (ref. Observation Table 1)

6. Note down the energy-meter reading for compressor.

7. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings till you get fairly
constant pressure of the consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one more
set of readings.

8. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculation given below.

9. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
No load
OBS Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 P1 P2 P3 P4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NO. for 10 C C C C C C C C P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I
rev
1 43.51 7.1 86 34 9.1 28 26 18.8 18 59 16 221 65
2 44.16 5.2 90.7 33.6 6.4 28.8 26.3 17.2 19 52 15 220 69
3 46.30 3.5 93.6 33 7.0 28.4 26.1 19.5 22 51 15.5 220 70
With load 2kw
1 38.72 16 96 38 10.3 32 25.6 34 28 60 250 260 80
2 39.2 15.9 97 39.9 11.6 33.7 24.8 34.5 28.7 70 250 260 80
3 39.52 14.7 98.4 40 11.4 33.6 25.6 35 30.1 70 250 260 79
4 40.33 14.6 98.7 39.4 11.4 33.7 25.2 37 30 68 250 255 79
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATIONS:

𝑇1
1. C.O.P (Rev. Carnot) =
𝑇2−𝑇1

Convert the pressure in P.S.I to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi =1 atm

P1
Absolute pressure P1 = ( )+1
14.8

By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1

T1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure

Refer table:

(Saturated properties of difluorodichaloromethane liquid and vapour)

Similarly find P2 and T2

T2 = Saturation temperature at condenser pressure

ℎ1−ℎ2
2. C.O.P (Theoretical ) =
ℎ2−ℎ1
Where

h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T1

h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T2

h1 = enthalpy (for liquid) F22 at temperature T4

 Experiment No.5
Aim: - To determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of air conditioning
system in Open type ducting, using Capillary Expansion Valve.

Air Damper Position:

Air Inlet damper Open 100%
Air Out damper Open 100%
Air Circulation damper Closed 100%

Expansion Device:

Solenoid valve OFF

Hand valve for Capillary OPEN

Experimental Procedure:-
1. Check the supply of Trainer as per Installation Procedure (A&B) and if you find
the trainer satisfactory, then carry out this experiment.
2. Keep the status of Air Damper Positions and Expansion device selection as
given above.

3. Switch on Mains Supply and compressor supply.

4. By using selector switch on Temperature Indicator, note the temperature
T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 in the observation table.
5. Note the pressures of Freon gas in the circuit by noting P1, P2, P3, and P4
Pressures in the observation table (ref. Observation Table 1)

6. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings till you get fairly
constant pressure of the consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one more
set of readings.

7. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculation given below.

8. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
No load
No load
OBS Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 P1 P2 P3 P4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NO. for 10 C C C C C C C C P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I
rev
1 38.83 13.6 64 39.7 10.9 31.5 24.3 23.4 24 72 250 251 80
2 39.19 15.2 64.2 39.9 11.2 31.7 24.3 26.6 24.8 72 250 251 80
3 38.85 16.6 64 39.8 13.2 31.7 25.2 27.1 25.9 72 250 251 80
With load 2kw
1 38.27 11 65.6 41.5 12.2 34.9 25.8 38 31.6 68 253 255 80
2 39.28 11.2 65.9 41.6 12.7 34 26 38.5 32.1 68 253 255 80
3 38.30 11.4 66 41.6 12.3 34 26.7 37.2 32 68 253 255 80
4

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATIONS:

𝑇1
1. C.O.P (Rev. Carnot) =
𝑇2−𝑇1
 Convert the pressure in P.S.I to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi =1 atm
P1
Absolute pressure P1 = ( )+1
14.8

By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1

T1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure
Refer table:
(Saturated properties of difluorodichaloromethane liquid and vapour)
Similarly find P2 and T2
T2 = Saturation temperature at condenser pressure

ℎ1−ℎ2
2. C.O.P (Theoretical) =
ℎ2−ℎ1

Where
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T1

h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T2

h1 = enthalpy (for liquid) F22 at temperature T4

 Experiment No.6
Aim: - To determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of air conditioning
system in Air Re-circulation type ducting, using Thermostatic Expansion Valve.

Air Damper Position:

Air Inlet damper Closed 100%
Air Out damper Closed 100%
Air Circulation damper Open 100%

Expansion Device:

Solenoid valve ON
Hand valve for Capillary SHUT

Experimental Procedure:-
1. Check the supply of Trainer as per Installation Procedure (A&B) and if you find
the trainer satisfactory, then carry out this experiment.
2. Keep the status of Air Damper Positions and Expansion device selection as
given above.

3. Switch on Mains Supply and compressor supply.

4. By using selector switch on Temperature Indicator, note the temperature
T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 in the observation table.

5. Note the pressures of Freon gas in the circuit by noting P1, P2, P3, and P4
Pressures in the observation table (ref. Observation Table 1)
6. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings till you get fairly
constant pressure of the consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one more
set of readings.

7. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculation given below.

8. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
No load
OBS Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 P1 P2 P3 P4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NO. for 10 C C C C C C C C P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I
rev
1 42.70 -1.9 71.7 33.6 -0.4 16.7 16.2 19.7 13.7 49 15 220 51
2 47.13 -2.4 69.4 33.3 -0.6 16.1 13.9 15.1 15.2 45 14 212 50
3 47.20 -3.9 59.7 33.5 -1.9 17.4 17.4 20 17.2 43 14.2 211 49
48.07 -2.4 47.8 33.7 -2.9 18.4 18.4 18.1 18.2 42 14.2 210 50
30 48.11 -5.1 44 34.8 -3.9 13.1 13.1 19.3 20.9 42 14.1 209 48
With Loads 1 kw
1 46.76 0.2 73 35 1.4 20.7 15.2 36 17 51 210 230 55
2 46.08 1.5 78 35.5 2.1 20.3 15.8 35.2 18.7 51 215 230 55
3 45.88 2.5 81 35 2.9 18.9 16.1 25.3 19.9 52 215 230 55
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATIONS:

𝑇1
1. C.O.P (Rev. Carnot) =
𝑇2−𝑇1

Convert the pressure in P.S.I to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi =1 atm
P1
Absolute pressure P1 = ( )+1
14.8

By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1

T1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure
Refer table:
(Saturated properties of difluorodichaloromethane liquid and vapour)
Similarly find P2 and T2
T2 = Saturation temperature at condenser pressure

ℎ1−ℎ2
2. C.O.P (Theoretical) =
ℎ2−ℎ1
Where
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T1

h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T2

h1 = enthalpy (for liquid) F22 at temperature T4

 Experiment No.7
Aim: - To determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of air conditioning
system in Air Re-circulation type ducting, using Capillary as expansion device

Air Damper Position:

Air Inlet damper Closed 100%
Air Out damper Closed 100%
Air Circulation damper Open 100%

Expansion Device:

Solenoid valve OFF

Hand valve for Capillary OPEN

Experimental Procedure:-
1. Check the supply of Trainer as per Installation Procedure (A&B) and if you find
the trainer satisfactory, then carry out this experiment.
2. Keep the status of Air Damper Positions and Expansion device selection as
given above.

3. Switch on Mains Supply and compressor supply.

4. By using selector switch on Temperature Indicator, note the temperature
T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 in the observation table.

5. Note the pressures of Freon gas in the circuit by noting P1, P2, P3, and P4
Pressures in the observation table (ref. Observation Table 1)
 6. Note the time required for 10 revolution of energy-meter

7. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings till you get fairly
constant pressure of the consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one more
set of readings.

8. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculation given below.

9. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment.OBSERVATION
TABLE:-No load

OBS Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 P1 P2 P3 P4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NO. for 10rev C C C C C C C C P.S. P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I
I
1 43.50 2.5 46.3 35.6 3.3 12.5 12.3 12.8 15.5 59 15.2 220 61
2 43.48 4.8 46.7 35.2 3.2 12.3 12 12.7 13.3 57 15.1 219 61
3 43.61 5.8 46.9 34.9 4.5 11.7 12 12.7 13.1 58 15.1 220 61

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATIONS:

𝑇1
1. C.O.P (Rev. Carnot) =
𝑇2−𝑇1

Convert the pressure in P.S.I to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi =1 atm
P1
Absolute pressure P1 = ( )+1
14.8

By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1

T1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure
Refer table:
(Saturated properties of difluorodichaloromethane liquid and vapour)
Similarly find P2 and T2
 T2 = Saturation temperature at condenser pressure

ℎ1−ℎ2
2. C.O.P (Theoretical) =
ℎ2−ℎ1

Where
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T1

h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T2

h1 = enthalpy (for liquid) F22 at temperature T4

 Experiment No: 03
Study of Leak Detection, Evaluation and Charging Procedure for
Refrigerant.

Aim:-
To study different methods used for detection of leakage of different types
of refrigerants, to study effects of non-condensable on the system and to study the
procedure for charging the refrigerant into the system.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
Different types of commonly used refrigerants along with their properties
(i.e. physical, chemical and thermodynamics), the effect of performance of the
system.
DISCRIPTION:
It is well known that the moisture, air and other non-condensable are very
harmful for the refrigeration system. The moisture present may choke capillary
tube and also if moisture is combined with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids they
are having ill effects on the system. The presence of air and non-condensable
increases the head pressure of the system .As the head pressure goes higher, the
compressor motor draws more current. Also higher head pressure reduces the
refrigeration capacity of the unit appreciably. The temperature rise of the
compressor accelerates the chemical action inside the system.
From above points it is clear that moisture, air and non-condensable should
be removed from the refrigeration system to the maximum possible extent. Hence
before system can be charged with a refrigerant it should be thoroughly evacuated
and dehydrated by drawing a high vacuum. If this is not done at the initial stage
itself, a clean system can near be attained.
After the completion of erection the plant should be checked and the
refrigerant should be charged into the system.
 During working also there is chance of leakage in a refrigeration system.
Finding a leakage is the job of patience. The approach should be to find leak rather
than concluding that there are no leaks on a cursory check. Apart from the cost of
charging refrigerant into a leaky system, a shortage of refrigerant can cause real
danger to the plant.
Therefore leak testing should be done periodically without fail in all
seriousness and with full concentration.
LEAK TEST METHODS:
Different leak testing methods one employed for different types of
refrigerants.

1. AMMONIA, R12, R22:

i) SULPHUR TEST METHOD:

Burning sulphur stick shows a dense white smoke if

ammonia is present. The burning sulphur stick is passed around all the
joints and suspected leak points for the appearance of smoke. This test
is applicable for tracing minute leaks only.

ii) SOAP BUBBLE TEST :-

This test may not be very effective to trace very minute

ammonia leak as it is soluble in water. Fortunately, ammonia is having
plungent odor, a heavy leak can be easily detectable.

iii) LITMUS TEST :

Wet litmus paper (phenolphthale paper) which turns red in

contact with ammonia can also be used to detect leaks.
 2. HALOGENATED REFERIGERANTS :
Soap solution, Halogen leak detector, Halide torch and electronic leak
detectors are the methods used to trace leaks in halogenated refrigerants.

i) HALOGEN TORCH :
A halogen torch can detect minute leaks, which are not possible to trace
with soap solution. The presence of trace of refrigerant can change the
light blue color of the detector flame to green or deep blue. The end of
the explorer tube of the detector is carefully passed over the joints and
suspected leakage points.

If there is a leak, the refrigerant can be drained in with the suction

effect at the end of the explorer tube to the hot copper or brass portion
of the burning torch. The refrigerant reacts with the metal to form copper
chloride, which produces the color change in the flame.

A well maintained halogen torch is claimed to detect leaks of the

order of about 15 gram per year.

ii) Electronic Leak Detector :-

This is an electrical instrument. In this also an explorer tube is used to suck

the refrigerant from the leak points to an instrument. A vibrator is
provided to suck the refrigerant through the explorer tube. A filter is also
provided at the tip of the tube to prevent atmospheric dirt entering the
instrument. A heating element in the tube heats the refrigerant drawn in
and the refrigerant creates a variation in the current flow of the
instrument. The extent of variation of the current is an indication of the
amount of leak. The current variation is read on the dial of the instrument.
The change of current actuates a relay which operates an indicating light.
 These detectors are capable of detecting refrigerant leaks of the order of
about 0.3 gm per year. The electronic leak detector is a very sensitive
instrument and should be handled and stored carefully.

CHARGING PROCEDURE FOR REFRIGERANT:

The vacuum pump mounted on the charging kit is of rotary type. Also
metering system is provided so that we can charge sufficient quantity of
refrigerant.

PURGING:-
Many times during the operation of the system, the air leaks inside the
system. It is necessary to remove the air for maintaining the efficiency of the
system. Owing to the presence of air in a system, the high-side pressure and load
on condenser increase. The method of removing air from the system is known as
purging. During purging, the compressor discharge valve is intermittently opened
for few seconds at a time. Air and few grams of refrigerant vapour escape under
high pressure. A noticeable pressure and temperature drop in the system occurs
and normal operating pressure is established. The refrigerant is added from outside
if excessive purging is occurred.

CONCLUSTION:
The refrigeration system must be free from non-condensable and
correct quantity of refrigerant must be there in the system for good performance.
At the time of charging of refrigerant the lubricating oil of required grade must be
added to the compressor.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. To study domestic refrigerator along with wiring diagram.
2. Trial on window air conditioner or air conditioner test rig.
3. Trial on refrigeration test rig.
4. To study of procedure Leak detection, evacuation and charging of
refrigerant.
5. Study of humidification and dehumidification, heating and cooling, mixing
of two air streams.
6. Report on different protocols to regulate global warming.
7. Steady state simulation of VCR system with developed code or any
analytical software.
 Experiment No.1

Aim: - Study of Psychometric charts

Psychrometer
A psychrometer is an instrument that permits one to determine the
relative humidity of a moist air sample by measuring its dry bulb and wet
bulb temperatures.
Psychrometer consists of two thermometers. The sensing bulb of one of
the thermometers is always kept dry. The temperature reading of the dry
bulb is the dry bulb temperature. The sensing bulb of the other
thermometer is wrapped with a piece of cotton wick, one end of which
dips into a cup of distilled water. The surface of this is always wet,
therefore, the temperature this bulb measures is called the wet bulb
temperature. The dry bulb is separated from the wet bulb by a radiation
–shielding plate. Both dry and wet bulbs are cylindrical in shape.
Wet Bulb Temperature:-
When unsaturated moist air flows over the wet bulb
of the psychrometer, liquid water on the surface of the cotton wick
evaporates, and as a result the temperature of the cotton wick and the
wet bulb drops. This depressed wet bulb reading is called the wet bulb
temperature T and the difference between the dry bulb and the wet bulb
temperatures is called the wet bulb depression.
Let us neglect the conduction along the thermometer stems to the dry
and wet bulbs and also assume that the temperature of the water on the
cotton wick is equal to the wet bulb temperature of the moist air. Since
the heat transfer from the moist air to the cotton wick is exactly equal to
the latent heat required for vaporization, then, at steady state, the heat
and mass transfer per unit area of the west bulb surface can be
calculated as

hc (T-T’) + hr (Tra –T’) = hd (Ws’- w1)h’ fg (1)

where
hc,hf = Mean convective and radioactive heat transfer coefficient
,Btu/h.ft2.F
hd = Mean convective mass transfer coefficient lb/h.ft2
T = Temperature of the undisturbed moist air at a distance from the
wet bulb temperature,0F
Tra = mean radiant temperature,0F
W1,W2 = humidity ratio of the moist air and the saturated air film at the
surface of the cotton wick, lb/lb
h fg = latent heat of vaporization at the wet bulb temperature, Btu/lb
Based on the correlation of cross-flow forced convective heat transfer
for a cylinder, NUD =C Ren Pr0.333, and on the analogy between convective
heat transfer and convective mass transfer, the following relationship
holds hd = hc/(Cpa.Le.06667). Here, Nu is the nusselt number, Re the
Reynolds number, Pr, The Prandtl number, and Le the Lewis number.
Also, C is a constant, and n is an exponent. Substituting this relationship
into Eq.(1), we have
W1=w’s-K’(T-T’) (2)
In Eq. (2), K’ represents the wet bulb constant. It can be calculated as

𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝐿 0.6667 ℎ (𝑇𝑟𝑎−𝑇′ )

𝑒 𝑟
K’ = [1+ ] (3)
ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑐 (𝑇−𝑇 ′ )

The term (T-T’) represents the wet bulb depression Combining Eqs.(2)
and (3) then gives

𝑊′𝑠 −𝑊1 𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝐿𝑒0.6667 ℎ (𝑇𝑟𝑎−𝑇′ )

𝑟
= [1+ ] (4)
𝑇−𝑇′ ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑐 (𝑇−𝑇 ′ )

Relationship between wet Bulb Temperature and Thermodynamic Wet

Bulb Temperature
Wet bulb temperature is a function not only of the initial state of moist
air, but also of the rate of heat and mass transfer at the wet bulb.
The wet bulb temperature measured by using a psychrometer is equal to
thermodynamic wet bulb temperature only when the following
relationship holds;
ℎ (𝑇𝑟𝑎−𝑇′ )
𝑟
Le0.6667 [1+ ] =1 (5)
ℎ𝑐 (𝑇−𝑇 ′ )

PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS:
Psychometric charts provide a graphical representation of the
thermodynamic properties of moist air, various heat pump processes,
and air conditioning cycles. They also give graphical solutions and help in
the solution of complicated problems encountered in air conditioning
processes and cycles.
Basic coordinates. The currently used Psychometric charts have two
types of coordinates:
1. h – w chart:- Enthalpy h humidity ratio w are basic coordinates. The
Psychometric charts published by ASHRAE and the chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineering (CIBSE) are h –w charts.
2. T –w :- Temperature T and humidity ratio W are basic coordinates.
Most of the Psychometric charts published by the large
manufactures in the united states are T-w charts.

For an atmospheric pressure of 29.92 in.Hg, an air temperature of

840F, and a relative humidity of 100 percent, the humidity ratios and
enthalpies found from the Psychometric charts published by ASHRAE
and Carrier International Corporation are shown below.
Humidity ratio, lb/lb Enthalpy, Btu/lb
ASHRAE’S 0.02560 48.23
Caffier’s 0.02545 48.20

The last digit for humidity ratios and for enthalpies read from ASHRAE’S
charts is an approximation. Nevertheless, the differences between the
two charts are less than 1 percent, and are considered negligible.
In this handbook, for manual psychometric calculations and analyses,
ASHRE’S charts will be used. If a microcomputer is used for Psychometric
graphics and calculations, then one should adopt a T-W chart because of
its simplicity for calculations.
Temperature range and barometric pressure: -
ASHRAE’S Psychometric charts are constructed for
various temperature ranges and altitudes. In the Appendix only the one
for normal temperature, that is, 32-1200F, and a standard barometric
pressure at sea level, 29.92 in. Hg, is shown. The skeleton of ASHRAE’S
chart is shown in fig 1.
By the aid of microcomputers and software AutoCAD, a Psychometric
chart of normal temperature range and standard barometric pressure at
sea level has been constructed.
Enthalpy Lines:-
For ASHRAE’S chart, the molar enthalpy of moist air is
calculated from the formation recommended by hyland and Wexler
(1983) in their paper “Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties
of Dry Air from 173.5 K to 473.5K, and of saturated Moist Air from 173.5
K to 473.5K, at pressure to 5 MPa.”
For ASHRAE’S chart, the enthalpy h-lines incline at an angle of 25degrees
to the horizontal lines. The scale factor for the enthalpy lines Ch. in
Btu/lb-ft, is

ℎ2 −ℎ1 20
Ch = = = 48.45 (6)
𝐿ℎ 0.4128

Where,
𝐿ℎ = shortest distance between enthalpy lines h2 and h1, ft.
Humidity ratio lines: In both ASHRAE’S chart and MCPC, the humidity
ratio w-lines are horizontal. They form the ordinate of these
Psychometric charts. The scale factor Cw in lb/lb. ft, for w-lines in
ASHREAE’S chart is
 𝑤2 −𝑤1 0.020
Cw = = 0.040
𝐿𝑤 0.40.5128

Where,
𝐿𝑤 =Vertical distance between W2 and W1, ft
Constant temperature lines: - For ASHRAE’S chart, since enthalpy is one
of the coordinates, only the 1200F constant temperature T-line is a true
vertical. All the other constant temperature lines incline slightly to the
left at the top.
For MCPC, T-lines are the abscissa of the Psychometric chart. They are all
vertical lines.
Saturation curve. A saturation curve is a locus representing a series of
state points of saturated moist air. For ASHRAE’S chart. The saturation
pressure of water vapor above 320F is calculated by the formula
recommended in the Hyland and Wexler paper.
For MCPC, the humidity ratio of the saturated moist air w, between 0-
1000F can be found by the following polynomial:
Ws = a1+a2Ts+a3T2s + a4Ts 3 + a5T4s (8)
Where,
Ts= saturated temperature of moist air, 0F
a 1=0.00080264
a2 =2.4525×10-5
a3 =2.5420×10-6
a4 =-2.5855×10-1
a5 =4.038×10-10
If we use Eq.(8) to calculate Ws, the error is most probably less than
0.000043 lb/lb.
It is far smaller than the value that can be identified on the Psychometric
chart.
Relative humidity lines. For ASHRAE’S chart, relative humidity 𝜑 – lines,
thermodynamic wet bulb T*-lines are shown. Since the dry bulb and the
thermodynamic wet bulb temperatures coincide with each other on the
saturation curve, then for MCPC one end of the T*-line is determined.
The other end of the T* -line be represented by 1.
At w, = 0
Cpd(TI-T*) = Ws*h*fg

𝐶𝑝𝑑 −𝑊𝑠∗ℎ∗𝑓𝑔
T= (9)
𝐶𝑝𝑑

Moist volume lines. The moist volume of saturated air and the specific
volume of dry air form the two ends of the moist volume v-lines.
Cooling and dehumidifying curves: The two cooling and dehumidifying
curves plotted on the ASHRAE’S chart are based on data on coil
performance published in the catalogs of U.S manufactures. These
curves are very helpful in describing the actual locus of a cooling and
dehumidifying process as well as deten-nining the state points of air
leaving the cooling coil.
DETERMINATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROTERTIES ON PSYCHOMETRIC
CHARTS:

There are seven thermodynamic properties groups of moist air shown on

psychometric charts. They are
 1. Enthalpy, h
2. Relative humidity,𝜑
3. Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature, T*
4. Barometric or atmospheric pressure, Pat
5. Temperature, and saturation water vapor pressure, sum, Pws
6. Density, 𝜌 and moist volume, v
7. Humidity ratio, w, water vapor pressure, pw and dew point
temperature, Tdew the fifth, sixth, and seventh are thermodynamic
property groups.
Usually, atmospheric pressure Pat is a known value based on the altitude
of the location. Then, in the fifth property group, Pws is a function of
temperature T only.
In the sixth property group, air density and moist volume are dependent
on each other.
In the seventh property group, for a given value of Pat properties w, Pw
and Tdew are all dependent on each other.
When Pat is a known value, and if the moist air is not saturated, then any
two known impendent thermodynamic properties can determine the
magnitude of the remaining unknown properties. If the moist air is
saturated, then any independent property will determine the remaining
magnitudes.
 EXPERIMENT NO.2

Aim: - To determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of vapour C ompression

Trainer, using Thermostatic Expansion Valve.

Experimental Procedure:-

1. Check the supply of trainer as per installation (A&B) and if you find the
trainer satisfactory, then carry out this experiment.
2. Switch on Mains Supply.
3. For changeover from Capillary to Expansion valve to, follow the steps,
 Switch off the compressor
 Wait for 30 to 60 seconds
 Switch on the solenoid valve without closing the hand valve of capillary
 Close the hand valve for capillary

Note: Failure to follow this procedure may result in breakage of the Rota meter
and gas leakage.

4. Switch on the compressor supply.

5. By using selector switch on Temperature indicator, note the temperature
T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 in the observation table.
6. Note the pressures of R-22 gas in the circuit by noting pressures P1, P2, P3,
and P4 in the observation table (ref. Observation Table)
7. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings. Readings
every 10 minutes till you get fairly constant temperatures of the
consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one more set of readings.
 8. Calculate the C.O.P as per the procedure of calculations given below
9. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment
10.Remove water from the water Tank. This will avoid any possibility of
rusting of the water tank and cooling coils.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

OBS T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 P1 P2 P3 P4
0 0 0 0 0
NO. C C C C C P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATIONS:

𝑇1
1. C.O.P (Rev. Carnot) =
𝑇2−𝑇1

Convert the pressure in P.S.I to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi =1 atm
P1
Absolute pressure P1 = ( )+1
14.8
 By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1
T1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure
Refer table:
(Saturated properties of R-22liquid and vapour)
Similarly find P2 and T2
T2 = Saturation temperature at condenser pressure

ℎ1−ℎ2
2. C.O.P (Theoretical) =
ℎ2−ℎ1

Where
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T1

h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T2

h1 = enthalpy (for liquid) F22 at temperature T4

 EXPERIMENT NO.3
Aim:- To determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of vapor compression
Trainer, using Capillary as Expansion Valve.
Experimental Procedure:-

1. Check the supply of trainer as per installation (A&B) and if you find the
trainer satisfactory, then carry out this experiment.
2. Switch on Mains Supply.
3. For changeover from Capillary to Expansion valve to, follow the steps,
 Switch off the compressor
 Wait for 30 to 60 seconds
 Open the valve for capillary without switching off the solenoid valve.
 After the hand valve is fully open, switch of the solenoid valve.
Note: Failure to follow this procedure may result in breakage of the Rotameter
and gas leakage.
4. Switch on the compressor supply.
5. By using selector switch on Temperature indicator, note the temperature T1,
T2, T3, T4, T5 in the observation table.
6. Note the pressures of R-22 gas in the circuit by noting pressures P1, P2, P3,
and P4 in the observation table (ref. Observation Table)
7. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings. Readings
every 10 minutes till you get fairly constant temperatures of the consecutive
readings. Confirm this by taking one more set of readings.
8. Calculate the C.O.P as per the procedure of calculations given below
9. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment
 10. Remove water from the water Tank. This will avoid any possibility of
rusting of the water tank and cooling coils.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

OBS T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 P1 P2 P3 P4
0 0 0 0 0
NO. C C C C C P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I P.S.I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATIONS:

𝑇1
1. C.O.P (Rev. Carnot) =
𝑇2−𝑇1
 Convert the pressure in P.S.I to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi =1 atm
P1
Absolute pressure P1 = ( )+1
14.8

By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1

T1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure
Refer table:
(Saturated properties of R-22 liquid and vapour)
Similarly find P2 and T2
T2 = Saturation temperature at condenser pressure

ℎ1−ℎ2
2. C.O.P (Theoretical) =
ℎ2−ℎ1

Where
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T1

h1 = enthalpy (for gas) F22 at temperature T2

h1 = enthalpy (for liquid) F22 at temperature T4