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Formulas To Remember

1. This document provides formulas and concepts for calculating areas, forces, moments, stresses, deflections, and other properties for structural elements like beams, columns, retaining walls, and arches. 2. Key formulas calculate the area of common shapes, shear and moment diagrams, stresses induced by loads, deflection of beams, and the design of reinforced concrete and retaining walls. 3. Dimensions, loads, and material properties need to be in consistent units, such as pounds and inches, or kips and feet, when applying the formulas. Safety factors and load combinations are also discussed.

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mr.xinbombay
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70 views

Formulas To Remember

1. This document provides formulas and concepts for calculating areas, forces, moments, stresses, deflections, and other properties for structural elements like beams, columns, retaining walls, and arches. 2. Key formulas calculate the area of common shapes, shear and moment diagrams, stresses induced by loads, deflection of beams, and the design of reinforced concrete and retaining walls. 3. Dimensions, loads, and material properties need to be in consistent units, such as pounds and inches, or kips and feet, when applying the formulas. Safety factors and load combinations are also discussed.

Uploaded by

mr.xinbombay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Area: [units = inch2]

Area of a Rectangle = b d
Area of a Circle =  r2
Area of a Triangle = 1 b h
2
Area of a Bolt, =  d2 [where d = diameter]
Cable, Tube, Bar 4
Equilibrium:
M = 0; V = 0; H = 0
Force: {units = kips & pounds}
F = M [Force = Moment ]
d distance
RETAINING WALL DESIGN {units = kips & pounds}
F = w h2 [Force exerted on the = (fluid pressure provided) X (height)2]
2 Retaining Wall 2
Remember: pcf = psf [pounds per cubic feet = pounds per square foot]
ft one foot width of wall
SHEAR DIAGRAM SHEAR FORCE {units = kips & pounds}
R = V = w l [Shear Resisting Force= (uniform load per ft) X (distance)]
2 2
BEARING TYPE SHEAR CONNECTIONS {units = kips & pounds}
R = Fv Abolts
[Resistance = (allow.shear stress) X (A of bolt cross sections. Remember
to Shear Failure to multiply A by total # of bolts)]
Remember: Stress = P Therefore, P = Stress X Area
A
Moment: {units = (k ft); (lb ft); (k in); (lb in)}
TAKING MOMENTS ABOUT A POINT TO FIND EQUILIBRIUM
M = Fd [Moment = force X distance]

UNIFORM LOAD {units = (k ft); (lb ft); (lb in)}


M = w L2 [Moment = uniform load X (length)2]
8 8

POINT/CONCENTRATED LOAD AT THE CENTER OF A MEMBER


M=PL [Moment = Point Load X length]
4 4
2
Remember: w l + P L when Point & Uniform loads combine.
8 4
Watch out: There are various types of Point loads.
ECCENTRIC LOAD {units = (k ft); (lb ft); (lb in)}
M = Pe [Moment = force X eccentricity] {Same as M=Fd}
Section Modulus: [units = inch3]
S = b d 2 in3 [Section Modulus]
6
S=M [Section Modulus = Moment in Inches
Fb Bending Stress]
Watch out: Both Moment & Stress should be in # or kips.
Remember: For a Roof Beam, S = M
Fb X 1.25
S=I [Section Modulus = Moment of Inertia
c (Just know this) (dist. from extreme fiber to nuetral axis)]
Understand that S contains Moment of Inertia and c.
Moment of Inertia: [units = inch4]
Remember: Moment of Inertia occurs by default about the Centroidal axis.
I = b d 3 in4 [Moment of Inertia]
12
I = b d 3 in4 [Moment of Inertia of a rectangle about its base]
3
Ibase= I + A y2 in4 [I @ Base = I + Area X (dist. from centroid to base) 2]
Center of Area:
Use the formula M = A d derived from M=Fd to find X and Y
 A = Sum of Areas of ALL members
Stress: {units = ksi or psi}
BENDING / FLEXURAL STRESS {units = ksi or psi}
Remember: Max. Bending stress occurs at the extreme fibers.
fb = M [Bending Stress = Moment
S Section Modulus]
fb = M c [Bending Stress = Moment X (dist. from extreme fiber to N/A)]
I Moment of Inertia
Remember: Greater the c, greater is the Bending Stress.
AXIAL STRESS {units = ksi or psi}
Remember: Max. Axial stress occurs along the entire cross-section.
fa = P [Axial Tension or = Axial Tension Force in lbs or kips]
A Compression Stress Area in in2
Remember: Axial Stress is the same at both Tension & Compression
SHEAR STRESS {units = ksi or psi}
Remember: Max. Shear stress occurs at the Nuetral Axis
Remember: Shear Stress is the same at both Vertical & Horizontal axis.
fv = 1.5 V [Actual Shear Stress = 1.5 X Shear Force]
A Area
Just understand the fol. 2 formulas. No need to memorize:
fv = V Q
Ib (Statical moment about the
[Shear Stress = (Shear force) X nuetral axis of the area above the plane)]
(Moment of Inertia) X (width of beam)
Q = (section Area) X (dist. from centroid of rect. to the centroid of section
above neutral axis)
fv = 1.5 V = 3 V
A 2bd
Notching on Tension side of a Wood Beam
fv = 1.5 V X d [d = overall d of beam]
b d’ d’ [d’ = d of the beam that is notched]
Use Actual dimensions of the b and d, NOT Nominal dimensions
Short heavily loaded Beams & Beams with large loads at supports
fv = V [Actual Shear Stress = Shear Force
dt (depth of beam) X (thickness of beam)]
Deflection: {units = inches}
SHORTENING OF A COL. OR ELONGATION OF A HORIZ. MEMBER
=PL
AE
[Shortening / Elongation = Force X Length
A of cross-section of member X Modulus of Elasticity]
Remember: Stress = P
A
for change in length, Multiply Stress by Length
Modulus of Elasticity
DEFLECTION OF A BEAM
 = 5 w L4
384 E I
[Deflection = 5 X (w in pounds) X (Length in feet X12”) 4
(384) X 12” X Modulus of Elasticity X Moment of Inertia]
Remember: w # = w #
ft 12”
Length in inches = Length in feet X 12”
Strain:
= [strain = Deflection
L Original Length]

Modulus of Elasticity:
E=f [Modulus of Elasticity = Stress
 Strain]
Thermal effects on structures: {units = inches}
SHORTENING OR ELONGATION DUE TO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
 = e L t
[Thermal Elongation = (Coeff.of thermal linear expansion) X (Orig.Length)
X (Temp Change)]
THERMAL STRENGTH IN A RESTRAINED MEMBER
f t = E e t
[Thermal Stress = E X Coeff. of linear expansion X Change in Temp]
in a Restrained member
Slenderness Ratio (Loading Capacity): {units = inches}
STEEL COLUMN
kl is the effective length in feet.
SR = k l [Slenderness Ratio = (end cond.) X Unbraced length in inches]
r Radius of gyration
Remember: Slenderness Ratio should be  200 for a steel column.
WOOD COLUMN
SR = k l [Slenderness Ratio = (k =1) X (Unbraced Length in inches)
b (cross-section width of rectangle)]
Remember: Slenderness Ratio should be  50 for a wood column.
r=I [Radius of Gyration = Moment of Inertia]
A Area
Retaining Wall
F = w h2 [Force exerted on = (fluid pressure at top of soil) X (height)2]
2 the Retaining Wall 2
RM = 1.5 MOT
[DL Resisting Moment = 1.5 (Overturning Moment of the Retaining Wall)]
Factor of Safety (FS) for the Resisting Moment requires it .
FS = RM [Factor of Safety = Resisting Moment
MOT Overturning Moment]
Remember: FS  1.5
SLIDING OF RETAINING WALL
FS against Sliding = Sliding Resistance (#)
Force causing tendency to Sliding (#)
Sliding Resistance = (Total Vert. Load in # on Ftg) X (Coeff. of Friction)
Force causing Sliding = (Earth pressure in # @ Base of Ftg) X (h in ft)
(2) ft
M= (F) h [Bending Moment = Force X (ht at resultant force)
3
Remember: Bending Moment occurs at 1/3rd the height of the retaining
wall, where resultant force occurs.
Weld: {units = inches}
Throat of Weld = Weld Size X (.707) [.707 = 2 ]
2
Capacity of Weld = (Allow. Stress)(Throat)(Weld Size)(Total Weld Length)
Allow. Stress = 18 ksi for E60 electrode weld for ASTM A-36 base plate.
21 ksi for E70 electrode weld for ASTM A-36 base plate.

f t= P [Stress in the = (Compressive/Tensile Force of the Weld)


A throat of the weld (.707) X (Weld Size) X (Total Weld Length)]
Ultimate Strength Design for Concrete:
U = 1.4DL + 1.7LL [Ultimate Load = 1.4(Dead Load) + 1.7(Live Load)]
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL
[Ultimate Moment = 1.4(Dead Load Moment) + 1.7(Live Load Moment)]
MU =  As fy(d – a )
2
Remember: As is available in a table, “ASTM STD REINFORCING BARS”
[Moment = (strength reduction factor = 0.9) (cross-sectional area of tensile
reinforcemnt) (specific yield strength of reinforcemt) {(dist. from extreme
compression fiber to centroid of tensile reinforcement) – (depth of
rectangular stress block) / 2}]

 = AS [Percentage of steel to = (area of tensile reinforcemnt)]


bd achieve a Balanced Design (beam width) X (d)

min = 200 min should be  3  f ’c


fy fy
Live Load Reductions:
R = r (A – 150)
[Live Load Reduction = (rate of reduction) X {(Tributary Area) – 150}
Remember: rate of reduction = 0.08 for Floors
See table 16-C Roofs
Rmax = 40% for single level floors
Rmax = 60% for multi-level floors

R = 23.1 (1 + DL)
LL
Remember: Do all 3 checks and then select the lowest value as your final
live load reduction.
Thrust in a 3 hinged Arch:
Thrust = w L2 [Thrust in a 3 hinged arch = uniform load X (length)2]
8h 8 X height

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