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Design of Steel Structures by L S Negi PDF

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2K views263 pages

Design of Steel Structures by L S Negi PDF

good book to refer

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3468PATEL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw- Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw- Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. NZ NM, © 1997, 1986, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited Tata McGraw-Hill 23td reprint 2008 RCDACDRXRXCRR No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publishers This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited ISBN-13: 978-0-07-462305-3 ISBN-10: 0-07-462305-2 Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, typeset in Times at Anvi Composers, New Delhi 110 063, and printed at S P Printers, Noida 201 301 McGraw-Hill Componre Contents —— = Preface to the Second Edition v Preface to the First Edition vi 1._ Materials and Specifications 1 L.1__ Rolled Steel Sections _/ 12. 's of Structural Steels 1.3 Specifications _2 * 2. Structural Fasteners 4 2.1 Riveting 4 2.2__Bolted Joints 5 2.3 Types of Riveted and Bolted Joints 6 2.6 _ Strength of Riveted/Bolted Joint _9 2.7___ Assumptions in the Theory of Riveted Joints _1/ 2.8 Efficiency-of aJoint__/2 2.9 Design of Riveted Joints for Axially Loaded Members _J6 2.10 Welded Joints 21 2.11 Advantages of Welded Joints 22 2.12 Disadvantages of Welded Joints 22 2.13 Types of Welds and Their Symbols 23 2.14 Design of Fillet Welds 25 2.15 Design of Butt Weld 37 2.16 Design of Plug and Slot Welds 32 Problems 33 3._Eccentric Connections 35 , siete 38 3.2__ Riveted Joints Subjected to Moment Acting in_ the Plane of the Joint 25 3.4 Design of Eccentri¢ Connections 38 3.5 Butt-Welded Joint Loaded Eccentrically 45 3.6 Fillet-Welded Joint Loaded Eccentricity 46 Problems 57 viii Contents 4. Tension Members 4.2 Net Sectional Area 54 43 Permissible Stress 38 4.4 Design of Axially Loaded Tension Member 63 45 Lug Angle 7/ 4.6 Tension Splice 73 Problems 75 5. Compression Members 71 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Strength of an Axially Loaded Compression Member 77 5.3 Effective Length 78 5.4 Maximum Slendemess Ratio 80 5.5 Compression Member Composed of Two Components Back-to-Back 80 5.6 Typical Cross-Sections of Compression Members 83 5.7 Design of Compression Members 88 5.8 Lacing and Battening for Built-Up Compression Member 93 5.9 Column Bases _JO4 S510 Slab Base JO 5.11 Gusseted Base 106 5.12 Grillage Foundation 109 5.13 Column Splices 1/2 Problems //4 6__Beams. 116 6.1 Introduction _//6 5.3. Built-Up Beams 137 64 Plate Thickness 139 6.5 Simple Beam End Connections /4/ 6.6 Gantry Girders 1/48 Problems 1/56 7. Beam Column 158 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Eccentricity of Load 159 7.3. Eccentrically Loaded Base Plates 162 8, Plate Girder 167 &1_ Introduction _/67 1 8.2 Economica] Depth and Self-weight of Plate Girder 168 8.3 Designof Web 170 8.4 Design of Flanges 172 8.5 Curtailment of Flange Plates 1/77 8.6 Riveted Connections 178 8.7 Web Stiffeners 180 8.8 Web Splice /83 8.9 Flange Splice 190 9. Industrial Sheds 9.1 Components of an Industrial Shed 20/ 9.2 Loads 204 Problems 223 10. Plastic Theory of Structure 10.1 Stress-Strain Relation of Mild Steel 225 10.2 Elastic Design Versus Ultimate Load Design 226 10.3 Plastic Bending of Beams 226 10.4 Shape Factor 227 10.5 Load Factor 228 10.6 Plastic Analysis 235 10.7. Procedure for Plastic Analysis 235 10.8 Effect of Axial Force on Plastic Moment 10.9 Design Consideration 250 Problems 256 Contents ix 201 225 li. Timber Structures ——“‘“‘CSC‘tSYCS 1 inuroduction 26 11.2 Average Permissible Stress and Modification Factors 11.3 Design of Timber Beams 263 11.4 Timber Columns 266 11.5 Combined Bending and Axial Stress 269 17.6 Nailed Joints 275 11.7 Arrangement of Nails ina Joint 276 11.8 Strength of Nailed Joint 278 11.9 Bolted Construction 280 Problems 287 Appendix A: Rolled Stee! Sections Appendix B: Gravity Loads, Wind Load Factors Appendix C: Earthquake Load as per IS: 1893-1984 Index 314 316 Materials and Specifications 1.1 ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS Steel structures are built with hot-rolled steel sections. The Indian Standards Institution has evolved a rational, efficient and economical series of Indian Standards (IS: 808-1964 and its parts, part I—1973, part II—1978. part I1I— 1979, part V—1976, and part VI—1976) for rolled steel beams. channels and angle sections to save steel in construction works. The following sections are standardized by the Indian Standards Institution (also see Appendix A). (i) I-Sections (a) Indian Standard Junior Beams (ISJB) fa (b) Indian Standard Light Beams (ISLB) (c) Indian Standard Medium Weight Beams (MB) (d) Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams (ISWB) (c) Indian Standard Column Section (SC) | h All above Fsections are designated along with the depth | of the respective section in mm, e.g. MB 200 is a hot-rolled |! | steel, medium-weight beam of depth 200 mm. (ii) Channel-sections (a) Indian Standard Gate Channel (ISPG) (b) Indian Standard Junior Channel (ISJC) ig.1.1 Beamsection (c) Indian Standard Light Channel (ISLC) hb (d) Indian Standard Medium Weight Channel with 7 sloping flange (MC) | i (c) Indian Standard Medium Weight Channel with par- allel flange (MCP) Alll the above hot-rolled channel sections are designated | along with the depth of the respective section, c.g. MC 1 | 200 is a medium weight channel of depth 200 mm. | | il T Fig.1.2. Channel section A | , \ i | We 4 Hed 1 g—+| -—p— Fig. 1.3 (a) Equal angle section A= 8 Fig. 1.3 (b) Unequalangle section Ax B 2° Vesign ot Stee! Structures (iii) Angle-sections (a) Indian Standard Equal Angles (b) Indian Standard Unequal Angles Angle-sections are designated by abbreviation ISA along with the lengths of both legs and their thickness, e.g., ISA 6565, 8 mm or ISA 65 x 65 x 8 mm is an equal-angle section 8 mm thick and with both legs 65 mm long. The supple- mentary angle sections are designated by the size of legs and their thickness without the prefix ISA. (iv) Tee-sections (a) Indian Standard Rolled Normal Tee Bars (ISNT) (b) Indian Standard Rolled Deep Legged Tee Bars (ISDT) (c) Indian Standard Slit Light Weight Tee Bars (ISLT) (d) Indian Standard Slit Medium Weight Tee Bars (ISMT) (ec) Indian Standard Slit Tee Bars from H-sections* (ISHT) aa: ana 2 no do Fig. 1.4 (a) Rolled normal Tee Bar (b) Sit Tee Barand deep legged Tee Bar at Tee-sections are designated by the respective abbreviations followed by their depth, c.g. a normal tee-bar of depth 100 mm is designated by ISNT 100. 1.2 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS Table 1.1 gives the various types of structural steels and their strengths. 1.3 SPECIFICATIONS This book is based upon IS: 800—1984 (second revision), Indian Standard code of practice for general steel construction. Section 2 of IS: 800—1984 may be referred for various other relevant codes. The various loads on the structures are estimated as per the IS: 875 code of practice for the structural safety of buildings. as given in Appendix B. *H-sections have been deleted as per [S: 808 (Part II) 1978: Materials and Specifications 3 Table 1.1 Type of steel Class of product Nominal Tensile Yield thickness strength stress (mm) (N/mm?) (Némm?) IS: 226/75 (Standard Plates, sections, Up to 20 410 to 530 250 quality) angles, tees, >20 to 40 410 to 530 240 beams, channels, Over 40 410 to 530 230 ete, flats. Bars—round, Up to 20 410 to 530 250 square and Over 20 410 to 530 240 hexagonal IS: 961/75 (High tensile) Plates, sections, Up to 28 570 350 St $8 HT angles, beams, > 28 to 45 570 340, channels, etc., > 45 to 63 570 320 bars, flats Over 63 540 290 $.55 HTW Plates, sections, Up to 16 540 350 bars, flats > 16 to 32 540 340 > 32 63 S10 330 Over 63 490 280 IS: 2062/84 (Fusion welding Plates, sections— Up to 20 410 250 quality) angles, beams, tees, > 20 t0 40 410 240 ete., flats Over 40 410 230 IS: 1977/75 (Ordinary Plates, sections — Up w 20 410-530 250 quality) angles, beams, etc, > 20 to 40 410-530 240 Fe 410-0 flats, Over 40 A 230 Bars Up to 20 410-530 250 Over 20 410-530 240 IS: 8500/77 Fe 440 HTI Plates, sections- <6 440 to 560 300 and angles, beams, > 61020 440 to 560 300 Fe 440 HT2 channels, etc., >20 to 40 440 to S60, 290 bars, flats > 40 10 63 440 to 560 280 Fe £40 HT, Plates, sections - <6 540 to 660 410 Fe 540 HTA angles, beams, > 61020 540 to 660 400 and channels, ete., >20 10 40 540 to 660 390 Fe 540 HTB bars, flats > 40 to 63 540 to 660 380 Fe 570 HT —do- <6 570 to 720 450 > 61020 570 to 720 440, > 20 to 40 570 to 720 430 >40 to 63 570 to 720 420 Fe 590 HT ~do- <6 590 to 740 490, > 61020 590 to 740 480 Fe 640 HT —do- <6 640 to 790 540 > 61020 640 to 790 530 2 Structural Fasteners 2.1 RIVETING Rivets of various shapes are made from mild steel bars as shown in Fig. 2.1. The rivet head is generally round and called a button head. The size of the rivet is the diameter of the shank. Mushroom head Countersunk head 120° Flat countersunk Fiat countersunk Round countersunk Flat head head 90° head 60° head 60° Fig.2.4 Figure 2.2 shows the symbols used for different types of rivets. A flat-head rivet may be used if the space is limited. Countersunk rivets are used to get a flatter surface. Holes are drilled or punched in the plates to be riveted. The size of holes are 1.5 mm larger than the size of rivets up to 25 mm. For rivets of diameter more than 25 mm, the diameter of the holes should be 2 mm larger than the diameter of the rivets. For riveting, a rivet is heated uniformly to light red colour and then placed in the hole. The head is kept pressed on the plate, while the pro- jected shank is hammered to form another head. On cooling the rivet contracts and grips the plate tightly. Structural Fasteners 5 Method of drawing Description Section Rivet general Rivet countersunk on back side Rivet countersunk on front side Rivet countersunk on front and back side Bolt general Bolt to distinguish from the rivet Bolt, place of nut indicated >} =NUT Bolt head countersunk on back side Bolt head countersunk on front side HAG) A a Rivet or bolt to fit on site Fig.22 Conventional symbols Rivets may be driven by hydraulic or by pneumatic power. The rivets may be classified according to the method of driving them as follows (i) Power-driven shop rivets are power-driven in the fabrication shop. (ii) Power-driven field rivets are power driven at site. Their strength is less than the strength of power driven shop rivets. Hand-driven rivets have less strength than power-driven rivets. Cold-driven rivets of diameter more than 10 mm are not permitted by specifications. 2.2 BOLTED JOINTS Bolts may be used in place of rivets for structures not subjected to vibra- tions. The cost of bolts is more but it takes less time to fabricate structure with bolted connections. The fabrication work with bolts is noiseless and less skilled workers can also handle it. The stress concentration at the bolts can also be reduced by using high strength friction bolts. The following types of bolts are used in structures: (i) Black Bolts Hexagonal black bolts are commonly used in steel works. They are made from low or medium carbon steels and should conform to IS: 1363-1984. In metric sizes, black bolts are produced in sizes of 5 mm to 36 mm diameter and of lengths 3 to 10 times the diameter. They 6 Design of Steel Structures (ii) (iii) are designated as black bolts Md x /-IS:1363, where d = diameter and {= length of the bolts. Precision and Semi Precision Bolts They are also known as Close toler- ance bolts conforming to IS: 1364-1967. Sometimes to prevent exces- sive slip, close tolerance bolts are provided in holes of 0.15 to 0.2 mm oversize. This may cause difficulty in alignment and delay in the progress of work. High-strength friction grip bolts HSFG bolts have a high yield strength. They should conform to IS :3757-1985. They are tightened by torque wrenches and require hardened washers to induce initial tension, which causes friction between the plate surfaces. Due to friction, there is no slip in the joint and therefore the joints with HSFG Bolts are called fric tion type or non-slip type joints. 2.3 TYPES OF RIVETED AND BOLTED JOINTS There are two types of riveted or bolted joints. (0) (ii) Lap joint The first is the lap joint in which the plates to be connected overlap each other. The lap joint may have single-row, staggered or chain riveting as shown in Fig. 2.3. Butt joint The second is the butt joint in which the piates to be con- nected butt against each other and the connection is made by providing a cover plate on one or both sides of the joint. The butt joint may have a single row or staggered or chain riveting as shown in Fig. 2.4. 2.4 DEFINITION The following definitions are used for riveted or bolted joints. 0) (ii) ii) Gy) (vy) (vi) Nominal diameter The diameter of the shank of a rivet before riveting, is called the nominal diameter. For a bolt, the diameter of the unthreaded portion of the shank is called its nominal diameter. Effective diameter or gross diameter The effective or gross diameter of a rivet is equal to the diameter of the hole it fills after riveting. For a bolt. the nominal diameter is same as the gross diameter. Gross area The gross area of a rivet or bolt is given by its gross dia- meter. Netarea The net area of a bolt is the area at the root of the thread. Pitch The distance between centres of any two adjacent rivets is called the pitch. Diagonal pitch. The distance between centres of any two adjacent rivets in the diagonal direction is called diagonal pitch [= p, in Fig. 2.3(c)]. Staggered pitch. The distance between any two consecutive rivets in a zig-zag riveting, measured parallel to the direction of stress in the mem- ber is called staggered pitch [ = p, in Fig.2.3(c)]. Gauge A row of rivets parallel to the direction of force is called a gauge line. The normal distance between two adjacent gauge lines is called the gauge distance Structural Fasteners 7 aN fp Shop, Perce P| 1 1 Edge distance Gauge distance Gauge line OF (a) Single riveted lap joint Staggered pitch F (0) Staggered or zig-zag riveting Angle W N Gauge line Y aN Section at x-x’ (d) Double lap joint Fig.2.3 Lap joints CY) LN J ee a Xd (a) Single-riveted single-cover butt joint a Lf J XX Sy da ELL. A au % (b) Double-riveted double-cover butt joint Fig. 2.4 8 Design ot Stee! Structures (vii) Edge distance It is the distance between the edge of a member or cover plate and the centre of the nearest rivet hole. (viii) Proof load Initial tension in HSFG bolts is known as proof load of the bolt. (ix) Slip Factor Coefficient of friction in friction type joint is known as slip factor. (x) Property Class Bolts are grouped under different grades or property classes depending upon their strength. For example. property class 4.6” indicates that the nominal ultimate tensile strength is 400 MPa and the nominal yield stress is 0.6 x 400 = 240 MPa. Table 2.1 shows the standard values of pitch and edge distances for various rivet size as per IS: 800-1984. Table 2.1 Rivet diameter, Pitch and Edge Distances Nominal dia. of rivets (mm) 12, 14 16 «18 20 220«-24 «27:30 Gross dia. of rivets (mm) 13.5 15.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 25.529 32 Minimum edge distance (mm) _ (Also see note 1 below) (i) For sheared or roughedge 19 25 29 32 32038 44 S17 (ii) For rolled or planed edge 17 22, 25 29 29° 320 «(38 4451 Pitch, minimum 2.5 times the diameter of the rivet hole Pitch, maximum for (i) any two adjacent rivets. 32 r or 300 mm, whichever is less (including tacking rivets) (ii) rivets lying in a line parallel to the force in the member: {a) in tension 16 ¢ or 200 mm, whichever is less (b) in compression 12 or 200 mm, whichever is less where = thickness of thinner outside plate Nove. When the edge distance of a rivet or bolt in the direction of force it bears is less than 2x effective diameter of rivet or bolt, the permissible bearing stress of that rivet or bolt on the connected part shall be reduced by the following ratio, actual edge distance 2 Xelfective diameter of river or bolt 2.5 FAILURE OF A RIVETED JOINT Consider a riveted joint shown in Fig. 2. Sia), The joint may fail in any of the following manners. (i) Tearing of the plate between rivet holes The strength of the plate is re- duced by rivet holes and the plate may tear off along the line of the rivet holes as shown int Fig. 2.5(b). This type of failure is for tension members only, (ii) Shearing of rivet The rivets fail by shearing if the shearing stress ex- ceeds their shearing strength. In Jap joints and single-cover butt joints. the rivets are sheared at one plane only. In a double-cover butt joint, the rivets are sheared at two planes as shown in Fig. 2.5(c). Structural Fasteners 9 (a) Rivet in single-shear lap joint (c) Rivets in double-shear double-cover butt joint (e) Edge cracking Fig. 25 Failure of riveted joints (iii) Bearing of plate or rivet The plate or rivet is crushed if the compressive stress exceeds the bearing strength of the plate or the rivet [Fig. 2.5(d)]. (iv) Edge cracking The plate will crack at the back of a rivet if it is placed very near to the edge of the plate as shown in Fig. 2.5(c). This failure is prevented if the minimum edge distances given in Table 2.1 are provided. The first three types of failures determine the strength of a joint as explained in the next article. The rivet value or strength of rivet is determined by the types of failure described in (ii) and (iii), i.c. shearing and bearing of rivets. 2.6 STRENGTH OF RIVETED/BOLTED JOINT Consider the pitch p of the riveted joint shown in Fig. 2.5(a). Strength of joint per pitch = smaller of: (i) the strength of plate between rivet holes in tension, and (ii) rivet value. (i) Strength of plate between rivet holes in tension =0,,X(p-d)xt (ii) Rivet value = smaller of the bearing strength and shearing strength of rivet Bearing strength of rivet = 6,,x d xt or 6,xd xf whichever is smaller Shearing strength of rivet = 1,-x . xd? in single shear = 2x TyX - x d? in double shear where 6, = allowable tensile stress in an axially loaded tension member 10 Design of Stes! Structures allowable bearing stress in the member allowable bearing stress in the rivets allowable shear stress in the rivets pitch effective diameter of the rivet hickness of the thinner part = thickness of the main plate or the total thickness of cover plates, whichever is smaller Table 2.2 gives maximum permissible stresses in rivets and bolts (property class 4.6 of IS: 1367—1967). P d t Table 2.2 Maximum permissible stress in rivets and bolts Type of fastener Axial tension, 0,, Shear, Ty Bearing, 6,, (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (i) Power driven (a) Shop rivets 100 100 300 (b) Field rivets 90 90 270 (ii) Hand driven rivets 80 80 250 (iii) Close tolerance and turned bolts 120 100 (iv) Bots in clearance holes 120 80 Nores 1. The permissible stress in a high-tensile steel rivet shall be those given in Table 2.2 multiplied by the ratio of the tensile strength of the rivet material to the tensile strength as specified in IS: 1148-1973. 2. The permissible stress in a bolt (other than a high-strength friction bolt of property class higher than 4.6 shall be those given in Table 2.2 multiplied by the ratio of its yield stress or 0.2% proof stress or 0.7 times its tensile strength which-ever is lesser to 235 MPa. 3. The permissible stresses in rivets and bolts may be increased by 25% if the effect of the wind or earthquake load is taken into account. The maximum permissible bearing stress of the connected parts shall be equal to: (i) f, for hand-driven rivets and bolts in clearance holes, and (ii) 1.2 f, for power-driven rivets or close tolerance and turned bolts, where f, is the yield stress of the connected part (also see Note 1 below Table 2.1). The maximum permissible bearing stress accordingly will be as following for steel conform- ing to IS: 226-1975. Table 2.3 Type of fastener Maximum permissible bearing stress for connected part, 9, (MPa) (i) Power-driven rivets or close tolerance and turned bolts 300 (ii) Hand-driven rivets or bolts in clearance holes 250 Structural Fasteners 11 2.6.1 In case of bolts, the area in shear is reduced by 78% if the threaded portion lies in the shear plane. For High Strength Friction Grip bolts, the applied load is borne by friction between the plate surfaces. < HSFG bolt strength = HX PX” FS where yp = coefficient of friction = 0.45 if interface is free from dust, rust, paint etc. P = proof load or initial tension induced in the bolt by tightening (Table 2.4). FS = Factor of safety 1.4 in general 1.2 if wind loads are taken into account " uw Table 2.4 Proof load in HSFG bolts Nominal diameter of Proof Load in KN for bolt (in mm) Property Class 88 10.9 16 94.5 130.0 18 115.0 159.0 20 147.0 203.0 22 182.0 252.0 24 212.0 293.0 27 275.0 381.0 30 337.0 466.0 HSFG bolt may transfer load by shear or bearing if the external load exceeds the friction resistance. 2.7 ASSUMPTIONS IN THE THEORY OF RIVETED JOINTS The analysis of joints is very complex and it is simplified by making a few assumptions as given below: (i) The tensile stress is uniformly distributed on the portions of the plate between the rivets. (ii) The friction between the plates is neglected. (iii) The shearing stress is uniformly distributed on the cross-section of the rivets. (iv) The rivets fill the holes completely. (v) The rivets in a group share the direct load equally. (vi) Bending stress in rivets is neglected. (vii) Bearing stress distribution is uniform and the contact area is d x t where d is the diameter and is the thickness of the plate. 12 Design of Stee! Structures 2.8 EFFICIENCY OF A JOINT The original strength of a section is reduced by rivet holes. The efficiency of a joint is the ratio of the strength of the joint and the original strength of the member without rivet holes. At the weakest critical section, the number of rivet holes should be minimum for maximum efficiency. Example 2.1 Determine the rivet value of 18-mm diameter rivets connecting 10 mm plate and is in: (i) single shear, and (ii) double shear. The permissible stresses for rivets in shear and bearing are 80 MPa and 250 MPa respectively and for plate in bearing is 250 MPa. Solution: — Gross diameter of rivets, d = 18 + 1.5 = 19.5 mm. Strength of rivet (i) In bearing = 0, d x t= 250 x 19.5 x 10 = 48750 N (ii) Insingle shear = 1,,x 2 x d? = 80 x Z x (19.5)? = 23891.8 N fg 4 (iii) In double shear = 2 x 4, -x 5 x d? =2 x 23891.8 = 47783.6N Rivet value in single shear = smaller of (i) and (ii) = 23891.8N and Rivet value in double shear = smaller of (i) and (iii) = 47783.6 N Example 2.2 A 16 mm thick plates is joined by double cover butt joint using a 10 mm thick cover plate. The steel of main and cover plate conforms to IS: 226-1975, having permissible tensile strength of 150 MPa. Determine the strength and efficiency of the joint per pitch of 9 cm if; (a) 20 mm diameter power driven shop rivets are used. (b) 20 mm diameter close tolerance and turned bolts of property class 5.6 are used. (c) 20 mm diameter HSFG, bolts of property class 8.8 are used. Solution: (a) As the total thickness of cover plates is more thar the thickness of the main plate, the rivets will be checked for failure by bearing on main plates. For shop rivets, the allowable stresses (Table 2.2) are: In bearing 0,,= 6, = 300 MPa In shear 7,,= 100 MPa Gross diameter of rivet = 20 + 1.5 = 21.5 mm Strength of joint (i) Strength of plate per pitch = 0 ,, x (p - d) xt = 150 x (90 = 164400 N (ii) Strength of rivet in bearing = 0, d xt = 300 x 21.5 x 16 = 103200N 21.5) x 16 (iii) Strength of rivet in double shear = 2x ty x4 xd = 2x 100x 4 (21.5) = 72610 N _ Strength of joint per pitch = minimum of (i, (ii) and (ii) = 72610 N Strength of plate per pitch = 150 90 x 16 = 216000 N Structural Fasteners 13 __72610 © 216000 (b) For close tolerance and turned bolts of property class 5.6, Efficiency of joint = 0.3361 = 33.61% Yield stress = 500 x 0.6 = 300 MPa. Permissible shear stress = 120% 300 _ 197 66 ma, 235 Permissible bearing stress. = — = 382.98 MPa Using 0.2 mm clearance, diameter of hole = 20 + 0.2 = 20.2 mm Strength of joint (i) Strength of plate per pitch = 150 x (90 - 20.2) x 16 = 167520 N (ii) Strength of plate in bearing = 1.2f, x bx d=300 x 20x 16 = 96000 N (iii) Strength of bolt in double shear = 2 x tx x Bx 0.78 =2 x 127.66 x eS x 20? x 0.78 = 62564.69 N (Assuming 78% area, if threads are in shear plane) ~. Strength of joint = minimum of (i), (ii) and (iii) = 62564.69 N 62564.69 216000 (c) Proof load for 8.8 property class bolts = 147 KN (Table 2.4) 2xuxP _ 2045x147 FS. 14 in friction for 2 interplate surfaces. (ii) Strength of plate with hole = 164400 N (as earlier in case (i)) 2. Strength of joint = minimum of (i) and (ii) = 94.5 KN Efficiency of joint = = 0.289 or 28.9% (i) Strength of HSFG bolt = = 94.5 kN 94. Efficiency of joint = = = 0.4375 = 43.75% Example 2.3 Two plates 6 mm thick are joined by 14 mm diameter rivets in a triple- staggered riveted lap joint as shown in Fig. 2.6. In what way will the joint fail if allow- able tensile stress for plate = 150 MPa; allowable shear stress for rivets = 90 MPa and allowable bearing stress for rivets = 270 MPa. Also find the efficiency of the joint. Solution: Gross diameter of rivets = 14 + 1.5 = 15.5 mm Strength of rivets (i) In single shear = 16982 N x nu 2 xd =90% = (15.57 gS 276 ) (ii) In bearing on 6 mm plate = 0,,x d x t= 270 x 15.5 x6 = 25110 N ~. Rivet value = 16982 N = 16.982 KN Strength of joint on the basis of rivet value = 7 x 16.982 = 118.874 kN 14. Design of Steel Structures Plate A SS Lz All dimensions are in mm Plate failure. Consider section 1-1, 2-2 and 3-3 for plate A (or section 3-3, 2-2 and 1-1 for plate B) Strength of plate A at section 1-1 = 150 x (130 - 2 x 15.5) x 6 = 89100 N = 89.1 kN Strength of plate A at section 2-2 = tearing strength at 2-2 + strength of rivets at section 1-1 = 150 x (130-3 15.5) x6 + 2x 16982 = 109114 N = 109.114 KN Plate A at section 2-2 can fail only if rivets at 1-1 also fail. The strength of rivets at 1-1 will act along with the tearing of the plate at 2-2. Strength of plate A at section 3-3 = tearing strength at section 3-3 + rivet strength at section 2-2 + rivet strength at section 1-1 150 x (130-2 x 15.5) x6 +3 x 16982 +2 x 16982 174010 N = 174.01 kN. Possible failures can now be written as: Structural Fasteners 15 (i) Combined failure of rivets = 118.874 kN (ii) Failure of plate A at 1-1 =89.1 KN (iii) Failure of plate A at 2-2 109.114 KN (iv) Failure of plate A at 3-3 = 174.01 kN The weakest critical section is 1-1 of plate A. Strength of joint = 89.1 kN 150 130x6 1 eS 8 Strength of solid plate ii 117kN Efficiency of joint = = = 0.76 or 76% Note. The joint is also to be checked for the section along the diagonal pitch as referred in Chapter 4. Example 2.4 A boiler shell of diameter 1.5 m is made of 10-mm thick plates. The joint is a double-riveted butt joint with unequal cover plates 6 mm thick as shown in Fig. 2.7 Determine the strength of the joint per pitch and its efficiency. The permissible stresses are, Section at xy L ty= 80 MPa Also determine the maximum pressure allowable in the boiler. 16 Design of Steel Structures Solution: Strength of rivets in single shear ey ee ee ag 1000 4 Strength of rivets in bearing on 6 mm plate w opp dre DADS 3.4 .. Rivet value in single shear = 29.04 kN Strength of rivets in double shear = 2 x 29.04 = 58.08 kN. * 250 ys Strength of rivets in bearing on 10-mm plate = ane = 53.75 kN .. Rivet value in double shear = 53.75 kN Consider one pitch length of the joint shown by shaded portion in Fig, 2.7. All possible chances of failure are listed as: (i) Strength of joint on the basis of rivet value = 29.04 + 53.75 = 82.79 kN (ii) Strength of main plate at section 1-1 = “ (100 - 21.5) x 10 = 117.75 kN (iii) Strength of cover plates at section 2-2 = = x (100 - 21.5)x2x6 = 141.3 kN © Strength of joint per pitch = least of (i), (ii) and (iii) = 82.79 KN 150x100 x10 Strength of solid plate = ————~—. = 150 kN ath of solid p Tan Efficiency of joint = —~— x 100 = 55.19% 150 Maximum pressure in the boiler: Consider free body section of the boiler/pitch length as shown in Fig. 2.8. Internal force = Plate strength =p x (1500 x 100) = 27 2.x 82.79% 10° — = 1.1 MP 1500x100 - or Steam pressure, p = 2.9 DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINTS FOR AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS The diameter of a rivet is generally calculated by the following formula: d=6vt where d = rivet diameter in millimetres 1 = thickness of plate in millimetres Load Rivet value The rivets are arranged bearing in mind the following points: Number of rivets required for the joint (i) Gi) (iii) (iv) wv) (vi) Structural Fasteners 17 The arrangement should satisfy the gauge, pitch and edge distance re- quirements (Table 2.1). The length of joint should [Link] small as possible to save material on cover plates, gusset plates, etc. The number of rivets should be increased gradually towards the joint for uniform distribution of stress in the rivets. The cg of each rivet group should coincide with the centre line of the connected members. It is not possible practically to follow this condi- tion in some cases, e.g. the angle connection with gusset plate [Fig. 2.3(d)]. The small eccentricities are usually neglected. The centre line of all members meeting at a joint should coincide at one point only otherwise the joint will twist out of position. The strength of members reduces due to rivet holes. The reduction in area due to rivet holes is minimum if the rivets are arranged in a zig-zag form. The zig-zag form of riveting is more efficient than chain riveting in some cases. Figure 2.9 shows two alternate arrangements to accom- modate 6 rivets. Section 1-1 is critical for main plates in both cases 12 o >} o ¢ 2 (a) Chain riveting (b) Zig-zag riveting Fig. 2.9 of -G- Sle -49-6-0- ms 1 because section 2-2 will fail only after the rivets of section 1-1 fail. The strength of section 1-1 is reduced by 3 rivet holes in case (a) and by | rivet hole in case (b). Thus the strength of most critical section is more in case (b) compared to case (a). The efficiency of the rivet pattern (b) will also be better than the efficiency of the rivet pattern (a). The pattern of a leading rivet is used where the width of the section is re- stricted and serious reduction in strength due to rivet holes at section 2-2 is compensated for by the strength of rivets at section 1-1. Example 2.5 A member of a roof truss consists of two angle irons 80 x 50 x 6 mm placed back-to-back on both sides of an 8-mm thick gusset plate. It carries a direct load of 71 KN. Determine the power driven field rivets required for the joint. Solution: For power driven field rivets, ty = 90 MPa, 0,,= 270 MPa Diameter of rivets 6 vt =646 =14.6mm (say 16 mm) Gross diameter of rivets = 16 + 1.5 = 17.5 mm 18 Design of Ste! Structures Strength of rivets in bearing on 8 mm gusset = Gy x d x1 = 20X175%8 _ 57.9 ny Strength of rivets in double shear = 2 tx x d= 2%90 4% 56 (17,5)?= 43.3 KN 4 1000” 4 ~. Rivet value = 37.8kN Number of rivets required = ot = 1.88 (say 2 rivets) Example 2.6 Figure 2.10 shows a joint in the lower chord of a roof truss. Design the riveted connection if the permissible stresses are, ©, = 150 MPa Oy = 250 MPa B L 55x55x8mm JL 10x 110x 10 mm Fig. 2.10 y= 80 MPa Solution: Using a gusset plate 12 mm thick, Diameter of rivets = 6 V10 = 18.9 (say 20 mm) Gross diameter of rivets = 20 + 1.5 = 21.5 mm Member OB i 215x8 Strength of rivets in bearing on 8 mm thick angle = zoe re 80 # 2 s = ———x— x (21.5)° = 29 KN Strength of rivet in single shear i000 Ky (21.5)° = 2! = 43 kN Rivet value = 29 KN Number of rivets required = 2 = 1.9 (say 2 rivets) Member OC Strength of rivets in bearing on 10-mm thick angle = est = 53.75 kN gone 80 2 2 h sin single shear = ———x 2 x (21.5) = 29 kN Strength of rivets in single shear = 7 7 x 21.5) :. Rivet value = 29 KN aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. 20 Design of Steel Structures SRR KESERRERE KERR LLM YG Fig. 2.12 2100 , F (91,5) = 72.6KN 000° 4 Strength of rivets in double shear = Rivet value = 72.6 kN For maximum efficiency of joint per pitch length, Strength of plate per pitch = 2 x Rivet value or Oy X (pd) Xt = 2% 72.6x 1000.N or 150 x (p ~ 21.5) x 12 = 2 72.6 x 1000 N or p = 102.16 mm (say 100 mm) Minimum permissible pitch = 2.5 xd = 2.5 x 21.5 = 53.7 mm ‘Adopt pitch = 100 mm 150x (100 - 21.5) x12 150% 100 x 12 Example 2.8 Two plates 10 mm and 8 mm thick are joined by a triple-riveted lap joint. Find the suitable pitch for the outer row of rivets if the pitch for central row of rivets is half of the pitch for outer rows. Take permissible stresses for rivets in shear and bearing equal to 90 MPa and 270 MPa respectively and permissible tensile stress in plates equal to 150 MPa. Also find the efficiency of the joint. Efficiency of joint = x 100 = 78.5% Solution; Diameter of rivets = 6¥8 = 16.9 mr say 18 mm Gross diameter = 18 + 1.5 = 19.5 mm Strength of rivets in single shear = 27 Strength of rivets in bearing on 8 mm plate = = x 19.5x 8 =42kN Structural Fasteners 21 ©. Rivet value = 26.88 kN For plate A in Fig. 2.13, the most critical section will be along 1-1 or 2-2. Fig. 213 (i) Strength of plate per pitch along 1-1 = mw x (p~ 19.5) x8 = 1.2p - 23.4 kN 150 (ii) Strength of plate per pitch along 2-2 = con X (p-2X 19.5) x 8 + 26.88 = 1.2 p-19.92kN above, section 1-1 is weaker. Comparing (i) and (ii) ©. Suength of plate per pitch = 1.2 p- 23.4 KN For maximum efficiency of joint, Strength of plate per pitch = strength of rivets per pitch or 1.2 p- 23.4=4 x 26.88 or p= 109.1 mm say 110 mm Minimum permissible pitch = 2.5 x 21.5 = 53.75 mm ©. Use pitch of 110 mm for outer row 4x 26.88 1000 Effi f joint = ————___—. x 100 = 81.45 % icieniey of jolts aus = 2.10 WELDED JOINTS The welding process may be used for joining various steel structural parts. The economic aspects, and other advantages and disadvantages may be considered 22 Design of Stee! Structures while preferring the welding process. Mild steel, cast iron, copper, brass and aluminium can be welded by application of heat with or without pressure. Dif- ferent welding processes are described here in brief. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (vy) Forge Welding In forge welding, the edges to be joined are heated to the plastic state and then joined by applying an extremely high external mechanical pressure. Thermit Welding In thermit welding, a mixture of iron oxide and alumi- nium called thermit is ignited. Iron oxide reduced to molten metal is deposited at the joint by a mould constructed around the joint. Gas Welding In gas welding, the edges to be joined are melted by an oxyacetylene gas flame. Additional metal is filled by melting a welding rod in the flame. Resistance Welding In electric resistance welding, the parts to be joined are pressed together and current is passed from one part to other. The resistance to the flow of current at the joint increase the temperature. When welding temperature is attained, mechanical pressure is applied to forge weld. Electric-arc Welding In electric-arc welding, heat is applied by means of an electric arc struck between the parts to be welded, and an electrode is held by a welder or automatic machine. During welding the electrode melts and fills the gap at the joint. For structural works, only electric-are welding is used. 2m (i) Gi) (ii) (iv) (vy) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) 212 a (ii) (iii) ADVANTAGES OF WELDED JOINTS As no holes are required for welding, the structural members are more effective in taking load. The overall weight of structural stee] required is reduced by the use of welded joints. Welded joints are often economical as less labour and material are required for a joint. The welded connections look better than the usually bulky riveted joints. The speed of fabrication is higher with the welding process. Any shape of joint can be made with ease. The welding process requires less working space than the riveting pro- cess. Complete rigid joints can be provided with the welding process. No noise is produced in the welding process as in the riveting process: DISADVANTAGES OF WELDED JOINTS Skilled labour and electricity are required for welding. Internal stresses and warping are produced due to uneven heating and cooling. Welded joints are more brittle and therefore their fatique strength is less than the members joined. Structural Fasteners 23, (iv) Defects like internal air pockets, slag inclusion and incomplete penctra- tion are difficult to detect. 2.13 TYPES OF WELDS AND THEIR SYMBOLS Welds are classified according to their formations as fillet weld, butt weld and plug weld. Table 2.4 shows basic cross sections and symbols for various forms of welds Table 2.4 Basic types of welds and their symbols Form of weld Section Symbol | Fillet | Square tat —_e [7 | 60° min, | 0.7 10 3 mm . a Single-V-butt 1 k- 21015 mm | 4 =| | iy 10.7103 | 0 to 15 may ek OMos mm: | Double-V-butt j 3mm “F0.7 103 mm | Single-U-bute wv 3 | i 4 Double-U-butt 3 2 Single-bevel-butt YIP) &] 9 |e Double-bevel-butt | ; _ 2? Single-J-butt y a) Double-J-butt gj hw 24 Design of Steel Structures Table 2.5 gives supplementary drawing symbols used along with basic weld- ing symbols to represent a welded joint in a drawing. A few rules are followed while using these symbols as below: Table 2.5 Supplimentary drawing representation Drawing representation Lo Flush butt |& x >| oS Flush square butt | Form of weld Section i SS | ce Machine finish = | Co} oS Double V-butt finish flush on other side Grind CSF alah { ke Double bevel butt finished flush on arrow side. Arrow mark on one section only indicates the section prepared for joint | Throat ) Convex s MS Z | fillet hb Size of weld +1 7 | oneare i oo | fillet | using field -— | YL throat Black circle weld — \ indicates field weld | | Weld all Qa round Circle indicates fillet weld all | round the section (i) If the weld is made on the arrow-side, the symbol is made below the arrow-line and vice-versa (see the concave and convex fillet representa- tion in Table 2.5). (ii) If welding is done on both sides of the joint, the corresponding symbol is placed on both sides of arrow-line (see the butt welds in Table 2.5). (iii) The vertical line in the welding symbol is drawn on the left-hand side of the symbol irrespective of the orientation of the weld. (iv) Figure 2.14 gives the standard position of welding symbol, size and length of weld, clear spacing, [Link] marking welding details on drawing. All dimensions are written only in millimetres. [ Structural Fasteners 25 Finish symbol Length of weld Contour symbol So Unwelded length Bicfecence ilk: 1F. Fieldweld symbol « 3 Weld all around Specification 5 symbol process or z other © reference s 38 s 3% Tail (omit when H Bog reference is in £ not used) < Arrow connecting reference line to arrow Basic weld sorta! side of joint or to edge or detail reference of prepared member or both Fig.2.14 Welding symbols Fugure 2.15 illustrates the use of welding symbol for an intermittent fillet weld. 6 N, 100) 40 (140) 6 12,6 ).12,,6 12 6 cm a 8 60.(120) 8 mm weld f _ sous | = 6 mm weld ~~ Sota ata Pia em Fig. 2.15 2.14 DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS Few terms are used while designing a fillet weld as follows: (i) Size of filet weld The length of the sides of the largest right-angled tri- angle in the cross-section of the fillet weld is denoted as the size of fillet weld as shown in Table 2.5. Usually the perpendicular sides of such a right-angled triangle are equal and the size of a fillet weld may be specified by one dimen- sion only. The size of the fillet weld should not be less than the minimum values given in Table 2.6 as per I.S. 816-1969. Table 2.6 Minimum Size of Fillet Weld Thickness of thicker part Minimum size Up to and including 10 mm 3mm Over 10 mm up to and including 20 mm Smm Over 20 mm up to and including 32 mm 6mm Over 32 mm up to and including 50 mm 8 mm first run 10 mm minimum aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. 28 Design of Steel Structures For the most common case, i.e. welded surfaces meeting at 60° — 90°, t=0.7xs or P=0.17xp,xIxs The permissible stresses in shear and tension are reduced to 80% for field welds made during erection. The permissible stresses are increased by 25% if the wind or earthquake load are taken into account. However, the size of the weld should not be less than the size required when the wind or earthquake load is considered or neglected. Example 2.9 Find the safe load that can be transmitted by the fillet-welded joint shown in Fig. 2.19. The size of the weld is 6 mm. Fig. 219 Solution: Effective length of weld = 75 + 60+ 75 = 210 mm Thickness of throat = 0.7 x s = 0.7 x 6= 4.2 mm 108 +. Safe load = p, xx t= 22 x 210 x 4.2= 95 kN 1000 Example 2.10 Design a suitable fillet weld to connect a tie bar 60x 8 mm to a12-mm thick gusset plate. The permissible stresses in the tie bar and fillet weld are 150 MPa and 108 MPa respectively. Solution: The joint is to be desinged for the full strength of the tie bar. 150 Strength of tie bar = ——— x 60 x 8 = 72 KN ® 1000 Maximum size of weld = 8 - 1.5 = 6.5 mm Using a 6-mm fillet weld, P 72x 1000 TX SX Pq 0.7% 6x 108 A 160-mm fillet weld is provided as shown in Fig. 2.20. Alternatively, the weld could provided on both sides only for 160/2 = 80 mm. The transverse distance = 60 mm in this case is less than the length of the weld, i.e. 80 mm and tr, i.e. 16 x 8 = 128 mm which is as should be. Effective length of fillet weld required = = 158.7 mm aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. 30 _Design of Steel Structures : (2) (2 } therefore, ae | Nae ee AE), \AEJs F,x40__ yx 40 12x100xE 8x100xE From Eq. (i) and (ii), Fy = 72 KN and Fy = 48 kN, If s4 and sp are the sizes of the weld, strength of weld = load of plate or (it) 108 or, x 100 x 0.7 X sy = 72 KN Gi) and 188 x 100 x 0.7 % sy = 48 KN (iv) 1000 From Eq. (iii) and (iv), s4 = 9.5 mm Sp = 6.3 mm say 6.5 mm ‘These sizes are smaller than the thickness of the connected plates by at least 1.5 mm, and hence the design is all right. Example 2.12 Aticin a truss consists of a pair of angles ISA 90 x 60x 10 mm welded on either side of a gusset plate 12 mm thick through the longer legs. Design the welded joint if the permissible stresses in angles and fillet welds are 150 MPa and 108 MPa respectively. I> E —_—s Gusset plate é eu y 2 Yuu 2ISA 90x 60x 10mm. Fig. 223 Solution: Cross-sectional area of 2-ISA 90 x 60 x 10 mm = 2 x 1401 mm? 15 . Force in each angle section = 1401 x o~ = 210.15 kN acting along cg of the Minimum size for 12-mm gusset plate = 5 mm Maximum size for square edge = 10 - 1.5 = 8.5 mm 3 Maximum size of rounded toe = 10 x Zn 7.5mm Adopt a 7-mm weld. « Structural Fasteners 31 Effective Length of Weld Total effective length of weld required for each angle 5 3 20.15% 10" 5097.1mm (say 400 mm) 108x0.7%7 The distribution of the weld should be such that the cg of the weld coincides with the line of action of the forces. From Fig. 2.23, the total effective length of weld x, +x) +90 = 400 mm or += 310 mm 108 Force in weldilength =

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