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Rkafutu Gzpfs : 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju

The document provides a 3 paragraph summary of the life and works of Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar: 1) It introduces Thiruvalluvar and notes he composed the Kural text, divided into 133 chapters covering duties, wealth, love, virtue and more. 2) It describes how Thiruvalluvar drew moral lessons from observing nature and society. It notes he taught through simple language and stories from daily life. 3) It states Thiruvalluvar composed 133 chapters with over 1,330 short verses. It provides the total number of verses in each section and notes the work discusses topics like ethics, virtue and wisdom.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
153 views10 pages

Rkafutu Gzpfs : 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju 1. Jpuqhdrk Ge Ju

The document provides a 3 paragraph summary of the life and works of Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar: 1) It introduces Thiruvalluvar and notes he composed the Kural text, divided into 133 chapters covering duties, wealth, love, virtue and more. 2) It describes how Thiruvalluvar drew moral lessons from observing nature and society. It notes he taught through simple language and stories from daily life. 3) It states Thiruvalluvar composed 133 chapters with over 1,330 short verses. It provides the total number of verses in each section and notes the work discusses topics like ethics, virtue and wisdom.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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12 rkaFutu; gzpfs;

1. jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
Ntjnewp jioj;Njhq;f kpFirtj; Jiw tpsq;fg;
G+j guk; g iunghypag; Gdpjtha; kyu; e ; j Oj
rPjts taw;Gfypj; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju;
ghjkyu; jiyf; nfhz;L jpUj;njhz;L guTthk;.

vd;W jpUQhdrk;ge;juJ nraw;fupa nray;fis Nrf;fpohu; jdJ


ngupa Guhzj;jpy; tpgupf;fpd;whu;. fp.gp 7Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;ej ; tuhff;
fUjg;gLk; Qhdrk;ge;ju; mf;fhyr; irt rka tsu;rr ; pf;Fg; ngupJk;
gq;fhw;wp cs;shu;.

m. jpUQhdrk; g e; j uJ irtrkag; g zpfs;

ghz;ba ehl;bd; murdhfpa $d; ghz;bad; rkz rkaj;ijj;


jOtpdhd;.; kf;fSk; mtidg; gpd;gw;wpr; rkz rkaj;ijj; jOtpdu;.
mjdhy; ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kidtp kq;ifau;ff ; urpahUk; mikr;ruhd
Fyr; r piwahUk; tUe; j pdu; . Qhdrk; g e; j Uf; F j; jkJ epiyiaj;
njupag;gLj;jpdu;. vdNt mtu;fs; ,UtUk; tuNtw;f Qhdrk;ge;ju;
ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F te;J jpUklj;jpy; jq;fp ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ tUifia
mwpe;j rkzu;fs; klj;Jf;Fj; jP itj;jdu;. mj;ja P py; epd;Wk; jg;gpa
Qhdrk;ge;ju; mj;jifa nfhbatu;fs; thOk; ehl;il MSk; Nte;jdpd;
Fw;wk; jhd; nfhbaJ vdf; $wp “nra;aNd jpUMytha; Nktpa
IaNd ......” vd;w gjpfj;jpidg; ghbdhu;. ghz;ba murDf;F ntg;GNeha;
Vw;gl;lJ. rkzu;fs; ghz;badpd; ntg;GNeha; ePff ; g; gythW Kad;W
gadpd; w p epd; w du; . ghz; b a kd; d d; jdJ jtiw czu; e ; j hd; .
Qhdrk;ge;ju; “ke;ke;jpukhtJ ePW…..” vd;w gjpfj;ijg; ghb kd;ddpd;
ntg;G Nehia ePff ; pdhu;. ghz;bkhNjtpapd; ew;gz;Gfisf; fz;L tpae;j
kq; i fau; f urp tstu; Nfhd; ghit
Qhdrk; g e; j u; “kq; ghit….. ” kw; W k;
khdpNdu;tpop khjuha;;…” vd;w gjpfq;fisg; ghb kq;ifau;ff
“khdpNdu; ; urpahupd;
gzpfisg; Nghw;wpdhu;. mt;thW ghz;ba kd;dd; kPzL ; k; irt rkaj;ijj;
jOtpaikahy; ghz;ba ehL KOtJk; kPzL ; k; irtrkaj;ijj; jOt
jpUQhdrk;ge;jNu toptFj;jhu;.

irt newp juk; 11 71 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


jpUQhdrk;ge;juJ rkag;gzpfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ rkzu;fis thjpy;
ntd; W irt rkaNk NkyhdJ vd ep&gpj; j ikahFk; . mtu;
rkzu;fNshL mdy;thjk; nra;Ak; nghUl;L Nghfkhu;j;j
G+z;Kiyahs;…. vd;w gjpfk; vOjg;gl;l Vl;ilj; jPapy; ,l;L jspups
tsnuhsp;.... vDk; gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhu;. mg;NghJ rkzu;fsJ VL
jPapy; vupe;J rhk;gyhf ,tuJ VL vupahky; fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ fz;l
rkzu;fs; Gdy;thjj;jpw;F tUkhW rk;ge;jiu mioj;jdu;. tho;f
me;jzu; thdtu; Mdpdk;… vd;w jpUg;ghRuk; vOjpa Vl;il itif
Mw;wpy; Qhdrk;ge;ju; tpl;lhu;. VL ePupy; vjpu;jJ
; r; nrd;W fiu VwpaJ.
rkzu;fsJ mj;jp ehj;jp..... vDk; thrfKila VL ePuiyfshy;
mbf;fg;gl;L rPuF; iye;jJ.
Nte;jDk; Xq;Ff...
“Nte; f...” vd;W vOjpapUe;jikapd; fhuzkhfTk;>
ghz;ba kd;ddJ KJFf; $d; epkpue ; j
; J. kd;ddJ KJF $d; epkpue
; j
; J
Nghd;W ghz;ba ehl;by; Fd;wpa irtk; Qhdrk;ge;juJ mj;jifa
gzpfs; %yk; kPzL; k; jiyepkpu;ej
; J.
Mya topghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;jj ; Qhdrk;ge;ju; Myaq;fs;
NjhWk; ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;L mt;thyaq;fspy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk;
,iwtdJk; ,iwtpapdJk; rpwg;Gf;fisj; Njthug; gjpfq;fs; %yk;
ntspg; g Lj; j pdhu; . mjdhy; Myaq; f Sf; F mbatu; f s; nry; y j;
jiyg;gl;ldu;.
Ntjhuzpaj; j py; kiwfshy; G+l; l g; g l; L > mbatu; f s; topgl
KbahjpUe;j Myaj;jpd; fjit ehTf;furu; jpwf;Fk; gb ghl Qhdrk;ge;ju;
rJuk; kiw jhd;Jjp
“rJuk; jp…..” vd;w gjpfk; ghbf; fjit %l toptFj;jhu;.
mjd; %yk; Mya topghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Gydhfpd;wJ. Qhdrk;ge;ju;
rkzu;fis thjpy; ntd;W irt rka cz;ikfis ep&gpj;jJ Nghd;W
ngsj; j u; f isAk; thjpy; ntd; W mtu; f isr; irtu; f shf; f pr;
irtrkaj;jpid cau;tilar; nra;jhu;. “Gj;jee;jp” vd;w ngsj;j rkaj;
jiytid “Gj; Gj;ju; rkz; fOf;ifahu;” vDk; gjpfj;ij ghb mtid
thjpy; ntd;W mtdJ jiyapy; ,b tpOe;J ,we;j gpd;du; “rhup
Gj;jd;” jiyikapy; kPzL ; k; thjpl te;j ngsj;ju;fis thjpy; ntd;W
mtu;fisr; irtu;fshf khw;wpdhu;.
Qhdrk;ge;ju; ghba Njthuq;fspd; njhif 14000 vd ek;gpahz;lhu;
ek; g p $wpAs; s hu; . MapDk; ekf; F f; fpilj; J s; s Njthuq; f spd;
vz;zpfi ; f 4145 MFk;. ,tw;Ws; Kjyhk; jpUKiwapy; 136 gjpfq;fSk;>
,uz;lhk; jpUKiwapy; 122 gjpfq;fSk;> %d;whk; jpUKiwapy; 125
gjpfq;fSkhf nkhj;jk; 383 gjpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

irt newp juk; 11 72 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


M. jpUQhdrk;ge;juJ r%fg;gzpfs;

Qhdrk;ge;ju; irt rkag; gzpfis Mw;wpr; irtj;jpid cau;tilar;


nra;jJ Nghd;W irt rka r%fg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;L irt
rkaj;jpid Nky;epiyg;gLj;jpajhf mtuJ tho;fi ; f tuyhW %yk;
mwpfpd;Nwhk;. Nrho ehl;bNy nfhy;yp kotd; vd;w murdJ kfs;
Jzptsu; jpq; f s; …. ”vd; w
typg; G Nehapdhy; mtjpAw; w NghJ “Jzptsu;
gjpfj;jpidg; ghb mtsJ Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;jpdhu;. mJ Nghy;
Qhdrk;ge;ju; nfhbkhlr;nrq;Fd;W}Uf;F tUif je;j NghJ mq;F
gdpapd; nfhLikahy; tUe;jpf;nfhz;L ,Ue;j kf;fSf;fhf ,uq;fp
mt;tpidf;F ,t;tpid
“mt; pid…” vd;w gjpfj;jpidg; ghb ,iw mUshy;
mtu;fsJ Jd;gj;ij ePff ; j; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; toptFj;jhu;.
jpUkUfy; vd;w ,lj;jpw;F tzpfDk; mtdJ fhjypAk; tUk;NghJ
tzpfd; ghk;gpdhy; fbAz;L ,we;jhd;. jdJ fhjyidg; gpupe;J jdpj;J
epd;W tUe;Jfpd;w fhjypapd; Gyk;giyf; fz;L Qhdrk;ge;ju; ,uq;fpdhu;.
rilahnaDkhy;…....” vDk; gjpfj;ijg; ghb tzpfid capu;gg
“rilahnaDkhy; ; pj;J
mtu;fspUtUf;Fk; jpUkzk; elf;f MrPut ; jpj;jhu;.

jpUtPopkpoiyapy; kioapd;ikahy; mtu;fsJ gQ;rj;ijf; fz;L


kdk; tUe;jpa Qhdrk;ge;ju; “thrpthrp
jP u Nt fhR ey; F tP u ; …..
..” vd; w
gjpfj;jpidg; ghbdhu;.
,iwtdplj;jpy; nghw;fhR ngw;W
kf;fsJ grp jPu czT toq;fpdhu;.
rpyehl;fspy; kio nghopa gQ;rk;
jPu;e;jJ.

mJ Nghd;W jpUNthj;J}upy;
jpUj;njhz;lu; vd;Dk; mbahu; el;l
gidfs; fha;f;fhJ fhzg;gl;ld.
G+k;ghitia capu;g;gpj;jy; mJfz;l rkzu;fs; “Mz; Mz;gidfs;
vq; N fDk; fha; g ; g Jz; l h...
h...” vd Vsdk; nra; j ikahy; tUe; j pa
jpUj;njhz;lupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fp rk;ge;ju; “G+j; G+j;Nju;ej
; had
had……”
vdj; njhlq;Fk; gjpfj;jpidg; ghb Mz; gidfnsy;yhk; ngz; gidfshf
khwpf; fha;jJ ; f; FYq;f top nra;jhu;.

jpUikyhg;G+Uf;Fr; nrd;w Qhdrk;ge;ju; mq;F rptNerd; vd;Dk;


mbatu; xUtu; jdJ kfshfpa G+k;ghit vd;gts; ghk;G jPz;b
,we;jikahy; kpfTk; tUe;jp epd;whu;. mtuJ Jaiu ePfF
; k; nghUl;L

irt newp juk; 11 73 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


ghidapy; ,lg;gl;l G+k;ghitapd; vYk;GfspypUe;J mtis capu;gg
; pf;f
kl;bl;l Gd;idaq; fhdy; klkapiy
“kl; klkapiy…” vd;w gjpfj;jpidg; ghbdhu;.
G+k;ghit mofpa ngz;zhf capu; ngw;W vOe;jhs;.
Qhdrk;ge;juJ r%fg; gzpfSs; gpujhdkhdJ mtu; njhz;lu;
FyNk njhOFyk; vd;gjw;fika midj;J mbatu;fsplj;Jk; md;G
nfhz;L xOfpaikNa MFk;. jpUePyef;f ehadhu; vDk; me;jzu;
tPlb
; y; Qhdrk;ge;jUk; ghzu; tFg;igr;Nru;ej
; jpUePyfz;lUk; mtuJ
kidtp kjq;f#shkzpAk; jq;fpdu;. rk;ge;juJ r%frkur Nehf;Fk;>
Ngjq;fnsitAk; nfhs;shj csg;ghq;Fk;> gf;jpyapg;gpdhy; midtUk;
rptdbahu; f Ns vd; D k; njspTk; rk; g e; j uJ r%f Nehf; f hf
mikag;ngw;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2. jpUehTf;furu;

jiynfhs; eQ;rKjhf tpisANk


joy; nfhs; ePW jlhfk jhFNk
nfhiy nra; Mid Fdpe;J gzpANk
Nfhsuhtpd; nfhLtplk; jPUNk
fiynfhs; Ntj tdg;gjp jd;dpNy
fjT jhDq; fLfj; jpwf;FNk
miynfhs; thupapy; fy;Yk; kpjf;FNk
mg;gu; nrg;Gk; mUe;jkp;og
; ; ghlNy.

vd;W ehTf;furuJ mw;Gjq;fis gok; ghly; xd;W $Wfpd;wJ.


Qhdrk;ge;juJ rk fhyj;jpy; tho;ej; tuhff; fUjg;gLk; ehTf;furUk;
irtrka tsu;rr ; pf;fhf Mw;wpa gyjug;gl;l gzpfs; rp;wg;ghdit.

m. jpUehTf;furuJ irtrkag; gzpfs;

ehTf;furuJ irtrkag; gzpfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ Mya topghl;Lf;F


Kjd;ik mspj;jikahFk;. gioahiwia mLj;Js;s tljsp vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; tpsq;fpa rpthyaj;ij rkzu;fs; rkzg;gs;spahf khw;wpaNjhL
mq;Fs;s rptypqf ; j;ijAk; kiwj;J itj;jdu;. mjid mwpej ; ehTf;furu;
kdk; tUe;jp ,iwtidj; Jjpj;jhu;. ,iwtd; Nrhokd;ddJ fdtpNy
Njhd;wpj; jk;ik ntspgg; Lj;JkhW fl;lisapll ; hu;. kWehs; Nrho kd;dd;
tljspfF; r; nrd;W rkzg;gs;spahf khw;wg;gl;l Myaj;ijg; GdUj;jhuzk;

irt newp juk; 11 74 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


nra;J kiwj;J itj;jpUe;j rptypq;fj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;jp topgl
toptFj;jhd;.

mjidg; Nghd;W jpUkiwf;fhl;by; kiwfshy; G+l;lg;gl;bUe;j


rpthyaf; fjtpidj; jpwe;J> mbahu;fs; topghL nra;tjw;F toptFj;jhu;.
ehTf;furu; Mya topghl;bid Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpaJ Nghd;W Myaq;fisj;
J}a;ikahfg; Ngz Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; Kd;khjpupahf tho;eJ ; fhl;bdhu;.
cothug;gil
ifapy; “cothug; il”ia itj;Jf;nfhz;L> nry;fpd;w Myaq;fspd;
tP j pfspy; fhzg; g Lk; Gw; f is cothuj; j pd; %yk; nrJf; f p
tPjpfisj;J}a;ikg;gLj;jpdhu;. jpUr;rf;jpKw;wk;> jpUg;GfY}u; Kjyhd
Myaq;fspy; cothug;gzp Gupe;jikahy; ehTf;furiu
cothug;gilahsp vd;Wk; njhz;Lf;F mg;guu;; vdTQ; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
$wpdu;.
vd; fld; gzp nra;J
fplg;gNj> jd;fld; mbNaidAe;
jhq;Fjy; vdf; $wp Myaq;fs;
NjhWk; rupiaj; njhz; l hw; w pa
ehTf;furu; cyfg;gw;ww;w epiyapy;
epd;Nw nraw;gl;lhu;. G+k;Gfhupy;
cothuj;njhz;L nra;Ak; nghOJ
jd;Kd;Nd njd;gl;l nghd;idAk;
kzpfisAk; fw; f shf vz; z p
xJf;fpaNjhL> jd;Kd;Nd Njhd;wp
eldkhba NjtNyhf
muk;igau;fsJ mofpy; kaq;fhJ cWjpAld; epd;W “ngha; ngha;khag;
ngUq;flypw; Gyk;gh epd;w …….. ” vd;w gjpfj;jpidg; ghbdhu;.
mtu;fs; mtiuj; njhOJ mfd;wdu;.
ehTf;furuJ Njthuq;fs; jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUj;jhz;lfk
fk; Mfpa ghly;
tiffisr; Nru;ej ; itahFk;. ,tu; ghba Njthuq;fspy; 3066 ghly;fNs
,d;W ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd. ehd;fhk; jpUKiwapy; 113 gjpfq;fSk;>
Ie; j hk; jpUKiwapy; 100 gjpfq; f Sk; > Mwhk; jpUKiwapy; 99
gjpfq; f Skhf 312 gjpfq; f is ,tu; mUspAs; s hu; . mj; j ifa
mg;gubfsJ Njthug; ghly;fspy; foptpuf;f czu;Nt mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

irt newp juk; 11 75 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


M. jpUehTf; f urupd; r%fg; g zpfs; .

jpUehTf;furu; irtrka tsu;rr; papd; nghUl;L r%fg;gzpfs; gy


Mw;wpaij mtu;jk; tuyhw;wpD}lhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. jpUtPopkpoiyapy;
grpg; gpzpahy; tUe;jpa kf;fSf;fhf ,iwtdplk; gbf;fhR ngw;W
mtu;fsJ grpg;gpzpiag; Nghf;fpdhu;.
jpq;fÙupy; ghk;gpdhy; fbAz;L ,we;j mg;G+jpabfsJ kfdhfpa
%j;j jpUehTf;fuR vd;Dk; rpWtid “xd; xd;W nfhyhktu; rpe;ij j…..”
vd; w gjpfj; j pidg; g hb capu; g ; g pj; j hu; . mj; N jhL thfP r u; mKJ
nra;ahjpUe;jijf; fz;L mg;G+jpabfs; jsu;nta;jpajdhy; mtuJ kdj;
jsu;rr
; pia ePfF nrhd;khiy
; k; nghUl;L “nrhd; hiy” vdj;njhlq;Fk; gjpfj;ijg;ghb
moNyhk; G kg; G +jp
mjpy; “moNyhk; FQ; r pg; G+tha; epd; w Nrtbaha; …”
vd;W mg;G+jpabfisAk; Gfo;eJ ; s;shu;.

3. Re;ju%u;jj
; p ehadhu;

Nkhfk; mWj;jpbd; ehk; Kj;jp nfhLg;gnjd


Mfkq;fs; nrhd;d mtu;jk;ikj; - Njhifau;ghy;
J}jhfg; NghftpLk; td; n jhz; l d; njhz; L jid
Vjhfr; nrhy; N t dpahd; .

vd;W Re;ju%u;jj
; p ehadhuJ nraw;fupa nray;fisr; rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpu
E}y;fSs; xd;whd jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahu; $Wfpd;wJ. fp.gp. xd;gjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; tho;ej; tuhff; fUjg;gLk; Re;ju%u;jj
; p ehadhu;
irtrka tsu;rr ; pf;Fg; ngupJk; gq;fhw;wpAs;shu;.

m. Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhuJ irtrkag; gzpfs;

Qhdrk;ge;jUk; ehTf;furUk; vq;qdk; ,iwtDf;Fk; ,iwtd;


vOe;jUspAs;s Myaq;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspjj ; dNuh mJ Nghd;W
Re;juUk; mtw;Wf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jNjhL mtu;fis tpl xUgb
mg;ghy; nrd;W ,iwabahu;fsJ topghl;bw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fpdhu;.
jpUth&u; NfhapYf;F te;j Re;juu; mq;F $bapUe;j rptdbahu;fis
kjpf;fhJ nrd;wNghJ mt;tbahu;fSs; tpwd;kpz;l ehadhu; Re;juuJ
nray; fz; L rpdk; nfhs; s > Re; j uu; jk; jtiw czu; e ; J
rptdbahu;fisg; Nghw;Wk; Kfkhfj; “jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif” iag;
ghbdhu;.

irt newp juk; 11 76 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


jpy;iytho; me;jzu; jk; mbahu;f;Fk; mbNad;
jpUePy fz;lj;Jf; Fatdhu;f;fbNad;
,y;iyNa vd;dhj ,aw;giff;Fk; mbNad;
,isahd;wd; Fbkhwd; mbahu;f;Fk; mbNad;
nty; Y khkpfty; y nka; g ; n ghUSf; fbNad;
tpupnghopy; #o; Fd;iwahu; tpwd;kpz;lu;f;- fbNad;
my;ypnkd; Ky;iyae;jhu; mku;ePjpf; fbNad;
M&ud; M&upy; mk;khDf; fhNs.
vDk; ghly; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifapd; KjyhtJ ghlyhFk;. ,iwtNd
me;jzu; tbtpy; te;J “jpy; jpy;iytho; me;jzu; jk; mbahu;f;Fk;
mbNad;…” vd Nkw;gb mbia vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

irt cyfpy; mbahu;fis tzf;fj;jpwF ; upatu;fshf Mf;fpa rpwg;gpy;


jpUj;njhz;lj; njhiff;F caupa gq;Fz;L. ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp
jpUj;njhz;lu; jpUte;jhjp ghLtjw;Fk;> Nrf;fpohu; ngupa Guhzk
Guhzk;;
ghLtjw;Fk; ngUe;Jiz Gupe;j E}y; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifahFk;.
Re;juu; ,iwtidj; Njhouhff; nfhz;L jdJ nysfPf tho;tpd;
NjitfSf;nfy;yhk; ,iwtidj; JizNghff; Nfl;L Nahf khu;ff ; j;jpy;
tho;eJ; Nahfnewp jiof;f toptFj;jtuhthu;. Re;ju%u;jj ; p ehadhu;
ghba Njthuq;fSs; ekf;Ff; fpilj;j Njthuq;fs; 1026 MFk;. mit
100 gjpfq;fshf Vohk; jpUKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Re;juupd; ghly;fs;
nrhd;daKk; nghUs; eaKk; kpf;fit.

M. Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhuJ r%fg; gzpfs;

Re; j u%u; j ; j p ehadhuJ rkag; gzpfisg; Nghd; W mtuJ


r%fg;gzpfSk; irtrka tsu;rr ; pf;F tYT+l;Ltdthf mike;jpUe;jd.
jpUg;Gf;nfhspA+upy; kiwNahu; thOk; tPjp topahfr; Re;juu; nrd;W
nfhz;bUf;ifapy; xU tPlb ; y; kq;fy xypAk; vjpu; tPlb ; y; mOif
xypAk; Nfl;ld. mijf; Nfl;L tpag;Gw;w Re;juu; mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij
tpdt> “Ie;J taJ epuk;gpa ,e;j ,uz;L tPl;Lg; gps;isfSk;
ePuhLtjw;fhf Fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wdu;. mtu;fSs; xUtid Kjiy
tpOq;fpw;W. kw;iwatd; tPL Nru;ej ; hd;. mtDf;F ,d;W G+Z}w; rlq;F.
vjpu; t P l ; b y; Kjiy tpOq; f pa jk; kfid epidj; J ngw; N whu;
tUe;Jfpd;wdu;” vd;wdu;. Re;juu; Fsf;fiuf;Fr; nrd;W jpUg;Gf;nfhspA+u;
mtpehrpg; ngUkhid epide;J tzq;fp “Vw; Vw;whd; kwf;Nfd;.....” vd;w

irt newp juk; 11 77 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


gjpfj; i jg; ghbdhu; . ,iwtd;
jpUtUshy; Kjiy mg; g ps; i s
iaf; fiuapw; nfhzu;e;J
ckpo; e ; j J. gpd; G mg; g ps; i sf; F
Re;juu; G+Z}w; rlq;F nra;tpj;jhu;.

4. khzpf;fthrf Rthkpfs;
ngUFk; itia jid miog;gpf;FNk
gpuk;gbf;Fg; gpuhd; Nkdp fd;WNk
eupnay; y hk; gupahf elj; J Nk
ehb %ifjidg; NgRtpf;FNk
guptpw; gpl;Lf;F kz; Rkg;gpf;FNk
gukd; VnlOjf; Nfhit ghLNk
tUFk; Gj;jiu thjpy; nty;YNk
thjT+uu; toq;fpa ghlNy.

vd;W khzpf;fthrfuJ mw;Gjq;fisg; gok; ghlnyhd;W $Wfpd;wJ.


khzpf;fthrfuJ fhyk; gw;wp Muha;rr ; pahsu;fSf;Ff;fpilNa NtWgl;l
fUj; J f; f s; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. MapDk; xd; g jhk; E}w; w hz; b d;
Kw; g FjpapNyNa khzpf; f thrfu; tho; e ; j pUe; j jhfg; ngUk; g hyhd
mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.

m. khzpf;fthrfupd; irtrkag; gzpfs


gzpfs;.
khzpf;fthrfuJ irtg;gzpfSs; rpwg;ghdJ mtu; ekf;fspj;j
jpUthrfkhFk
jpUthrfkhFk;. khzpf;fthrfuJ ghly;fis me;jz tbtpy; te;j
thjT+ud;
rptngUkhd; khzpf;fthrfu; $w vOjp mUspdhu;.; mjhtJ “thjT+ud;
tpsk; g pl mk; g ytd; vOjpaJ mofpa
vOjpaJ” vd; W tiuag; g l; L k; “mofpa
rpw;wk;gyKilahd; ” vd ,iwtd; xg;gkpl;Lk; jpUthrf Vl;bid
epiwT nra;J ,Ue;jhu;.

irt newp juk; 11 78 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


rptGuhzk; Kjy; mr;Nrhg;gjpfk
jpUthrfj;jpy; rptGuhzk jpfk;; <whd Ik;gj;njhU
gjpfq;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; jpUmk;khid> jpUce;jpahu;>
jpUntk;ghit> jpUr;rhoy;> jpUj;njs;Nszk;> jpUj;NjhNzhf;fk;>
jpUg;G+ty;yp> jpUg;nghw;Rz;zk;> jpUg;nghd;D}Q;ry
y; vd;gd ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ngz;fs; ghLk; ghly;fs; tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpUthrfj;Jf;F cUfhjhu; xU thrfj;Jf;Fk; cUfhu;” vd;W
“jpUthrfj;
Nghw;wj;jf;f msTf;F jpUthrfg;ghly;fs; vspik eak; kpf;fitahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,NjNghd;W ,iwtidj; jiytdhfTk; jd;idj;
jiytpahfTk; vz;zp md;G fye;JUfg; ghba ghly;fs;
jpUf;Nfhitahu; MFk;. ,J jkpopYs;s Nfhit E}y;fSf;nfy;yhk;
jiy rpwe;jjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. khzpf;fthrfu; ghba jpUthrfk;
656 ghRuq;fisAk; jpUf;Nfhitahu; 400 ghRuq;fisAk; nfhz;L
vl;lhk; jpUKiwahf mike;Js;sd.

khzpff; thrfu; jkJ fhyj;jpy; Vida rkaj;jtu;f


; is thjpy; ntd;W
irtrka cz;ikfNs Nkyhdit vd ep&gpj;Js;shu;. jpy;iyf;F
tUif je;j ngsj;j kd;dDk; ngsj;j FUkhUk; Gj;jrkaNk NkyhdJ
vd thjpl;ldu;. khzpf;fthrfu; irtrka cz;ikfis vLj;Jf; $wp
mtu;fis nksdpfshf;fpdhu;. gpd;du; jkJ jtWfis czu;ej ; ngsj;j
FUkhu;fSk; ngsj;j kd;dDk; irt rkaj;ijj; jOtpdu;.

M. khzpf;fthrfupd; r%fg;gzpfs;.

khzpff ; thrfu; ,iwtdJ jpUtUSld; Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f r%fg;gzpfis


Mw;wpaij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mupku;j;jd
ghz;badJ Kjyikr;ruhf tpsq;fpaNghJ
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwf;F Fjpiufs;
thq;Ftjw;fhfr; nrd;w thjT+uu;> kd;dd;
jkf;fspj;j nghw;fhRfsidj;ijAk; r%f
ed;Nehf;fpy; epdW
; rptdbahu;fsJ grpiag;
Nghf;f czT toq;fpAk;> jpUklq;fs;
mikf;fTk; nrytpl;lhu;.
jpy;iyapy; irtrka cz;ikfs; rhu;ghf
thjplte;j ngsj;j kd;ddpd; kfspd;
Cikj;jd;ikia ,iw jpUtUspdhy;
ePff
; p mtisg; Ngrr;nra;jik ,tuJ r%fg;gzpf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

irt newp juk; 11 79 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F


Nky;t
; Uk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

1. ghz;ba ehl;by; irtrkak; kPzL


; k; tsUtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
mike;jtu;fs; ahtu;?
2. ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s Qhdrk;ge;juJ Njthuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
ahJ?
3. Qhdrk;ge;jUk; ehTf;furUk; ,ize;J Mw;wpa rkag;gzpfs;
ahit?
4. ehTf;furuJ ghly;fs; vt;tifiar; Nru;ej
; d?
5. ,iwtd; mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fr; Re;ju%u;jj
; p ehadhuhw; ghlg;ngw;w
E}y; vJ?
6. Re;ju%u;jj
; p ehadhuJ r%fg;gzpfs; ahit?
7. jpUthrfj;jpd; Kjy; gFjpiaAk; ,Wjpg; gFjpiaAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
8. khzpff
; thrfu; rptngUkhidj; jiytuhfTk; jk;ikj; jiytpahfTk;
nfhz;L ghba ghly;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?

nraw;ghL.

01) rkaFutu; ehy;tuJk; rka r%fg;gzpfis jdpj;jdpahf ml;ltiz


xd;wpy; G+u;jj
; p nra;J tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

ghlr; RUf;fk;.

• rkaFutu; ehy;tUk; ,iwaUSld; rka> r%fg; gzpfis


Mw;wpdu;.
• mtu;fsJ ,g;gzpfs; %yk; irtrkak; tsu;rr
; pAw;wJ.
• rkaFutu;fs; mUspa jpUKiwg;ghly;fs; ,iw gf;jpia
nkU$l;lty;yd.
• ehKk; rkaFutu;fsJ gzpfisf; fw;W> mtw;Wf;F kjpgg
; spjJ
;
vkJ gpuNjrq;fspYk; mit Nghd;w gzpfSf;F
Kjd;ikaspg;Nghk;.

irt newp juk; 11 80 ,ytr ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;F

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