St.

MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Kompally, Secunderabad-500014.

Branch : Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Year&Sem : IV B. Tech I Semester
Subject Name : Power System Operation and Control
QUESTION BANK
OBJECTIVE:
This course is deals with Economic operation of power system, hydrothermal scheduling and modeling of turbines,
generators and automatic controllers. It emphasizes on single area and two area load frequency control and reactive power
control.

Blooms
Course
S. No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
UNIT - I

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

1 Define in detail the following? Remember 1
i. Control variables
ii. Disturbance variables
iii. State variables.
2 Draw incremental fuel cost curve. Understand 1
3 Explain the significance of equality and inequality constraints in the economic Understand 1
al- location of generation among different plants in a system?
4 What is Production cost of power generated and incremental fuel rate? Remember 1
5 Write the expression for hourly loss of economy resulting from error in Apply 1
Incremental cost representation?
6 Discuss in detail about incremental heat rate curve and cost curve. Understand 1
7 Write the expression for hourly loss of economy resulting from error in Remember 1
incremental cost representation.
8 What is load factor and loss factor and state the criterion for economic Understand
operation of power system?
9 Explain the following terms with reference to power plants: Heat input - power Remember 1
output curve, Heat rate input, Incremental input, Generation cost and
Production cost.
10 What are the methods of scheduling of generation of steam plants? Explain Understand 1
their merits and demerits?
11 Draw flow chart for economic scheduling without considering line losses. Understand 2
12 Explain optimal load flow solution without inequality constraints? Remember 2
13 Derive transmission loss formula in terms of B- coefficients. Apply 2
14 Draw the flow chart for economic scheduling neglecting the transmission loss. Remember 2
15 Explain about economic load dispatch neglecting the losses? Understand 2
16 What is the role of spinning reserve in unit commitment? Understand 2
17 With the help of a flow chart, explain the dynamic programming method in 2
Remember
unit commitment.
18 What is a ‘‘Load Curve’’? Remember 2
19 Write the equality and inequality constraints considered in the economic 2
dispatch problem? Understand
20 What is the function of load dispatch centre? Understand 2
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
1 Explain in detail the terms production costs, total efficiency, incremental Understand 1
efficiency and incremental rates with respect to thermal power plant.
2 Explain the diagram the physical interpretation of coordination equation. Remember 1
3 Give various uses of general loss formula and state the assumptions made for Apply 1
calculating Bmn coefficients.
4 Give step by step procedure for computing economic allocation of generation Remember 1
in a thermal station.
5 Write assumptions involved in deriving a loss formula coefficients. Apply 1
6 The fuel cost for a two unit steam power plant are given by Analyze 1
C1 = 0.1 P12 + 25 P1 + 1.6 Rupees/hour
C2 = 0.1 P22P+ 32 P2 + 2.1 Rupees/hour
Where p's are in megawatt. If there is an error of 1% in the representation of
the input data, and the loss in operating economy for a load of 250 MW.
7 A power System consists of two, 125 MW units whose input cost data are Analyze 1
represented by the equations :
C1 = 0.04 P12 + 22 P1 + 800 Rupees/hour
C2 = 0.045 P22 + 15 P2 + 1000 Rupees/hour
If the total received power PR = 200 MW. Determine the load sharing between
units for most economic operation.
8 100 MW, 150 MW and 280 MW are the ratings of three units located in a Apply 1
thermal power station. Their respective incremental costs are given by the
following equations:
dc1/dp1 = Rs(0.15p1 + 12);
dc3/dp3 = Rs(0.21p3 + 13)
dc2/dp2 = Rs(0.05p2 + 14)
Where P1, P2 and P3 are the loads in MW. Determine the economical load
allocation between the three units, when the total load on the station is 300
MW.
9 150 MW, 220 MW and 220 MW are the ratings of three units located in a Analyze 1
thermal power station. Their respective incremental costs are given by the
following equations:
dc1/dp1 = Rs(0.11p1 + 12);
dc3/dp3 = Rs(0.1p3 + 13)
dc2/dp2 = Rs(0.095p2 + 14)
Where P1, P2 and P3 are the loads in MW. Determine the economical load
allocation between the three units, when the total load on the station is
(a) 350 MW
(b) 500 MW.
10 What is mean by unit commitment problem? Discuss a method for solving the Remember 1
same.
11 Discuss the dynamic programming method to solve unit commitment problem Understand
2
in power system.
12 Develop a load flow equation suitable for solutions by Gauss-seidal method Remember 2
using nodal admittance approach.
13 The incremental fuel cost for two plants are Apply 2
dC1 /d PG1 = 0.075 PG1 + 18 Rs./MWh
dC2 / d PG2 = 0.08 PG2 + 16 Rs./MWh
The loss coefficients are given as
B11=0.0015 /MW, B12 = - 0.0004/MW and B22 = 0.0032/MW for R = 25
Rs./MWh.
Find the real power generations, total load demand and the transmission
power loss.
14 Analyze 2
Two power stations A and B operate in parallel. They are interconnected by a
short transmission line. The station capacities are 100 MW and 200 MW
respectively. The generators A and B have speed regulations of 3 % and 2 %
respectively. Calculate the output of each station and load on the
interconnector, if,
(a) The load on each station is 125 MW
(b) The load on respective bus bars is 60 MW and 190 MW
(c) The load is 150 MW at station A bus bar only.
Give algorithm for economic allocation of generation among generators of a Understand 2
15 thermal system taking into account transmission losses. Give steps for
implementing this algorithm and also derive necessary equations.
16 Write a short notes on: Remember 2
a) Inequality constraints. b) Penalty function.
17 A power system consists of two 100MWunits whose input cost data are Apply 2
represented by equations below C1 = 0.04 P12 +22P1+800 Rs/hr
C2 = 0.045 P22 +15P2 +1000 Rs/hr
If total received power PR = 150 MW. Determine
(a) The load sharing between units for most economic operation
(b) The corresponding costs of operations
18 Give the computational procedure for optimal power flow without inequality Remember 2
constraints.
19 Discuss optimal power flow problems without and with inequality constraints. 2
How are these problems solved. Understand
20 Using dynamic programming method, how do you find the most economical Apply 2
combination of the units to meet a particular load demand?
Part – C (Analytical Questions)
1 Incremental fuel cost is Rs/MWhr for a plant of a two units. dc1/dpg1=0.25 Apply 1
pg1+40; dc2/dpg2=0.3 pg2+30 Assume that both the units are operating at all
times and total load varies from 40 MW to250 MW. How will the load be
shared for a load of 200 MW? What is the corresponding value of plant
incremental cost? Also determine the saving in the fuel cost in Rs/hr for one
optimum scheduling of 250 MW as compared to equal distribution of same
load between two plants.
2 The incremental fuel cost in rupees per MWhr for a plant consisting of two Analyze 1
units are dC1/dPG1 =0.20 PG1+40.0; dC2/dPG2 =0.25 PG2+30.0 Assume that
both units are operating at all times and total load varies from 40 MW to 250
MW and maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 125 MW and
20MW respectively .How will the load be shared between the units as the
system varies over full range? What are the plant incremental costs?
3 The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as Apply 1
F1 =0.2 P1
2+40 P1+120 Rs per hr.
F2 =0.25 P22+30 P2+150 Rs per hr.
Determine the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of
generation if the maximum and minimum loading on each unit is 100 MW and
25 MW,the demand is 180 MW and transmission losses are neglected. If the
load is equally shared by both the units, determine the saving obtained by
loading the units as per the incremental production cost.
4 Let us consider a generating station that contains a total number of three Analyze 1
generating units. The fuel costs of these units are given by

Rs./h

Rs./h

Rs./h

The generation limits of the units are

The total load that these units supply varies between 90 MW and 1250 MW.
Assuming that all the three units are operational all the time, we have to
compute the economic operating settings as the load changes.
5 Consider two generating plant with same fuel cost and generation limits. These Analyze 1
are given by

For a particular time of a year, the total load in a day varies as shown in Fig.
5.2. Also an additional cost of Rs. 5,000 is incurred by switching of a unit
during the off peak hours and switching it back on during the during the peak
hours. We have to determine whether it is economical to have both units
operational all the time
6 The fuel inserts per all of plants I and II are given as Apply 1
F1= 0.1P21 + 40 P1+120 Rs/Hr
F2= 0.25P 22+30P2+150 Rs/Hr. Determine the economic operating schedule
and corresponding cost of generation if the max and min loading on each unit
is 100 MW and 25 MW and the demand is 180 MW and transmission losses
are neglected. If the load is equally shared by the both the units, determine the
saving obtained by loading the units as per equal incremental products and
cost.
7 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Apply 1
generating units. Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 8 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load. The min and
max generating capacities and cost curve parameters of the units listed in a
tabular form are given.
8 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Analyze 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 10 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 1 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
9 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Analyze 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 20 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 4 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Apply 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
10 load demand of 30 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 8 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
11 For the system shown in figure, with bus 1 as reference bus with a voltage of Analyze 2
1.0V<00 pu, find the loss formula co-efficient if the branch currents and
impedances are: Ia=1.00+j0.15 p.u; Za=0.02+j0.15 p.u Ic =0.20-j0.05pu; Zc
=0.02+0.25pu If the base is 100 MVA, what will be the magnitudes of B –
coefficients in reciprocal MW?

12 (i) A generating station has a maximum demand of 50,000 kW. Calculate the Analyze 2
cost per unit generated from the following data.

Annual load factor = 40%

Annual cost of fuel

Interest and
Depreciation = 12%.
(ii) (1) Define ‘‘diversity factor’’.
(2) Define ‘‘Plant use factor’’
13 The fuel cost functions in Rs/hr for two thermal plants are given by Apply 2
C1 =420+9.2P1+0.004P22 ; C2=350+8.5P2+0.0029P22
Where P1, P2 are in MW. Determine the optimal scheduling of generation if
the load is 640.82 MW. Estimate value of ʎ=12 Rs/MWhr. The transmission
power loss is given by the expression PL(p.u) =0.0346P21(p.u) +0.00643P22(p.u)
14 The fuel cost functions in Rs/hr for two thermal plants are given by Apply 2
C1 =420+9.2P1+0.004P22, 100<P2<200 ; C2=350+8.5P2+0.0029P22,
150<P3<500 Where P1, P2 are in MW. Determine the optimal scheduling of
generation if the load is 640.82 MW. Estimate value of ʎ=12 Rs/MWhr. The
transmission power loss is given by the expression P L(p.u) =0.0346P21(p.u)
+0.00643P22(p.u)
15 The IFC for two plants are dC1/dPG1=0.075 Pg1+18 Rs/hr ; Analyze 2
dC2/dPG2=0.08PG2+16 Rs/hr The loss coefficients are given as
B11=0.0015/MW, B12= -0.00004/ MW, B22 = 0.0032/ MW for ʎ=25 Rs/MWhr.
Find the real power generations, total load demand, and the transmission
power loss.
16 A system consists of two power plants connected by a transmission line. The Analyze 2
total load located at a plant-2 is as shown in below. Data of evaluating loss
coefficients consists of information that a power transfer of 100 MW from
station-1 to station-2 results in a total loss of 8 MW. Find the required
generation at each station and power received by the load when ʎ of the
system is Rs. 100/MWhr. The IFCs of the two plants are given by
dC1/dPG1=0.12PG1+65 Rs/MWhr ; dC2/dPG2=0.25PG2+75 Rs/MWhr
17 For above problem with 212.5 MW received by the load, find the savings in Analyze 2
Rs/hr obtained by co-coordinating the transmission losses rather than
neglecting in determining the load division between the plants
18 Determine the incremental cost of received power and the penalty factor of the Apply 2
plant shown, if the incremental cost of production is dC 1/dPG1=0.1PG1+3.0
Rs/MWhr.
19 Assume that the fuel input in Btu per hour for units 1 and 2 are given by Apply 2
C1 =(8PG1+0.024P2G2+80)10^6 ; C2=6PG!+0.04P2G2+120)10^6
The maximum and min loads on the units are 100 and 10 MW, respectively.
Determine the min cost of generation when the following load is supplied. The
cost of fuel is Rs.2 per million Btu.
20 Two power plants are connected together by a transmission line and load at Apply 2
plant-2. When 100 MW is transmitted from plant-1, the transmission loss is
100 MW. The cost characteristics of two plants are
C1 =0.05P\2G1+13PG1; C2=0.06P2G2+12PG2
Find the optimum generation for ʎ=22,ʎ=25 and ʎ=30.
UNIT - II

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

1 Discuss the combined hydro- electric and steam station operation. Remember 2
2 Describe different methods for solving hydro thermal scheduling. Understand 2
3 What are the requirements of control strategy in integral control? Understand
4 Explain about Hydro thermal co-ordination with necessary equations? Remember 2
2
5 Describe the objective function is minimize the cost of generation of hydro Understand 2
thermal scheduling
6 Explain problem formation and solution procedure of optimal scheduling for Understand 2
hydro thermal plants.
7 Briefly explain about the plant level. Understand 2
8 Explain Constant Hydro Generation method? Remember 2
9 Explain Constant Thermal Generation method? Remember 2
10 Explain Maximum Hydro Efficiency method? Remember 2
11 Explain the role played by the controller's gain setting in the frequency Understand 2
12 control?
Briefly explain about the system level controls? Understand 2
13 Explain proportional plus integral control for load frequency control for a Understand 2
single area system?
14 Explain proportional integral control for load frequency control for a single Understand 2
area system?
15 Explain proportional integral control for load frequency control for a Two area Understand 2
system.
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
In a two plant operation system, the hydro plant is operation for 10 hrs, during Analyze 2
each day and the steam plant is to operate all over the day. The characteristics
of the steam and hydro plants are
CT = 0.04 PGT2 +30 PGT + 10 Rs/hr
1 WH =0.12 PGH2+30 PGH m3/ sec
When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load is 150
MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation during
10 hrs is 150x106 m3. Determine the generation of hydro plant and cost of
water used. Neglect the transmission losses.
2 In a two plant operation system, the Hydro plant is operating for 12 hrs. Analyze 2
During each day and the hydro plant is operate all over the day. The
characteristics of the steam and hydro plants are
CT = 0.3 PGT2+20 PGT + 5 Rs/hr
WH =0.4PGH2+20 PGH m3/ sec
When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load is 300
MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation during
12 hrs is 180x106 m3. Determine the generation of hydro plant and cost of
water used.
3 Briefly explain control area concept and control area error? Remember 2
Explain proportional plus integral control for load frequency control for a Understand 2
4 single area system.
5 Two generators rated 300 MW and 400 MW are operating in parallel. The Apply 2
droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 6% respectively from no
load to full load. The speed changers of the governors are set so that a load of
400 MW is shared among the generators at 50 HZ in the ratio of their ratings.
What are the no load frequencies of the generators.
6 Explain load frequency control problem. Remember 2
7 A two plant hydro-thermal system with negligible losses has the following Analyze 2
characteristics. Fuel cost as a function of active power generated at the thermal
plant is F = (2p1=0.01p22) RS/hr. The optimal water conversion co-efficient is
found to be 12.01RS/MCF. The load on the system is
Duration (b) 9 15
DD (MW) 700 350
Compute the optimal active thermal and hydro power generations (in MW) in
each of the subintervals and the allowable volume of water at the hydro plant.
8 A 3-phase single circuit, 220kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the receiving Apply 2
end of the line is 205kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the line has
resistance 21.7ohms, reactance of 85.2ohms and the total susceptance of
5.32X10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be represented by Pie-model.
9 Explain the problem of scheduling hydro thermal power plants. What are the Understand 2
constraints in the problem?
10 Explain clearly the mathematical formulation of optimal scheduling of Understand 2
hydrothermal system with a typical example.
11 Two generators rated 400 MW and 500 MW are operating in parallel. The Apply 2
droop characteristics of their governors are 5% and 6% respectively from no
load to full load. The speed changers of the governors are set so that a load of
400 MW is shared among the generators at 50 HZ in the ratio of their ratings.
What are the no load frequencies of the generators.
12 A two plant hydro-thermal system with negligible losses has the following Analyze 2
characteristics. Fuel cost as a function of active power generated at the thermal
plant is F = (2p1=0.01p22) RS/hr. The optimal water conversion co-efficient is
found to be 12.01RS/MCF. The load on the system is
Duration (b) 9 15
DD (MW) 700 350
Compute the optimal active thermal and hydro power generations (in MW) in
each of the subintervals and the allowable volume of water at the hydro plant.
13 A 3-phase single circuit, 220kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the receiving Apply 2
end of the line is 210kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the line has
resistance 21.7ohms, reactance of 86.2ohms and the total susceptance of
5.35X10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be represented by Pie-model.
14 In a two plant operation system, the Hydro plant is operating for 12 hrs. Analyze 2
During each day and the hydro plant is operate all over the day. The
characteristics of the steam and hydro plants are
CT = 0.29 PGT2+22 PGT + 4 Rs/hr
WH =0.398PGH2+21 PGH m3/ sec
When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load is 300
MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation during
12 hrs is 180x106 m3. Determine the generation of hydro plant and cost of
water used.
15 In a two plant operation system, the hydro plant is operation for 10 hrs, during Analyze 2
each day and the steam plant is to operate all over the day. The characteristics
of the steam and hydro plants are
CT = 0.038 PGT2 +32 PGT + 9 Rs/hr
WH =0.13 PGH2+29 PGH m3/ sec
When both plants are running, the power own from steam plant to load is 150
MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation during
10 hrs is 150x106 m3. Determine the generation of hydro plant and cost of
water used. Neglect the transmission losses.
Part – C (Analytical Questions)
Incremental fuel cost is Rs/MWhr for a plant of a two units. Apply 1
dc1/dpg1=0.25 pg1+40; dc2/dpg2=0.3 pg2+30
Assume that both the units are operating at all times and total load varies from
1 40 MW to250 MW. How will the load be shared for a load of 200 MW? What
is the corresponding value of plant incremental cost? Also determine the
saving in the fuel cost in Rs/hr for one optimum scheduling of 250 MW as
compared to equal distribution of same load between two plants.
The incremental fuel cost in rupees per MWhr for a plant consisting of two Analyze 1
units are
2 dC1/dPG1 =0.20 PG1+40.0; dC2/dPG2 =0.25 PG2+30.0 Assume that both
units are operating at all times and total load varies from 40 MW to 250 MW
and maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 125 MW and 20MW
respectively .How will the load be shared between the units as the system
varies over full range? What are the plant incremental costs?
3 The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as Apply 1
F1 =0.2 P1
2+40 P1+120 Rs per hr.
F2 =0.25 P22+30 P2+150 Rs per hr.
Determine the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of
generation if the maximum and minimum loading on each unit is 100 MW and
25 MW, the demand is 180 MW and transmission losses are neglected. If the
load is equally shared by both the units, determine the saving obtained by
loading the units as per the incremental production cost.
4 Let us consider a generating station that contains a total number of three Analyze 1
generating units. The fuel costs of these units are given by

Rs./h

Rs./h

Rs./h
The generation limits of the units are

The total load that these units supply varies between 90 MW and 1250 MW.
Assuming that all the three units are operational all the time, we have to
compute the economic operating settings as the load changes.
5 Consider two generating plant with same fuel cost and generation limits. These Analyze 1
are given by

For a particular time of a year, the total load in a day varies as shown in Fig.
5.2. Also an additional cost of Rs. 5,000 is incurred by switching of a unit
during the off peak hours and switching it back on during the during the peak
hours. We have to determine whether it is economical to have both units
operational all the time
6 The fuel inserts per all of plants I and II are given as Apply 1
F1= 0.1P21 + 40 P1+120 Rs/Hr
F2= 0.25P 22+30P2+150 Rs/Hr. Determine the economic operating schedule
and corresponding cost of generation if the max and min loading on each unit
is 100 MW and 25 MW and the demand is 180 MW and transmission losses
are neglected. If the load is equally shared by the both the units, determine the
saving obtained by loading the units as per equal incremental products and
cost.
7 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Apply 1
generating units. Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 8 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load. The min and
max generating capacities and cost curve parameters of the units listed in a
tabular form are given.
8 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Analyze 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 10 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 1 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
9 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Analyze 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 20 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 4 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
10 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Apply 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 30 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 8 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
11 Let us consider a generating station that contains a total number of three Analyze 1
generating units. The fuel costs of these units are given by

Rs./h

Rs./h

Rs./h

The generation limits of the units are

The total load that these units supply varies between 80 MW and 1260 MW.
Assuming that all the three units are operational all the time, we have to
compute the economic operating settings as the load changes.
12 Consider two generating plant with same fuel cost and generation limits. These Analyze 1
are given by

For a particular time of a year, the total load in a day varies. Also an additional
cost of Rs. 6,000 is incurred by switching of a unit during the off peak hours
and switching it back on during the during the peak hours. We have to
determine whether it is economical to have both units operational all the time
13 The fuel inserts per all of plants I and II are given as Apply 1
F1= 0.21P21 + 30 P1+122 Rs/Hr
F2= 0.28P 22+20P2+155 Rs/Hr. Determine the economic operating schedule
and corresponding cost of generation if the max and min loading on each unit
is 100 MW and 25 MW and the demand is 180 MW and transmission losses
are neglected. If the load is equally shared by the both the units, determine the
saving obtained by loading the units as per equal incremental products and
cost.
14 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Apply 1
generating units. Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 9 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load. The min and
max generating capacities and cost curve parameters of the units listed in a
tabular form are given.
15 A power system network with a thermal power plant is operating by four Analyze 1
generating units Determine the most economical unit to be committed to a
load demand of 12 MW. Also prepare the UC table for the load changes in
steps of 2 MW starting from the min and max generating capacities and cost
curve parameters of the units listed in a tabular form are given.
UNIT - III

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

1 Describe the mathematical model of Speed - Governing System. Apply 3
2 Explain D.C excitation system and A.C excitation system. Remember 3
3 Derive the model of a speed governing system and represent it by a block Apply 3
diagram.
4 Explain the objectives and functions of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Understand 3
in a power system.
5 Explain how mathematical model of speed governing system is developed for Understand 3
Automatic Generation Control?
6 Distinguish between AVR and ALFC control loops of a generator. Remember 3
7 What is ‘‘AGC’’? Remember 3
8 What decides the loading of generating stations? Understand 3
9 Explain Selecting frequency control? Remember 3
10 Explain TIE Line bias control? Understand 3
11 Describe the mathematical model of Speed - Governing System. Apply 3
12 Explain the importance of turbine modeling? Understand 3
13 Explain the importance of Generator modeling? Apply 3
14 Explain the importance of Exciter modeling? Apply 3
15 Explain the importance of dynamic modeling of generators? Apply 3
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
1 Explain the hydro thermal co- ordination in brief. Understand 3
2 Explain the co- ordination for Run-Off river and steam plan Remember 3
3 Draw the block diagram of a power system showing the governor, turbine and Understand 3
Synchronous
Derive generalgenerator, indicating
mathematical their transfer
formulation of longfunctions. For thermal
term hydro a step Apply 3
4 disturbance of PD, obtain the response of increment in frequency", making
scheduling.
suitable assumptions. Apply 3
Derive general mathematical formulation of Short term hydro thermal
5 (a) Without proportional plus integral controller and
scheduling
(b) With proportional plus integral control.
6 Explain the problem discretization principle. Remember 3
Solution of short term hydro thermal scheduling problems by Kirchamayers Understand 3
7
method.
8 Advantages of operation of hydro thermal combination. Remember 3
Give a typical block diagram for a two area system interconnected by a tie line Understand 3
and explain each block. Also deduce relations to determine the frequency of
9
oscillations of the tie line power and static frequency drop. List out
assumptions made.
10 Write short notes on area control error? Remember 3
11 Disadvantages of operation of hydro thermal combination. Remember 3
12 Derive the mathematical modeling of Speed governing system. Understand 3
13 Explain the first order modeling of turbine with neat block diagram? Understand 3
14 Explain the Second order modeling of turbine with neat block diagram? Understand 3
15 Explain the fundamental characteristics of excitation system? Remember 3
Part – C (Analytical Questions)
1 Determine the primary ALFC loop parameters for a control area with the Apply 3
following data:
Total generation capacity = 2500 MW
Normal operating load =1500 MW
Inertia constant=5 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant, B=1 %;
frequency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=2.5 Hz / p.u MW.
2 A 100 MVA Synchronous generator operates at 50 Hz, runs at 3000 rpm under Apply 3
no- load. A load of 25 MW is suddenly applied to the machine. Due to the time
lag in the governor system the turbine commences to open after 0.6 sec.
Assuming inertia constant H= 5 MW- sec per MVA of generator capacity,
calculate the frequency of the system before steam own commences to increase
to meet the new load.
3 Two generating stations 1 and 2 have full load capacities of 200 MW and 100 Analyze 3
MW respectively at a generating frequency of 50 Hz. The two stations are
interconnected by an induction motor and synchronous generator with a full
load capacity of 25 MW. The speed regulation of station 1, station 2 and
induction motor and synchronous generator sets are 4 %, 3.5% and 2.5%
respectively. The load on respective bus bars is 75 MW and 50 MW
respectively. Find the load taken by the motor generator set.
4 Two turbo alternators rated for 110 MW and 220 MW have governor drop Apply 3
characteristics of 5% from no load to full load. They are connected in parallel
to share a load of 250 MW. Determine the load shared by each machine
assuming free governor action.
5 Two generating stations 1 and 2 have full load capacities of 300 MW and 200 Apply 3
MW respectively at a generating frequency of 50 Hz. The two stations are
interconnected by an induction motor and synchronous generator with a full
load capacity of 50 MW. The speed regulation of station 1, station 2 and
induction motor and synchronous generator sets are 45%, 4% and 3%
respectively. The load on respective bus bars is 70 MW and 60 MW
respectively. Find the load taken by the motor generator set.
6 Two turbo alternators rated for 150 MW and 250 MW have governor drop Analyze 3
characteristics of 8% from no load to full load. They are connected in parallel
to share a load of 300 MW. Determine the load shared by each machine
assuming free governor action.
Two generators rated 200MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. Draw the Analyze 3
7 characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load to
full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how
would a load of 600MW is shared between them? What will be the system
frequency at this load, Assume free governor operation, repeat the problem if
both governors have drop of 4%.
8 Two generators rated 400MW and 700MW are operating in parallel. Draw Analyze 3
the characteristics of their governors are 6% and 8% respectively from no
load to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no
load, how would a load of 900MW be shared between them? What will be
the system frequency at this load, Assume free governor operation, repeat the
problem if both governors have drop of 7%.
Determine the primary ALFC loop parameters for a control area with the Apply 3
9 following data:
Total generation capacity = 3500 MW
Normal operating load =2500 MW
Inertia constant=25 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant, B=2 %;
frequency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=3.5 Hz / p.u MW
10 A 400 MVA Synchronous generator operates at 50 Hz, runs at 3000 rpm under Apply 3
no- load. A load of 50 MW is suddenly applied to the machine. Due to the time
lag in the governor system the turbine commences to open after 0.6 sec.
Assuming inertia constant H= 9 MW- sec per MVA of generator capacity,
calculate the frequency of the system before steam own commences to increase
to meet the new load.
11 Two generating stations 1 and 2 have full load capacities of 200 MW and 100 Analyze 3
MW respectively at a generating frequency of 50 Hz. The two stations are
interconnected by an induction motor and synchronous generator with a full
load capacity of 25 MW. The speed regulation of station 1, station 2 and
induction motor and synchronous generator sets are 4 %, 3.5% and 2.5%
respectively. The load on respective bus bars is 75 MW and 50 MW
respectively. Find the load taken by the motor generator set.
Two turbo alternators rated for 110 MW and 220 MW have governor drop Apply 3
characteristics of 5% from no load to full load. They are connected in parallel
12 to share a load of 250 MW. Determine the load shared by each machine
assuming free governor action.
13 Two generating stations 1 and 2 have full load capacities of 300 MW and 200 Apply 3
MW respectively at a generating frequency of 50 Hz. The two stations are
interconnected by an induction motor and synchronous generator with a full
load capacity of 50 MW. The speed regulation of station 1, station 2 and
induction motor and synchronous generator sets are 45%, 4% and 3%
respectively. The load on respective bus bars is 70 MW and 60 MW
respectively. Find the load taken by the motor generator set.
14 Two turbo alternators rated for 150 MW and 250 MW have governor drop Analyze 3
characteristics of 8% from no load to full load. They are connected in parallel
to share a load of 300 MW. Determine the load shared by each machine
assuming free governor action.
Two generators rated 200MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. Draw the Analyze 3
15 characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load to
full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how
would a load of 600MW is shared between them? What will be the system
frequency at this load, Assume free governor operation, repeat the problem if
both governors have drop of 4%.
UNIT - V

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

1 Explain the necessity of keeping the frequency constant in a power system. Understand 4
2 Explain what is meant by control area. Obtain the transfer function model and Understand 4
explain ALFC of a single area of an isolated power system
3 Write notes on: Remember 4
i) Control area concept. ii) Area control error.
4 Explain Isolated Power system? Remember 4
5 Explain the steady state analysis in controlled case? Remember 4
6 Explain the steady state analysis in un-controlled case? Understand 4
7 Explain what are the methods to keep the frequency constant? Remember 4
8 Explain the dynamic response? Understand 4
9 A 100 MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50 Apply 4
Hz. The load is suddenly reduced to 50 MW. Due to time lag governor system,
the steam valve begins to close after 0.4 sec. Determine the change in
frequency that occurs in this time. Given the initial constant H=5 KW-sec/
KVA.
10 A control area has total rated capacity of 10000MW. The regulation R for all Apply 4
the units in the area is 2 HZ/P.U, A 1% change in frequency causes a 1%
change in load. If the system operates at half the rated capacity and increases
by 2%
i) Find the static frequency drop
ii) If the speed governor loop were open, what will be the frequency
drop? Determine the formula.
11 Explain the state variable model of single area load frequency controller with Understand 4
integral action.
12 Discuss the importance of combined load frequency control and economic Understand 4
dispatch control with a neat block diagram.
13 What are the requirements of control strategy in integral control? Explain the Remember 4
role played by the controller's gain setting in the frequency control.
14 Obtain an expression for steady state response of a load frequency controller Apply 4
with integral control. How it is different from without integral control.
15 Discuss the merits of proportional plus integral load frequency control of a Understand 4
system with a neat block diagram.
16 What are the various methods of voltage control in transmission system? Remember 4
17 Explain the need for voltage and frequency regulation in power system. Remember 4
18 What is the function of Load Frequency Control? Understand 4
19 What is the purpose pf primary ALFC? Understand 4
20 List out the various needs for frequency regulation in power system. Remember 4
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
1 Explain the governor characteristics of a single generator. Understand 4
What is the nature of the steady state response of the uncontrolled LFC of a Remember 4
2
single area?
State briefly how the time response of the frequency error depends upon the Remember 4
3 gain setting of the integral control.
What are the basic requirements of a closed loop control system employed for Understand 4
4 obtaining the frequency constant?
5 What is the nature of the generator load frequency characteristic? Remember 4
With a neat block diagram explain the load frequency control for a single area Understand 4
6
system.
Draw and explain complete block diagram representation of single area having Remember 4
7 a turbo-generator supplying an isolated load for load frequency problem.
Discuss the response of the system for a sudden change in load demand.
8 Give a brief account on tie line bias bar control. Remember 4
9 Explain speed governing mechanism in two generators or machines system. Understand 4
Develop and explain the load frequency control of a single area system of an Understand 4
10
uncontrolled case drive the transfer function of each block.
11 Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whose Apply 4
capacity is 250MW, operating at a power angle of 450. If each area has a
capacity of 2000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 3 Hz/Pu MW,
determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.
Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 4 sec. If a step
load change of 100MW occurs in one of the areas determine the change in tie-
line power.
12 Two power systems, A and B, having capacities of 3000 and 3000 MW, Apply 4
respectively, are interconnected through a tie-line and both operate with
frequency-bias-tie-line control. The frequency bias for each area is 1 % of the
system capacity per 0.1 Hz frequency deviation. If the tie-line interchange for
A is set at 100 MW and for B is set (incorrectly) at 200 MW, calculate the
steady state change in frequency.
13 Two control areas have the following characteristics: Apply 4
Area-1: Speed regulation = 0.02 pu ,Damping coefficient = 0.8 pu ,Rated
MVA = 1500
Area-2: Speed regulation = 0.025 pu, Damping co-efficient = 0.9 pu, Rated
MVA = 500
Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency
following a load change of 120MW occurs in area-1. Also find the tie-line
power flow change.
14 The two area system has the following data: Analyze 4
Capacity of area 1, Pr1 =1000 MW,
Capacity of area 2, Pr2 =2000 MW,
Nominal load of area 1, PD1=500 MW
Nominal load of area 1, PD1=1500 MW
Speed regulation of area 1=4%
Speed regulation of area 2=3%
Find the new steady state frequency and change in the line ow for a load
change of area 2 by 125 MW. For both the areas each percent change in
frequency causes 1 percent change in load. Find also the amount of additional
frequency drop if the interconnection is lost due to certain reasons.
15 Explain the state variable model of two area load frequency controller with Apply 4
integral action. Two control areas connected by a tie line have the following
characteristics.
Area 1 Area 2
R=0.01 pu R=0.02 pu
D=0.8 pu D=1.0 pu
Base MVA=2000 Base MVA=500
A load change of 100 MW (0.2 pu) occurs in area 1. What is the new steady
state frequency and what is the change in the tie own? Assume both areas were
at nominal frequency (60 Hz) to begin.
16 Two generators rated 250 MW and 500 MW are operating in parallel. The Analyze 4
droop characteristics are 4% and 6% respectively. Assuming that the
generators are operating at 50 HZ at no load, how a load of 750 MW would be
shared. What is the system frequency? Assume free governor action
17 Draw the block diagram of load frequency control of 2- area control systems Understand 4
with gain blocks.
18 What is area control error? What are the control strategies? Remember 4
19 Explain proportional plus integral control for load frequency control for a Remember 4
single area system.
20 Give a typical block diagram for a two area system interconnected by a tie line Understand 4
and explain each block. Also deduce relations to determine the frequency of
oscillations of tie line power and static frequency drop. List out assumptions
made.
Part – C (Analytical Questions)
1 A 125 MVA turbo alternator operates on full load at 50 Hz. A load of 50MWis Apply 4
suddenly reduced on the machine. The steam valves to the turbine commence
to close after 0.5 seconds due to the time lag in the governor system. Assuming
inertia constant H= 6 kW - sec per kVA of generator capacity, calculate the
change in frequency that occurs in this time.
2 The single area control system has the following data: TP=10 sec, Tg = 0.3 Analyze 4
sec, Tt=0.2 sec, KP =200 Hz/pu MW, R=6 Hz/pu MW, PD=0.5 pu MW,
Ki=0.5. Compute the time error caused by a step disturbance of magnitude 0.5
pu (as given above). Prove, in particular, that the error is reduced by increasing
the given Ki. Express the error in seconds and cycles if the system frequency is
50 Hz.
3 A single area consists of two generators with the following parameters: Analyze 4
Generator 1 = 1200 MVA; R=6 % (on machine base) Generator 2 = 1000
MVA; R=4 % (on machine base) The units are sharing 1800 MW at normal
frequency 50 Hz. Unit supplies 1000 MW and unit 2 supplies 800 MW. The
load now increased by 200 MW.
(a) Find steady state frequency and generation of each unit if B=0.
(b) Find steady state frequency and generation of each unit if B=1.5.
4 A single area consists of two generating units with the following Apply 4

unit Rating in MVA Speed regulation R (p.u on unit MVA base)

1 600 6%

2 500 4%
characteristics. The units are operating in parallel, sharing 900 MW at a
nominal frequency. Unit 1 supplies 500 MW and unit 2 supplies 400 MW at
60 Hz. The load is increased by 90 MW.
(a) Assume there is no frequency dependent load i,e., B=0. Find the steady
state frequency deviation and new generation on each unit.
(b) The load varies 1.5 % for every 1 % change in frequency i.e., B= 1.5. Find
the steady state frequency deviation and new generation on each unit.
5 A Generator in single area load frequency control has the following Analyze 4
parameters: Total generation capacity = 2500 MW Normal operating load
=1500 MW Inertia constant=5 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant,
B=1 %; frequency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=2.5 Hz / p.u MW. If
there is a 1.5 % increase in the load, find the frequency drop
(a) without governor control
(b) With governor control.
6 A250MVA synchronous generator is operating at 1500 rpm, 50 Hz. A load of Apply 4
50 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the station valve to the turbine
opens only after 0.35 sec due to the time lag in the generator action. Calculate
the frequency at which the generated voltage drops before the steam flow
commences to increase to meet the new load. Given that the valve of H of the
generator is 3.5 KW-s per KVA of the generator energy.
7 Two Generating Stations A And B have full load capacities of 250 and Analyze 4
100MW, respectively. The interconnector connecting the two stations has an
induction motor/synchronous generator of full load capacity 30 MW;
percentage changes of speeds of A, B and C are 4, 3 and 2 respectively.
Determine the load taken by plant C and indicate the direction of the power
flow.
8 A 750 MW generator has a speed regulation of 3.5%. If the frequency drops Analyze 4
by 0.1Hz with an Unchanged reference, determine the increase in turbine
power. And also find by how much the reference power setting should be
changed if the turbine power remains unchanged
9 A500MVA synchronous generator is operating at 1500 rpm, 50 Hz. A load of Apply 4
100 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the station valve to the
turbine opens only after 0.5 sec due to the time lag in the generator action.
Calculate the frequency at which the generated voltage drops before the steam
flow commences to increase to meet the new load. Given that the valve of H
of the generator is 5 KW-s per KVA of the generator energy.
10 Two Generating Stations A And B have full load capacities of 350 and Apply 4
500MW, respectively. The interconnector connecting the two stations has an
induction motor/synchronous generator of full load capacity 40 MW;
percentage changes of speeds of A, B and C are 5, 4 and 2 respectively.
Determine the load taken by plant C and indicate the direction of the power
flow
11 Two areas A and D are interconnected. The generating capacity of area A is Apply 4
36000 MW and its regulating characteristic is 1.5% of capacity per 0.1 Hz.
Area D has a generating capacity of 400 MW and its regulating characteristic
is 1% of capacity per 0.1 Hz. Find each area's share of a +400 MW disturbance
(increase in load) occurring in area D and the resulting tie- line flow.
12 Find the static frequency drop if the load is suddenly increased by 25 MW on a Analyze 4
system having the following data:
Rated capacity Pr=500MW ; operating load P D=250 MW
Inertia constant H=5s ; Governor regulation R=2 Hz p.u.MW
Frequency f= 50 Hz. Also find the additional generation.
13 Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whose Analyze 4
capacity is 250MW, operating at a power angle of 450. If each area has a
capacity of 2000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 3 Hz/P.u MW,
determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.
Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 5 sec. If a step
load change of 100MW occurs in one of the areas determine the change in tie-
line power.
14 Two power systems, A and B, having capacities of 3000 and 2000 MW, Analyze
Apply 4
respectively, are interconnected through a tie-line and both operate with
frequency-bias-tie-line control. The frequency bias for each area is 3 % of the
system capacity per 0.1 Hz frequency deviation. If the tie-line interchange for
A is set at 100 MW and for B is set (incorrectly) at 200 MW, calculate the
steady state change in frequency.
15 Two control areas have the following characteristics: Apply 4
Area-1: Speed regulation = 0.2 p.u ,Damping coefficient = 0.8 p.u ,Rated
MVA = 1500
Area-2: Speed regulation = 0.25 p.u, Damping co-efficient = 0.9 p.u, Rated
MVA = 500
Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency
following a load change of 120MW occurs in area-1. Also find the tie-line
power flow change.
16 The two area system has the following data: Analyze 4
Capacity of area 1, Pr1 =1000 MW,
Capacity of area 2, Pr2 =2000 MW,
Nominal load of area 1, PD1=500 MW
Nominal load of area 1, PD1=1500 MW
Speed regulation of area 1=4%
Speed regulation of area 2=3%
Find the new steady state frequency and change in the line ow for a load
change of area 2 by 125 MW. For both the areas each percent change in
frequency causes 1 percent change in load. Find also the amount of additional
frequency drop if the interconnection is lost due to certain reasons.
17 Explain the state variable model of two area load frequency controller with Analyze 4
integral action. Two control areas connected by a tie line have the following
characteristics.
Area 1 Area 2
R=0.01 p.u R=0.02 p.u
D=0.8 p.u D=1.0 p.u
Base MVA=2000 Base MVA=500
A load change of 100 MW (0.2 p.u) occurs in area 1. What is the new steady
state frequency and what is the change in the tie own? Assume both areas were
at nominal frequency (60 Hz) to begin.
18 Two generators rated 250 MW and 500 MW are operating in parallel. The Apply 4
droop characteristics are 4% and 6% respectively. Assuming that the
generators are operating at 50 HZ at no load, how a load of 750 MW would be
shared. What is the system frequency? Assume free governor action
19 Two control areas have the following characteristics: Apply 4
Area-1: Speed regulation = 0.04 p.u ,Damping coefficient = 0.6 p.u ,Rated
MVA = 1300
Area-2: Speed regulation = 0.03 p.u, Damping co-efficient = 0.85 p.u, Rated
MVA = 500
Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency
following a load change of 150MW occurs in area-1. Also find the tie-line
power flow change.
20 Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whose Apply 4
capacity is 350MW, operating at a power angle of 450. If each area has a
capacity of 3000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 6Hz/P.u MW,
determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.
Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 5 sec. If a step
load change of 120MW occurs in one of the areas determine the change in tie-
line power.
UNIT - V

Part - A (Short Answer Questions)

1 Explain about the losses that occur due to VAR own in power systems? Remember 5
2 Explain how the generators act as VAR sources in a power network? Understand 5
3 Explain how the voltage control is achieved by injection of power at nodes? Understand 5
4 What is voltage instability? Understand 5
5 Explain different sources of reactive power generation in a power system? Remember 5
6 What is meant by sub synchronous resonance? Briefly explain? Remember 5
7 Briefly explain voltage instability and voltage collapse? Understand 5
8 What is series compensation? Understand 5
9 Explain about the generation and absorption of reactive power in an electrical Remember 5
power system?
10 Derive the equations to get the relation between voltage, power and reactive Apply 5
power at a node.
11 Explain the phenomenon of voltage collapse with relevant PV and QV Understand 5
diagram?
12 Explain the advantages of series compensation? Understand 5
13 Explain different sources of reactive power absorbers in a power system? Remember 5
14 Explain the need for voltage and frequency regulation in power system? Remember 4
15 Compare different type of compensators Understand 5
Part - B (Long Answer Questions)
1 Explain about the losses occurred due to VAR flow in power system? Remember 5
2 Explain how the generators are acted as VAR sources in a power network? Remember 5
3 Write short notes on compensated and uncompensated transmission lines. Remember 5
4 Explain briefly about the shunt and series compensation? Understand 5
5 What is load compensation? Discuss its objectives in power systems? Understand 5
6 The load at receiving end of a three-phase, over head line is 25.5 MW, power Analyze 5
factor 0.8 lagging, at a line voltage of 33 kV. A synchronous compensator is
situated at receiving end and the voltage at both the ends of the line is
maintained at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAR of the compensator. The line has a
resistance of 4.5 ohms per phase and inductive reactance (line to neutral) of 20
ohms per phase.
7 What is load compensation? Discuss its objectives in power system. Remember 5
8 A long transmission line has the constants A=0.971<2°, B=<75°, find the Apply 5
additional reactive power requirement at the receiving end to meet a load of 63
MW at 0.8 pf. lagging, when both the sending end and receiving end voltages
are to be maintained at 132 KV.
9 Explain the reason for variations of voltages in power systems Understand 5
10 Explain clearly what you mean by compensation of line and discuss briefly Understand 5
different methods of compensation.
11 Write short notes on un compensated transmission lines. Remember 5
12 A long transmission line has the constants A=0.8971<2°, B=<72°, find the Apply 5
additional reactive power requirement at the receiving end to meet a load of 65
MW at 0.8 pf. lagging, when both the sending end and receiving end voltages
are to be maintained at 133 KV.
13 The load at receiving end of a three-phase, over head line is 25.4 MW, power Analyze 5
factor 0.86 lagging, at a line voltage of 34 kV. A synchronous compensator is
situated at receiving end and the voltage at both the ends of the line is
maintained at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAR of the compensator. The line has a
resistance of 4.5 ohms per phase and inductive reactance (line to neutral) of 20
ohms per phase.
14 Explain the any one method to improve voltage profile. Understand 5
15 Discuss its objectives in power systems Understand 5
 Part – C (Analytical Questions)
1 Briefly explain the different methods of reactive power injection in the power Apply 5
system. 10 In a radial transmission system shown in figure, all p.u values are
referred to the voltage bases shown and 100 MVA. Determine the power factor
at which the generator must operate.

2 Find the rating of synchronous compensator connected to the tertiary winding Analyze 5
of a 132 kV star connected, 33 kV star connected, 11 kV delta connected three
winding transformer to supply a load of 66 MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging at 33 kV
across the secondary. The equivalent primary and secondary winding
reactances are 32 ohms and 0.16 ohms respectively while the secondary
winding reactance is negligible. Assume that the primary side voltage is
essentially constant at 132 kV and maximum of nominal setting between
transformer primary and secondary is1.1.
A 3-phase single circuit, 220kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the receiving Apply 5
end of the line is 205kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the line has
3 resistance of 21.7ohms, reactance of 85.2ohms and the total susceptance of
5.32X10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be represented by Pie-model.
4 Design a static VAR compensator for a low voltage distribution system with Apply 5
the following specifications:
System voltage = 440 V
System frequency = 50 Hz
Coil inductance, L=5.37 mH
The inductor saturates at 950 A and settles to a value of 1.8 mH at 1800 A.
Compensation is required over a range of -80 kVAR to +30 kVAR per phase.
5 The load at receiving end of a three-phase, over head line is 25.5 MW, power Analyze 5
factor 0.8 lagging, at a line voltage of 33 kV. A synchronous compensator is
situated at receiving end and the voltage at both the ends of the line is
maintained at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAR of the compensator. The line has a
resistance of 4.5 ohms per phase and inductive reactance (line to neutral) of 20
ohms per phase.
6 A 3-ph transmission line has resistance and inductive reactance of 25 and 90 Analyze 5
respectively. With no load at the receiving end a synchronous compensator
there takes a current lagging by 900, the voltage at the sending end is 145 kV
and 132 kV at the receiving end. Calculate the value of the current taken by the
compensator. When the load at the receiving end is 50 MW, it is found that the
line can operate with unchanged voltages at sending and receiving ends,
provided that the compensator takes the same current as before but now
leading by 900. Calculate the reactive power of the load.
7 A 440V, 3-Ø distribution feeder has a load of 100 KW at lagging p.f. with the Apply 5
load current of 200A. If the pf. is to be improved, determine the following:
i) Uncorrected pf. and reactive load
ii) New corrected pf. after installing a shunt capacitor of 75 KVAR.
8 A synchronous motor having a power consumption of 50 KW is connected in Apply 5
parallel with a load of 200KW having a lagging pf. of 0.8. If the combined
load has a pf. of 0.9, what is the value of leading reactive KVA supplied by the
motor and at what pf. is it working?
9 A 400V, 50Hz, 3-Ø supply delivers 200KW at 0.7 pf. lagging. It is desired to Apply 5
bring the line pf. to 0.9 by installing shunt capacitors. Calculate the
capacitance if they are (a) Star connected and (b) Delta connected.
10 A 3-Ø, 500HP, 50Hz, 11KV star connected induction motor has a full load Analyze 5
efficiency of 85% at lagging pf. of 0.75 and is connected to a feeder. If the p.f.
of load is desired to be corrected to 0.9 lagging, determine the following:
(a) Size of the capacitor bank in KVAR and
(b) Capacitance of each unit if the capacitors are connected in delta as
well as in star.
11 Find the rating of synchronous compensator connected to the tertiary winding Analyze 5
of a 132 kV star connected, 66 kV star connected, 11 kV delta connected three
winding transformer to supply a load of 33 MW at 0.8 pf. lagging at 33 kV
across the secondary. The equivalent primary and secondary winding reactance
are 32 ohms and 0.16 ohms respectively while the secondary winding
reactance is negligible. Assume that the primary side voltage is essentially
constant at 132 kV and maximum of nominal setting between transformer
primary and secondary is1.1.
12 A 3-phase single circuit, 230kV, line runs at no load. Voltage at the receiving Apply 5
end of the line is 210kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the line has
resistance of 21.7ohms, reactance of 85.25ohms and the total susceptance of
5.32X10-5 mho. The transmission line is to be represented by Pie-model.
13 Design a static VAR compensator for a low voltage distribution system with Apply 5
the following specifications:
System voltage = 420 V
System frequency = 50 Hz
Coil inductance, L=5.4 mH
The inductor saturates at 950 A and settles to a value of 1.8 mH at 1800 A.
Compensation is required over a range of -80 kVAR to +30 kVAR per phase.
14 The load at receiving end of a three-phase, over head line is 25.6 MW, power Analyze 5
factor 0.85 lagging, at a line voltage of 33 kV. A synchronous compensator is
situated at receiving end and the voltage at both the ends of the line is
maintained at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAR of the compensator. The line has a
resistance of 4.35ohms per phase and inductive reactance (line to neutral) of 22
ohms per phase.
15 A 3-ph transmission line has resistance and inductive reactance of 26 and 91 Analyze 5
respectively. With no load at the receiving end a synchronous compensator
there takes a current lagging by 900, the voltage at the sending end is 144 kV
and 133 kV at the receiving end. Calculate the value of the current taken by the
compensator. When the load at the receiving end is 50 MW, it is found that the
line can operate with unchanged voltages at sending and receiving ends,
provided that the compensator takes the same current as before but now
leading by 940. Calculate the reactive power of the load.