Pe 1-) 1)" _withkey CrCl bY 7A MACMILLANKeith KellyTable of contents Introduction 3 1 The restless Earth 4 2 Rocks ; 19 Ste Riese 4 ‘Seaacion 43 5 keaction 3 6 Sol et 7 Working with visuals SS 2B 8 Population a5 9 Settlements 2 = 8 10 Urbanization = —ss—s—~S=«w TO 11 Primary economic activity 121 12 _ Natural resources 134 13 Secondary economic activity Mk 14 Tertiary economic activity 5S. 15 Wealth, aid and development. 166 16 Environment — a 177 47 Weather ss—s—~—~SsSC«w Cera Index. 209 Answer key 224 book taken rom the Mcmiln Scho Ditnayy © Macmiln Publishes ited and the icons second eiton © Macnilan Publishers Uited wt macilansonaries comIntroduction About this book If you study geography through the medium of English and you have trouble remembering specific geography words, this book is for you. Geography is the second volume in the Macmillan Vocabulary Practice Series. The series is designed with students in mind whose frst language is not English to help them practise their vocabulary, but native speakers of English may find it useful too. The book contains 18 key geography topics with word lists and activities and can be used alongside your regular geography book. Here is how you can use it: ‘© each topic starts off with a word list in which you can look up the words. Choose the topic you are focusing on in class and study the words that you need: each word has a definition in English, but there is also space for you to ‘ite down a translation in your own language. Some words also have an example sentence to make their meaning even clearer. © once you feel comfortable with the words, you can practise them by doing ‘the activities which follow on from the word list. There are word activities in ‘the Working with words sections to practise individual words. Try to write them down as well as pronaunce them — the pronunciation of each word is in the word list as well. The following section is called Working with sentences and these activities are designed to help you use the words in the correct context. When you feel you are very familiar with the words you can attempt the activities under Working with texts which allow you to practise your knowledge of the words in larger contexts. © at the back of the book is an index in which you can find all the words from the word lists in the book. If you come across an unfamiliar word which is not ‘on your topic word lst, IOok in the index to see where else in the book you ‘can find it. fits notin the book, the Macmillan School Dictionary or the ‘Macmillan English Dictionary are very useful resources as well © if your book also contains an answer key, you can look up the answers to all activities atthe back of the book in the Answer key section, © the book can also be used as a quick reference tool to help look Up the words you are struggling with in your regular textbook. All the definitions are written in clear, simple English. If you have the CD-ROM as well as the book, you have even more opportunities to practise your vocabulary. The CD-ROM has searchable word lists which include an audio file with the pronunciation of each word. There are interactive activities per topic and many topics also contain animations and diagrams. Last but not least, there is a word map tool in each topic which allows you to make and save your own word maps to help you revise and remember your geography words. Studying your school subjects in English can be challenging as well as fun. This book will help make the language learning easier so you can concentrate on learning about geography!1 The restless Earth Word Definition Example Translation ‘accumulate 1 to get more and more of something over a peri of time, ekjusmjolen eb vansive) 2 to ineease in quantity over a period of time ver inns) active ‘an active volcano is likely to erupt (eexplade and pout out Pest fie) at any time. When a volcano ne longer does this, it is extinct aectve the extremely cold region that isthe most southern part of - fanita(ekuky the world. The most northern region Is the Arctic. rou ~antiiinal ‘having the form of an anticline, edjecive Tatisiaan oi a bend ina layer of underground rock that curves upwards Ithas the oldest rock at its core. oun oun) «pace on the surface of something such as apart of your ‘body. noun oun the grey powder that remains after something has burned. All hat remained ofthe fie was a ple noun fourtucount of ashes fan island inthe form of ving, made of coral, now count) 4 dark-green or black rock formed when hot liquid rock from a volcano becomes so Zt ‘one caused by & bomb, noun eount| Tes people were injured in the blast. (wind, heat et oun cout last of A bast of cod air hit them as ‘they opened the door. 1 an explosion, esp 2 a strong current of. ian area is bounded by a fence, tees, a river ete tis is what is around it edge ver inane 4 to bend, orto make something bend under great pressure. The pillars beg to buckle unde the verb intansveransite stain {a tosuddenly become weak and bend. ver fntanstve] oul sc his Knees buckle after hat last punch 4 large hole in a voleano, sometimes containing a lake, ‘caused by the walls that form the top of the volano falling Jn afteran eruption happens. noun unt Cambrian, the the period of geological time, $95 milion to 495 million Phambaon) years ago, when invertebrate animals appeared and algae = “developed inthe sea. noun urcout | Series of things ofthe same type that forma connected In 1910 there was a proposal fr @ Tine. nou count) chain of telegraph stations to ink up the empire, «a very deep crack in rock orice. noun [count] 1 in the shape ofa circle. adjective ‘circular tay 2 involving movement ina circle. adjective ‘circular tour ofthe main islands ia building or other structure collapses it suddenly falls ‘There were fears that the rof would down, ver intransitive callopse. {f people or things collide, they crash into each other. When The two trains collided about a mile {wo things collide, they have a eollisto outside the ly. ver inate) the proces of presing of quczng someting sa hatDefinition Example Translation an object with a circular base that rises to point. Something. Jarge building shape like a cone In theShape ofa cones eonteal. nom Kou = continuous or regular over a long period of time. adjective a constant flow of traffic on the ™ = 2 a a a re athe verges fandom Enh alle Nei Ain ean bs Aided ise counties mewn decontnent fee 4 the pr fe outer sel of die Eth tha incase i tno te hem fects underath he sb a SForrnenuon hn ttn nest rene ha ner eke ear he ey i serutt and ecrnephac ois ower daw as ben = a : 5 an Stree ae ofthe movenent of he pts hey He 2 PPoninens) nase cod : Fs Tau ont of eg pics into which the surface of he Eh {vied These pnts can move, and wears and Cantus af founda the places whee they met noun fount] convection a current (= strong movement in one direction) caused by Convection currents in the Earth's current the expansion of a liquid, soli, or gasas its temperature mantle cause the continental places to Zonivehfn se. noun ancount) ‘move towiy. = “earn ‘cool or cool down to become cooler, or to make something The molten wack cols quickly when it ooles, vt fintranstverrasitvel ‘meets cold ocvan water the central part of a planet: the Earth’s core, nou (count) 1 if something cracks, line or long narrow hole appears on The ie was starting to crack a he Its surface, but it doesnot break into pieces. we inransitive]__eges. 1a aline on a surface where something is beginning to brea apart noun fount] hhairline crack (-an extremely thin crack). 2 a narrow opening between two things or parts of things. Many ld Puildngs have cracks in their oun (oun) walls crater the round hole atthe top ofa voleano. neu count) Phra crater lake ound lak tha os n the lage hole he top of fhe lakf___vleanoafte i eu eam crust ocean) the owe layer of rockon the Fath ron athe plane fas otc Phas ‘ylindrical shaped like a cylinder. adjective ‘sind damage 1 physical harm caused to something so that itis broken, Mr Charlton surveyed the damage - Paemn) spoiled, or injured. nou ancount ‘used by the bulldoze 2 negative eects on someone or something, moun fancount] 3 toharm something physically o that itis broken, spoiled, Many buildings and cars had been OF injure, vt transite) slamage inthe bas. ‘the broken pieces that are left when something large has been cstoyed, especially by an explosion fie, or accident. noun feo 1 going a long way down from the top or the surface. “The rivers quite deep here. 1 used for saying or asking the distance from the top or sunface of something. 2 metres deep/6 feet deep etc How deep isthe snow? {an area where a sver divides into several smaller rivers that Flow into the ea, noun oun) 1 the amount of something in a place. nou oncount) ‘the density of vegetation in the area 2 the degree to which something s heavy of tick, ‘oun [uncount 13 a measurement of how much space a particular amount of ‘substance takes up Its found by dividing its mass by its ‘volume, noun funcount)THE RESTLESS EARTH weld maontin) when two plates move together. noun cou Definition Example Translation to damage something so severely that tno longer exists of An eartquae destroyed the town, ‘an never return ts normal state eons) Killing about 20,000 people. to seriously damage or completely destioy something. verb Western India was devastated by a tans usualy passive) _ huge carta ‘the path that someone or something moves along wi ‘Are you sure we'e going in the right ‘isco? going towards a place. Something that is dormant isnot active or developing now, a dormant volcano Dat it may become active or develop in the future tie dormant (-remain dormant: The virus cam le dormant fr ‘up taten years active ‘see syncline 10 pull something or someone along with dificult, for ‘Rocks are dragged alo the surface by ‘example because they are heavy ve [uantv] ‘the weight of thee. ‘sudden movement of the ground, often causing alot of slamage to buildings ete. Earthquakes usualy take place along geological faults or in voleane aeas. The strength of «atthquales is measured on the Richter scale, noun cout) ‘not affected by earthquakes. adjective is elastic can be stretched easly and can The elastic behaviour of ome then return to is original shape quickly. adjective ‘materials depends on the temperature «and duration ofthe stress applied. ‘movement of tectonic plates that raises or lowers the Earth's surface and causes continents to form, noun [ounvuncount) the area of land directly over the centre ofan earthquake, foun] Vesuvius hasn't erupted since 1944 ia voleano erupts, it explodes inside and flames, ocks, and Java come out of the top. ve enti) {the explosion of a volcano, noun count ‘the Eurasian landmass relating to both Europe and Asia, adjective an extinct volcano is no longer active and no longer erupts. Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania ls an jective extinct vot 8 Feature on the Earth’ surface in which layers of rock that have become separate from the main layer of rock appear {rough the surface ofthe Earth. noun count), ‘Tong deep crackin something, expecaly the ground. our torest or move slowly on the surface ofa liquid end not Sink, verb nranstve Their raft would not float. ‘the continuous movement ofa liquid in one ditection. Leaves inthe ditch were blocking the oun ountncount] flow of water 1 aliquid, noun (countuncourt) © Drink to Drink os of flaids ding exercise. 2 liquid orgs noun counvuncount) leaning fli the place below the Earth’ surface where an earthquake Deg. (plural: foc) noun count ‘4 mountain formed from the folding of the Earth’ ‘when plate Boundaties collide and compression causes parts ofthe Fart’s cast to become fase and bucked into ‘mountain. noun fneount]Definition Example Translation 1 physical strength, o violence. noun fncount] 2 the power or energy produced by one thing hiting ‘The office block took the fl fore of another noun (ucourt] he blast. to make something exist or develop, verb inransitvtansive 1 the process during which something develops or is ‘the formation of volcanic mountains created. oun (acourt] 2 the particular shape of something, noun count) ekfloud formations the physical force that makes it dificult for one surface to move over another noun {acount substance such as ar that is nether a solid nora liquid. regulations to cut the emsions of own fountncount] sass suc as carn dose ‘geothermal energy in the form of heat obtained from hot moving eneray saroundiwater. Its found in areas of volcan activity such as Figcsdbetsnion Newt Zealand, nun uncut ‘entre lace wher ot wate and'steam move ey au aad ‘an ancient area of land that Is belleved to have existed in the southern hemisphere in ancient times, and to have ‘been formed when Panguea broke up. It consisted of South “America, Alia, part of South Asia, Australia, and Antarctica and began to Break up about 200, ‘a type of very hard stone, used especially for building. ‘oun count harden to become hard or firm, oF to make something hard or fim, This ative hardens the cement in ‘hoxalgny__ vet ntanstveraniie) an how hot spring alae ‘where hot water comes up out ofthe ground and hurl (into to throw something using a lot of force. vet [vans] Chien were ling snowballs atone the ait) sather Masso hhydrosphere the part ofthe Earth's surface that is water, including the seas ‘raids! _and water in the atmosphere, nou nga identity to recognize something and understand exactly what iti. Several key problems have already been avdentfu! _—_ ve inrnsve] enti. ignite “1 to make something star o burn. ver wane] “The fc was ignited by a spark fom a joa lectical ful ‘b tostart to bur. ver nransiine) Inthe end, the rocker’ engines fled to git, — inactive an inactive voleano is not dangerous because Its no longer heh? —__capable of erupting, acing intense ‘very great or extreme. adjective the intense heat of the Earth's mate antens! strength “Intensity of A waemer sea will change Iimtensit) ——_lowhmoderate/medium/high intensity noun (counvuncunt] the isnbution,fequency, and iment of urine iron ‘hard heavy metal that Is @ common element. Its used for Pant ‘making steel and is also used in many types of machine and bull structures oun encoun ‘a narrow piece of land that joins two larger areas and has ‘water on both sides. oun faut] ‘2 jellylite substance is Between aliquid and a Solid. adjective jlplike rock alow round hill grassy knoll. noun fount ‘a Feature on the Earth's surface such asa mountain oF a alley, noun count ‘heavy fall of earth and rocks down the side of a mountain |Definition Example Translation 1 rockin the form of extremely hot liquid that flows from a vyoleano. nau uncon 2 the solid rock that forms when liquid lava becomes col oun (ance) ‘an amount or sheet of a substance that covers a surface or There was ath layer of ce onthe” lies between two things or two other substances. noun[court|_ sidewall, see: ava © the solid outer layer of the Earth, consisting ofthe crust and {he upper mantle. ou siglar Tot liquid rock inside the Earth. When magma becomes cool ‘forms igneous rock, rou cont 1 size, either great or smal, pon ancount) 2 the strength of an earthquake, measured with numbers The earthquake had a magnitude of from 1t0 10, where 10s the most powerful. oun cut] 8.5 on the Rictr Scale "the part ofthe Earth that i deep below the surface and surrounds the core. aun [sing] 1 an amount ofa particular quality that is neither large not The sytem gives people a measure of PS a small. non cunt) protection against polation 2 a unit ina system of measurement, noun {count} ‘Mandant measures of the mete system such as he lire 3 toffind the exact size, amount, speed ete of something The satelite measures atmospheric using a special tool or special equipment. verb fintanstel gases responsible for ozone destruction. tran] ‘8 natural substance inthe Earth, for example coal, salt, gol, ‘¢ diamonds. noun cout, ‘molten rock, meta, or glass has become liguid because ii re et ee | rock structure in which all the layers slope in one rect ‘ the process of moving things from one place to another, noun fourtluncount ‘These are ust some ofthe elements that oc on ou plane ‘thick liquid oozes from something, o i something The cut on her arm was aozing blood. ‘oozes liquid, a small amount oft flows out slowly. ozefrom/out of Juice oozed ftom the verb intransitive] rapes. ‘movement of tectonic plates that causes mountains to form. oun coun) ‘a rock structure caused by pressure pushing the layers of Fock up until one sie fos over onto the second sie, This ‘causes younger rock layers to be under older layers. noun {count ed abend in an underground layer of rock in which both sides fof the bend ae neatly parallel oun oun] ' continent that existed between 200 and 300 million years ‘ago, that was later to break up into two parts and then into the continents that exist now.Word Definition Example Translation 1 the time when something i tits highest or greatest level ‘oun court 2 the top of a mountain. noun count} snow-covered peaks 2a a mountain. noun count, ‘ne ofthe hardest peaks in Europe for climbers physical the type of geography that deals with the physical features = ‘Geography of the world such as mountains and rivers noun [uncount] = Paki 40ge8 piggyback Foxgbek CREB TERRE EEG plate tectonics pet tla) {to be further forward than the res of something, vb intransine {to move someone or something away from you, oF fom ‘their previous pesition, using part of your body, especially [Your hands. ver nanstvetranstie) ‘quake 1 if something such asa bu ever vero transitive) 2 seesearthquake redthot 1 shining rea with heat adjectie ted.hot coal Jeon! ‘a extremely ot. adectve _Be care ~ the iro is eho, reinforce 1 fomake situation, proces, or type of behaviour stronger Jrianfotns) and more likely to contin. verb vant} 2 to make a building, steuture, or object stronget Crews started work today to rebforce ey ena Presto) Richter scale, the Paka sky valley with steep sides, produced when the land between two parallel cracks inthe ground sinks. nm coun) 1 the edge of an open container or circular object. “They were standing onthe rim ofthe oun fount) vwlaano. 2 to forma im that goes around the edge of something. Hil rimmed the horizon, verb tanstve] ting offre an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions the Pacific Ring of Fe Jagan) around the Pacific Ocean, noun singular]= Example Translation = TTatesyee ccm c'mrecs cn tht nec s gl freer err anata i ‘noun (count) ‘ripples spread out across the pond. < ‘4a something that looks like a wave. noun (count) ‘There were ripples in the san be 2 if liquid ripples, or if something ripples it, it moves A slight wind rippled the lake’s surface. a Coast ceeaesneens a] 2a to move like waves, or to make something move like A light breeze rippled the trees. 4 a i 1 rise or rise up to move upwards or to a higher position. The aircraft rose slowly into the air. ee PH TS ops uaa comes het They we eg wes o we ae lao - ‘tb to come up through the surface of the Earth or water. = oe 1 ian explosion or earthquake rocks something, fe makes it The blast rocked he houses in he shake Violently. ve tantve stret. ‘a if something rocks, it shakes violently asa result of anh solid ground rocked beneath us. ‘explosion or an earthquake, ve intransitive 2 the hard solid substance that forms part of the Farth’s ‘surface. nous ancout) 3 a large plece of stone that rises up from the ground or from under the sea. noun cunt) ‘covered wit rocks, or made of rock adjective ‘tolling land has gentle slopes continuing fora long distance. the vl ills of Egland adjective ony befor noun] expecially the ‘movement of the Farth around its axis once every 24 hours eountncou He opened the door and feta ish of cal night ait ‘the ground a the bottom of the sea, noun inglr] ‘eltingo crunk adie a instant ed or mang and oor he tengo cotnqutes an ued the scientific study of earthquakes oun count ~ seinlmolten Fock has almost become liquid because itis so hot. adectve ‘Some plates separate frm each other, to move apart and stop being connected to something. ver itantvel {to-make lots of quick small movements up and down, oF The hows shook daring from side to side, or to make someone or something do this. dhe earthquake er inronsivetansiive the force of an explosion or earthquake, especially when It fects paces far any nou cunt 1 if something shudders, it shakes violently several times. rb itantive] 2 a quick uncontrolled shaking movement. n 1 to disappear below the surface ofthe water, The ship sank off the coast of eb inant) Newrounaland uring a stom, 1a t0 go below the surface ofa soft substance. vb inant} {to move smoothly and quickly acoss a surface eb intransitive] is carer spanned half a century, 1 to last fora particular period of time, especially a long. Period. ver ranete) 2 to include the whole of an ares ver tansiine (Our business spans the sabe, ‘Tong piece of high land that sticks out nto a valley isa result of glaciation, noun counWord Definition Example streteh an area of land or water. noun (cunt ‘The village lay across a narow stretch Istey of water ‘structure the way in which the parts of something are organized or strain _arvanged Into a whole. noun (councount tertae the tp lye of water oF and noun i ice of ar tone ‘to move or swing gently from side to side. verb iransitve] The ladder swaye precariously. To move quickly in cles oro make somthing move in” Sona wre wing al and {hitey ta ousted Inthe form of a yncline adjective Ce ERE ech ee bend in ye of underground vock tha ares kar hose yong ck at ce, an) ‘set of connected things that work together fora particular Purpose. noun cut) relating to the structure and movement ofthe surface of the Irektomk) Earth, active terain an area of tnd aly one ha hasan sal farina en {remy tue mi en teriny 1 inthe place or poston counted 5 number the ave Foie 2 lesion tne thickness” the measurement of ow icksomething anking ine denon he ess = ee oft ea 2 a layer of something, moun foun) ‘She could’ fe! mc throu the tidal wave 1a ‘Paid were) produced at high ide moun fount] 2 a tsunami, noun fount) tremble to shake slightly. ver avanstie) “The windows tremble when tucks Prembiolt ‘tremor small earthquake nun [cunt Paemath tsunami avery large wave inthe sea that is caused by an earthquake IReurna:mi/ under the sea or by the eruption ofa volcano. Tsunamis, sually cause severe damage on lan ‘tumble ‘tumble or tumble down ifs building or other structure Itseemal that dhe walls had tumbled ‘Pambjall _ tumbles, i fll tothe ground. vet intransitive] fom te inside, fold see: anticline Papsoolay upland ‘elating to an area of high land. adjective areas of high land, noun {plural 2 og ple of ok that as moved upwards in a cack in the Ens sufee an ecu towards a higher position. adver ‘She glanced upwards atthe sree violent 4 violent wind, storm, or explosion happens with great force esslant?—_and causes serious damage and destruction, adjective voleanie ‘coming from, or relating to avoleano. adjective otek volcaniem the processes involved In the formation of voleanocs, and in ‘rollgmzam) the movement of magma from inside the Earth to its surface. oun neoDefinition Example Translation ‘4 mountain that forces gas, rocks, ash, and lava into the ala composite/shlel/strato volcano through a hole a the tp. ooun cunt ‘fa liquid wells or wels up, it comes tothe surface and is about to low. vet inant) 1 to rock slightly from side to sid, or to make something this. verb fawanstverranitve 2 a slight movement from side to side. noun eau ‘an area where a particular thing happens. noun (oun) Aan aRts (GBD The restless Earth word map Write these words in the correct place on the word map. = S m a Ga a eH = ia a wn m > » a 3 oe continental it volcanic mountain convection currents Pati Ring ‘Mid Atlantic Ridge of Fie epicentre ‘San Andreas Fault Earthquakes (BD How the Mid Atlantic Ridge was formed Label the diagram with these words. There is one word you don't need to use.BV Fold mountains and volcanoes Complete the sentences with these words 1 The Earth’ plates are frequently colliding ‘with each other ‘The collision of the Earth’ plates leads to intense. along their zones of contact 3. The pressure from plate____________causes the rock layers ofthe. to fold 4 When rock layers When one plate is forced under another plate it mantle and 6 Melted rock is lighter than solid rock, so some of it will ise upwards to the through the buckled and —_ rock layers 7. The melted rock __to erupt violently at the surface, creating some of the most this forces them upwards to create fold mountain chains down into the intensely hot dangerous volcanoes on Earth 8 An example of such an ‘was at Mount St Helens in the Rocky Mountains in 1980 which killed $7 peopl, Pr (@B Earthquakes TEES) ‘ro buildings ‘trembling and quaking ‘area where plates collide Put the sentences in the correct order. Use the picture to help you. ‘2 Buildings may sway and eventually collapse ifthe force is strong enough. Earthquakes tend to happen where plates collide or slide past each other. The colliding or sliding plates cause such a great compression below the surface that rocks bend and then crack suddenly. ‘The shock waves may cause the Earth’s surface to tremble or “quake! for several seconds. ‘The earthquake is usualy strongest at the epicentre, which isthe surface area directly above the focus. ‘hiss the place where the cracks occur, ‘When this happens, shock waves spread out from the focus,The restless Earth Match these words with the correct paragraphs. 1 These can occur where plates colde or side past each other and compression and cracking of rock causes shock waves to spread from the focus. When these waves reach the surface, the ground trembles, causing great damage to lite and property. a 4 eal 2 EH a = m a uw 2 This phenomenon can occur where plate boundaries collide and compression causes parts of the eee | Earth’s crust to become raised and buckled into mountains 3 _____ These are formed where plates collide and magma reaches the surface violently through a vent. Layers of ash and lava gradually form a volcanic cone, which will have a crater at its summit. 4 _______These can be formed where plate boundaries separate beneath the oceans. Magma makes its ‘way to the surface along long cracks to form raised formations. Some higher parts may protrude above the surface of the ocean in the form of volcanic islands. 5 The layers on the surface of the Earth's crust which make up our continents and the floors of our ‘oceans, 6 —_____ This is the world’ largest earthquake and volcanic zone, 7 —______ The process by which convection currents in the mantle below the Earth’ surface cause the Plates to move slowly and also cause the boundaries of plates to collide with and separate from each other. Advantages and disadvantages of volcanoes Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences. Beginnings Endings 1 New land is created by erupting volcanoes on the sea floor, They 2. Coffee beans are can kill thousands of people, especially in low-ying 3 Hot springs called geysers, heated by magma _places such as deltas, e.g. in Bangladesh, near the Earth’s surface, are b created for farming and living space, e.g. in Iceland. 4 Dormant and extinct volcanoes are devastated by landslides and mud-fiows when snow 5. Villages and towns are often capped volcanic mountains erupt. 6 Giant tidal waves called tsunamis canbe d_ grown in the mineral rich lava soils around volcanoes, eg. in Colombia in the Andes mountains in South America used to heat glasshouses for food praduction in Iceland. {visited by thousands of people each year, e.g, Mount ‘Vesuvius near Naples in Italy.C Working with texts (GB Plate movements around the world a BI rie Read the text, look at the map and write collide, separate or slide next to each letter below. z =e The Earth's plates are always moving. Plates colide, some separate and others slide along each other. Plates which a separate from each other include the Antarctic Plate from the Pacific Plate, Another isthe section of the Eurasian Plate north of india which separates from the Australian Plate. Other plates which move away from each other ‘are in the Atlantic Ocean where the African and the South American Plates meet, where the African and the North American Plates meet and where the Eurasian and North American Plates meet. ‘While allthis is happening, other plates collide or slide against each other. Fr example, at the meeting point ‘of the North American Plate with the Pacific Plate, the mavernent i in opposite directions, but the Pacific Plate ‘moves north whereas the North American Plate moves south. Examples of colliding plates can be seen where the Pacific and the Eurasian Plates meet and where the Nazca and the South American Plates meet. Yet another ‘example of plate collision is where the Eurasian and the African Plates meet. :| = J a b « d e f 9 hWhat is the Earth made of? Look at the picture. Then read the sentences and sort them into the correct section. It can be as thin as 3 km under the oceans. Itis the hottest part of the Earth | may be 70 km in thickness under the continents. It moves about as fast as fingernails grow. It travels in currents, called convection currents Temperatures are greater than 4,000°C. ‘The outer part ofthis layer consists of solid rack, mostly basalt and granite. The rock here isso hot (up to 4,000°C) that iis in a plastic state. This ely-ike rock is called magma. This partis made up of iron and nickel A Crust 8 Mantle Core RENE TT oa a ny a a > z a ésWord Fexjennd agent Peon Pemanat) anthracite fexntrosat/ aquifer Paks avalanche: Perales) ‘carbonic acid ammonite Definition the movement of an object as it works oF makes progress, specially a particular Kind of movement. 1 chemical or other substance that has a particular effect. oun cunt 2 something that causes change, oun{court] relating to high mountains, especially the mountains of the uropean Alps adjective an extinct sea animal witha flat spiral shel, which is often found as a fossil oun fount] {type of very hard coal. noun cout "a layer of earth or rock that contains water, or that water can ass through. no [count a large amount of snow that suddenly falls down a ‘mountain. noun coun 8 dark green or black rock formed when hot liquid rock from a voleano becomes solid Ie sa type of igneous rock. oun uncount) ‘an ore from which aluminium is obtained, Baunite is foun in many parts of Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. noun (uncount| the solid rock under the ground that supports the soil above it noun singular the mass movement of saturated peat downslope. noun [count] to make a deep hole in something hard. bore intotrough eb nvanstveeanstive) ‘colourless ot white mineral that Isa form of calcium «atbonate. no uncount ‘4 white solid chemical compound that is found as chalk, limestone, or marble, and in animal sells and bone. oun fncout) 8a weak acid or a solution of carbon dioxide in wate. noun Mavonik zesty (nga) - Carboniferous containing or producing coal or carbon. adjective Ikacbstoros) Carboniferous, the period of geological time, 354 million to 250 milion the years ago, when true reptiles fst appeared and much of the ‘astsnorn/ Fant’ suace was covered by forest, noun ingue cause “to make something happen, usually something bad. i) verb toni] ‘cause damage/problems/trouble ‘Gauseway ——# raised road or path across ground that i wet or is Pose) Sometimes covered by water noun foun] eave ‘Tange hole in the side ofa hill or under the ground, Peer) oun [cunt caver someone who goes into caves to study them, or asa sport. Peewvai/ unico) bya narrow causevay Example the erosive atin of a reat glacier Frostfrecze-thaw action Translation ‘oxidizing agents Soi erosion isa major agent of environmental cha ‘an alpine resort ‘The avalanche destroyed all the tees and buns its path down the ‘mountain “insects that bore through wood ‘The fre was caused by an electrical Ft ‘The storm caused widespread damage The island ws linked to the mainlandDefinition cavern 4 large cave, noun cout) Pavan) 2 cement 1a grey powder used in building that becomes very hard psoment! when you mix it with sand and water. oun acount 2 cement o: cement over to covera surface with cement, ‘eb transitive] type of soft white stone. noun fancoun) involving chemistry or produced by a method used in PremkGnl) chemistry adjective "Small pieces of stone used as a Surface for roads and paths. sun tal igi fie cal 1 alag thick piece of someting, ns eu n)__2 slugs amount pet eft to a 3 yp of heavy wet sol tat becomes had whens ake fay in'thin Coven wed for making ops, plates, and other ‘hard lack substance consisting mainly of carbon that is {dug from the ground and burned as fue. Is made fom, fossilized plants and Is. type of fosi fue. noun cout) 1 fa substance collects somewhere, it gradually goes 1 este er intone] 2 Ifa surface collects a substance, the substance gradually ‘overs the surface, ver ansve compressed pressed or squeezed together adjective 1a very small sea creature that lives in large groups that ook like plants, in places wisere the wate is warm. noun fcountincount) 2 a hard substance formed ftom coral. Its often pink or red and was used in the past 10 make jewelery. noun uneount] Cretaceous, the th the peti from about 144 t0 65 milion years ago when sttejos! rock containing chalk was formed. noun ing, crumble 1 to break something into very small pies, or to be broken Phzambioi/ into very small pieces. ve intanstveltranltve, 1a crumble or crumble away if something hard such as stone ora brik crumbles or crumbles away, parts of i fall off because i is very old or damaged ve transitive) crush to itor press something so hard that you damage it ess severely or destroy i, especially by making its shape flatter. ver vans} erystal 4 a piece ofa substance that has a regular shape with many Pension sides andis formed when the substance becomes sli. oun oun 2 a clear rock that loos like glass, especially quartz. oun counncoun) crystalline Pasta) ‘consisting of crystals or looking like crystal. adjective Example Translation You must wear gloves when handling any ofthese chemicals the chemical campesition of he atmosphere They pushed the cr over the eof tect Wit lat roo, ou often fd that rain collet nthe comes Coal consists entirely of compressed lant resins. ‘The soft earth ofthe riverbank “rumbled der hs fet. art ofthe roof had rotted away and the exposed plaster was beginning to crumble. ‘The font of the car was completely ‘rushed inthe accident. ieesaltiugar/snow crystalsDefinition Example Translation 1 to be gradually destroyed asa result of a natural proces of As dead plants decay, they release change. ver vanstveinraneitie) ‘mineral salts into thes 2 if a building o an area decays, its state gradually gets ‘worse because it has not been looked ter. vtb intransitive) 3 the gradual destruction of something asa result ofa Bacteria cause the decay’ of de plants natural process of change. moun fncoont) sand ania. 4 the pat of something that has gradually been destroyed. noun uncourt) “1 to decay by a slow natural process, especially through the action of particular bacteria or Fung vet itastve) 2 if a chemical compound decomposes, It separates into the Smaller pats that it consists ove atranstve) the process of removing the tees from an area of land. oun acount) something that is denuded has had the thing that normally moved. adjective 4a layer of something thats formed by natural or chemical ich mineral deposits processes oun {out} 2 ita substance is deposited in the soil or in rock, it ‘These sediments were deposited by _adually gathers there and forms layer. verb rami flocls thousands of eas ag. 4 process in which layers of a substance form gradually over 4 period of time, noun fncount) ‘moving down a slope. adjective, adverb the process by which the surface of land or rock is gradually coustal erosion damaged by the action of water, the wind, the sea, or slcirs. noun the processor action of removing something fom a coal extraction methods particular place. ve tranitve an area where gas, coal, ol, or other useful substances are found. noun count ‘a hard grey stone that was used in the past for making tools, Jkis a type of sedimentary rock, eu aout 1 ifwater foods place, it covers if, vb tans) ‘Water burst trough the dam ant ode local vies. tobbecome covered or filed with water, verb intransitive] Te years ago the valley flooded. th ifa river loods, water rises up over its edges and covers the land around it vee ans) 1c if water floods somewhere it lows there qulekly and in Water wns loading in though the large amounts. ve ntranste] ack doo 2 alarge amount of water that covers an area that was dry The southwest of England hasbeen befor Dadly hit by las {an animal or plant that lived hundreds of thousands of years ago and has been preserved in rock oF in the form of Tock. Common fosis include ilobites and atmmonites, sea animals that no longer exist. Someone who stucies fossils is alle palacontologlt. nun [cunt preserved in rock, adjective 1a small piece ofa larger object that has broken, often into architectural fragments fom Mayan {lot of pieces. noun fount] sites ‘a a small part of something that remains when theres has ‘been lost or destroyed. noun count) ‘th a small part of something large. nou coun 2 if something fragments ors fagimented, it breaks into @ The plane fragmented on impact. arate pieces or parts, ver inane) 1 it water freezes, oF If something freezes it gets very cold The lake fees in winter. and changes into ice. vet invanstvtransitive] ‘a fa liquid frezes or something freezes it it becomes Solid Liguldmiragen freezes at minus 209 Dbecause it has reached slow temperature. degrees Cats. ver inrnstveltonstve «form of physical weathering, common in mountains and lacial environments, caused by the expansion of wate a it freezes. noun ncoun)Word Definition Example frost 4 thin white layer of ice that looks lke powder and forms on bushes covered with fast cost! things outside wen the weathers very col. num (anon) {frozen Mowz(yn) adjective 4a frozen ground has become very hard because the weather Is very cold active ‘geological relating to geology o wo the features of the Farth’s surface. a geolagcal svey UisloegWion adjective 1 geolgical period ‘the sclentific study ofthe structure ofthe Earth no cunt “a very large mass of ice that moves very slowly. nun (count) ‘small pieces of stone used for making paths and roads. oun fncount] «Tong deep leount Containing or covered with get (=very small pieces of stone forsand), adjective i of something, especially an untidy pile. oun (oun) “empty inside. adjective 2 a smal area in the ground that i lower than the ground around it nn out 8 layer of soll or minerals in the ground that is different from the layer above or below it noun b> bls}: chemical substance that contains only hydrogen and pe four) 2 ei oftime thousand of years ago when gears of {iba were coved nce tone igneous rock igneous rocks, for example granite and basalt are formed ‘Panes rok/ from volcanic lava or magma that has cooled down andl becom solid. Te other types of rock are metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock. noun fount] inte 7 to male something tart wo burn we aed he i as ited ap fo a nan) dt ft ts tot tb. vb taste Inthe ends thet ngs fle something that is impervious to a substance does not le the Substance passthrough it adjective ‘to become a feature of something gradually, without anyone noticing, ver nanstveltantive) the passing of water into the sol or nto a drainage system. = oun fncount) tock that contains iron, noun ancount the peti of geological time from 208 million year to 142 raion yeas go, when dinosaurs lived and the frst birds and mammals developed. noun singular] ‘ white lay used for making porcelain (ea hard white substance used for making plates, cups ete). ‘an area of land that is beautiful to Took ator that has a particular sype of 9Definition Example Translation red lay containing iron and aluminium that forms a layer ‘on the top ofthe soil in some tropical regions. noun fncout} 4 type of white or grey stone that consists mainly of elcium ‘carbonate and is formed from the skeletons and shells of sea animals, Limestone is a sedimer “deposits of silt that have been laid down by wind action, oun singin) & position which is close tothe level ofthe sea or the ‘round. adjective ‘hard smooth metamorphic rock that is used for building and making statues. Isa type of limestone and is usualy ‘white or grey with marks of another colour in it oun encunt) ‘metamorphic rock, for example slate and marble, is formed by heat or pressure. The other types of rock ate jgncous rock ikrok!_and sedimentary rock, now out 1a large hole or tunnel in the ground from which people {ake col, gold et. noun fou) 2 to dig lage hote or tunnel in the ground in order to get ‘oal, god et, oF to take coal gold et fom sich a hole of {unnc.vet nantes) the study of minerals. Someone who studies minerals is called a mineralogist. moun fncount] very soft wet earth, noun fncount ‘large amount of wet earth that falls down a hill noun cout) Teuge mudslide caused a lot of ‘damage nthe avo. fossil ful, consisting mostly of methane, found in oilfields ss) _ and in coal beds, oun ing the era of geological time, about $70 million to 248 milion years ago, during which fis, insects, amphibians, reptiles, nd and plants st appeared oun mgr 4 an extremely small plece or amount of something. noun ast particles cout 2 smetemay eal lof mater hats pao an tom, fore ‘Tong narrow area with walls on each side that leads from an undeground passage ‘one place to anothet noun su ~~ a series of actions or events that together show how things Thee Isa owing patter othe cent ‘normally happen or ar done. num count Janse 4 type of soil consisting of decaying plants that can also be ~ sed fo nou noun) ‘permeable substance or material is one that aliquid or gas The surface ts quite permeable. can pas through, active 4 able tobe seen, touched, or felt adecive 2 ‘eating to the way that someone or something looks: physical appearance characteristicsWord Definition Example Translation pillar a tall thin piece of rock that stretches from the ground to psa! the ceiling ofa cave o to a higher rock stucture. nun fount pinnacle tll thin pointed piece of stone or rock. noun out) Tpmakif plateau large flat area of land that i higher than the land around Posto 1 noun fount ‘he ea of geological ine abot 1.8 lion 1,000 years fo. in wth cies frmedin te northern Ralf of he ‘ov apd ian appeared mam ge Pliocene the thea of geological ine, 5.3 mint 18 milion yeas fplssastal” go. Mode humarsand other mammals ist appeared porous {& porous substance has a lot of very small holes in itso that porous rock pssst alr and water can pas through it ajecine pothole 8 large natural hole in @ mountain or under the ground. noun Ppochool/ four Precambrian, the era of geological time, from 4,650 to 700 million years the ago, during which the Earth's crust formed and simple forms Jptskembnan) of life fs appeared. noun singular precipitation 1 rain, snow, hal etc. noun cunt Jpnspiteyfenn! 2 the process by which a solid Substance separates, or Is rate fon id ‘quarry 'a place where stone is dug out of the ground. A place where w slaeimestane quary Pvt! ‘coal or minerals ate dug out ofthe ground is called a mine. oun fount quart ‘a hard transparent mineral that forms Inside rocks such as Paw) sandstone, Its often used inside electronic equipment and ‘watches. nous fancout} (quartzite a rock, made mainly of quart, thats formed by the action Phoostst/ _of heat and pressure on sandstone, noun fancount} regolith ‘the layer of loose rock particles that covers the solid rock Pregl oy under the ground of most land on the Farth and the Moon, ms part of the Harth’s “layer of ock rok! surface, ora piece of this substance on the ground. The a cate Bull ona rock three mala types of rock ae igneous (formed fom “The waves case against the rocks. volcanic lava, sedimentary (formed from sand or mud at the bottom of ancient seas and rivers), and metamorphic (formed by the action of extreme heat or pressure on the ther forms of rock). noun feountuncount] rock eyele, the the process over millions of years by whieh different types rok skty of rock get broken down into small pieces by processes such as erosion, and are then cared by water and wi to the sea. There they form sedimentary rock, which, it Is heated by the Earth’ core, forms metamorphic rock. All ‘the diferent types of rock then get eroded again, and the process continues, now sngula) rodkore rock containing a substance such asa mineral that can be Prok > {dugout ofthe ground, rou axon sand ' pale brown substance that form a beach or covers a ‘The children were playing i he sand send ‘desert, formed from very smal pieces of r0¢k, grain of sand our uncon) sandstone @ ype of stone that is made mainly of grains of quarta and Psendsiaun’ other minerals. tia type of sedimentary rock, and can be red yellow, grey or brown, saturated 1 very wel. adjcive sated) 2 a chemical solution that i saturated has as much of Solid substance as posible mixed in itas part ofthe liquid adectve - scarp «a steep slope or cif. non unt)Definition Example Translation small loose pieces of broken rock atthe bottom of a cliff or 4 steep or vertical side ofa rock that has been formed by the Action of the waves, no cunt) «layer of sand, Stones, dit ec that becomes layer of rock, oun (ountncout) sedimentary roc, for example limestone and sandstone, is @ {ype of rack that is formed from substances that have been rok) left by wate, wind, or lee and have become pressed together ‘Hurough time. The other types of rock are igneous rock and ‘metamorphic rock, noun to flow into or out of somes ly when this should not happen. vet itantive] ‘ate seeping into our sll. a long narrow passage that goes down through a building or 4 mine shaft ‘down through the ground, noun fount] ‘type of smooth datk rock that breaks easily into thin layers. tsa type of sedimentary rock, formed from layers of clay, sit, or mud that have become hard. nou uncount ‘small particles of rock that are smaller than sand particles and bigger than clay It soften found at the bottom of ‘type of dark grey rock that breaks easily into pieces. It's a type of metamorphic rock that is formed from Shale. noun (anount ‘the top ayer on the surface ofthe Earth in which plants ‘The dry wocky sols stable for {10W. Soil consists of extremely small pieces of rock, decayed planting vines, fxganic matter ait, water, and minerals. now ounce the very slow movement of sll dovin a hill caused by _ravity. noun ancout} ble to dissolve in a liquid and become part of the liquid. ectve 4 to divide or break something into several pats or to be divided of broken into several parts. ver ntranstvetestve] parts break in something. neu cont ‘small split in the fabric ‘Tong pointed piece of rock thet hangs down from the roo! ‘ofa cave. Itis formed over many yeas by chemicals in water ii ‘ofthe world, Seals are amphibious (they can live both in S nn MAtEF at On land), A young sea is called a pup. naun count 5 seaside 1 an area that i near the ea, especially one where people This was thir fst holiday tgeter at = ‘tsud! 0 fora holy ow ing the seaside. s 2 atthe seaside or taking place there, only before noun] seaside resreown hotel E Sea stump a small rock ft after a stack collapses or is eroded ‘t:stamp? noun (count) 1 the seaward side of something is nearest the Se, adjective 2 coming from the sea adjective ‘saltwater from the sea, nau uncout ‘with only a short distance from the top or surface tothe Move fo the shallow end of the pool. bottom. adjective ‘a narrow piece of rock oF ice that sticks out from a mountain ‘or under wate, nou cunt ‘sea creatures with a hard shell around them, for example ___sbs; mussels and oysters au ng __ 3 shingle small stones ona beach. now (cout) tot 7 shore ‘he land that ison the ee of lake ve or sea. num Thre ofthe als managed sin ‘to cou tothe sore 5 shoreline the edge of Se lke noun (ont exons _ - spit a ong narrow area of land that sticks Out ino the sea ora ty Tak. nou emt 7 4 spray ‘many small drops of water that ae forced into the alt The al pay tm the rok ow ‘sre together for example fom the sea, now bnglarancoun) stung her fe. Stabilze 1 to each astate whee there are no longer any major ‘stable’ changes or problems vt tne 2 tomake something stable. verb ante) The stop bone the town has now fen stat stack tal steep pce of rok that se ot ofthe Seas formed fet 43s result of beng separated from a cif by waves eroding ‘he ook inbetween ou unt Stormy with fot of tain and steong winds adie stony wets pec strait 4 narrow are of water that join wo larger aes of water. te Sols of Gibraltar ‘sens revs cut supertanker a very lange ship used for canrying oo other guid. oan ‘rsp (oam) co : swamp antares ofland that s covered by water noun ut ‘wom swampland an area of land covered by swamp oun fund {wompenay swash the water that gos onto the shor after a wave bis reached sv is highest point nd started ofl nom coo territorial sea the area of sea that covers continental shel nou coun Ineo St tidal connected with the regular movement of the ea towards This va idl vie Frasdowy _and away fom the and ete tide the regular movernent ofthe sea towards an away fom the ea lad ou cur) _ tidemark a maikieit on land bythe Sea that shows the highest point PRaidymo-ok) that the sea has reached non cout ‘tombolo 4 narrow strip of sand or small stones that links one island ombolae/ _ toanother, orto the mainland, aun fount]bt Wel ite) ‘Imaginary line around the mile ofthe Earth. nen cunt 2 relating to wii Definition Example awd that blows continuously towards the equator (the ‘boat used for fishing by pulling large net through the ater. nou count fan undercut cl has been eroded atthe bottom but not at hetop adjective __ to dig under something, especially so that it becomes ‘ear. er vans ‘not good enough to use. adjective ‘narrow fat area but from loose stones, sandetethat have ben carried by aves, oun count ‘the narrow flat area often seen atthe base ofa sea cliff ‘caused by the action ofthe waves. noun fount) 4 animals, itds, and plants that ti oun funcaun| habitas 1 carted along by the wind, adjective 2 looking untidy because of being blown around by the wind. adjective ‘The paint was so old it was unusable. In natural conditions. laws to protect wife ad thir {onl before noun 4 wife conservation organization TranslationPen (GB Sea action word map ‘Write these words in the correct place on the word map. eee breakwaters features 2 plans hydraulic action mmarram grass solution up/down shore abrasion toad Sea terms ‘Match the words and phrases with their explanatio Words Explanations 1 hydraulic action ‘a These are the outer walls of collapsed arches. 2. abrasion b These are used to reduce longshore dri. 3 attrition ‘< _These are where sea caves erade through headlands. 4 sea cs