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Leafy&Succulent Vegetables

The document discusses leafy and succulent vegetable crops, including their characteristics and postharvest handling. It notes that these vegetables have high water content and perishability. Morphological characteristics like surface area to volume ratio affect water loss susceptibility. Maturity at harvest impacts postharvest quality and shelf life. The document provides examples of maturity and quality indices for different vegetables in this group like asparagus, broccoli and lettuce. It also lists some of the key vitamins and minerals found in these crops.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
164 views14 pages

Leafy&Succulent Vegetables

The document discusses leafy and succulent vegetable crops, including their characteristics and postharvest handling. It notes that these vegetables have high water content and perishability. Morphological characteristics like surface area to volume ratio affect water loss susceptibility. Maturity at harvest impacts postharvest quality and shelf life. The document provides examples of maturity and quality indices for different vegetables in this group like asparagus, broccoli and lettuce. It also lists some of the key vitamins and minerals found in these crops.

Uploaded by

donbosskiss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

11/7/2016

Postharvest Biology & Handling 
of Vegetables
I. Leafy & Succulent Crops
Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht
Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville

Dr. Mark A. Ritenour
Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce

I. Introduction 
• Year‐round availability reduces need for storage
• Transport represents a major portion of postharvest 
life
• U.S. per‐capita vegetable consumption increase has 
mainly been in this group of vegetables 

I. Introduction
• Bulky; low value per unit weight
• Mostly temperate‐zone (cool season) crops – no 
chilling injury
• Very high perishability‐water content‐
surface:volume ratio
– Rapid senescence
– Water loss susceptibility
– Physical damage susceptibility
– Freezing susceptibility

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11/7/2016

I. Introduction
• More perishable than root or fruit vegetables
• Major causes of deterioration
– Water loss
– Yellowing (chlorophyll loss)
– Mechanical injury (& decay)
– Physiological disorders
– Growth & toughening (asparagus, celery)

II. Morphological Characteristics
• Derivation of Some Vegetables 
From Plant Tissue

This Group Includes:
• Leaves and associated parts :
– Blades
• Leaf lettuce

• Spinach & greens

• Chard

• Endive

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11/7/2016

This Group Includes:
• Leaves and associated parts :
– Petioles 

• Celery

• Rhubarb

This Group Includes:
• Leaves and associated parts :
– Buds
• Head lettuce

• Cabbage

• Brussels sprouts

This Group Includes:
• Leaves and associated parts :
– Shoots
• Green onions

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/
– Swollen blades
• Leeks

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11/7/2016

This Group Includes:
• Other vegetative tissues :
– Stems – asparagus

– Immature flower parts
• Artichokes

• Broccoli http://www.oceanmist.com/

• Cauliflower

http://www.kyagr.com

II. Morphological Characteristics
• In relation to water loss
– Leafy vegetables
• Very high surface:volume ratio (20 to 40:1)
• Stomata – escape routes for water loss
• Thin cuticle makes them very susceptible to water loss
• Buds are much less susceptible to wilting than leaves

II. Morphological Characteristics
• In relation to water loss
– Stem vegetables
• High surface:volume ratio (3 to 6:1)
• Cut ends contribute to water loss
• Susceptible to water loss
– Floral vegetables
• Unopened flower buds borne on stems (50‐60% by weight)
• Relative susceptibility to water loss is similar to stem vegetables

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11/7/2016

Examples of the Surface/Volume Ratios of Fruits and 
Vegetables
Surface/volume 
ratio (cm2 cm‐3) Plant material

50‐100 Individual edible leaves
5‐10 Smaller soft fruits
2‐5 Leguminous fruits; nuts; larger soft fruits; stem and floral vegetables; 
rhubarb; shallot
0.5‐1.5 Tubers; tuberous roots; tap‐roots; pome, stone and citrus fruits; cucurbitous
fruits; banana; onion
0.2‐0.5 Densely packed cabbage; large Swede turnips; yams; coconut
Adapted from Burton, 1982

Percentage Loss of Original Weight From Various 
Commodities During Storage

Initial rate of water  Percentage loss during
loss (% day‐1 mbar‐1  successive 2‐week periods
Commodity  wvpd) 1 2 3 4
Cabbage 0.5 7.06 4.80 4.55 3.85
Sweetpotato 0.6 8.57 5.67 5.10 5.05
Beet (w/ leaves) 0.9 12.86 10.19 10.51 9.25
Cauliflower 1.2 17.02 9.07 8.14 8.51
Storage temperatures 0‐2C; RH 85‐87.5% (Singh et al. 1952)

Water Loss, as a Percentage of Original Weight, at Which Commodities Become 
Unsaleable. Approximate values from Robinson et al (1975).

Max. permissible  Max. permissible
Commodity water loss (%) Commodity water loss (%)

Asparagus 8 Onion 10
Beans, broad 6 Parsnip 7
Beans, runner 5 Potato, maincrop 7
Beetroot, with leaves  7 Potato, new 7
Blackberries 6  Peas in pod, early 5
Brussels sprouts 8 Peas in pod, maincrop 5
Cabbage 7  Peppers, green 7
Carrots, storing 8  Raspberries 6
Carrots, bunching 4  Rhubarb, forced 5
Cauliflower 7  Spinach 3
Celery 10  Sprouting broccoli 4
Cucumber 5  Strawberries 6
Leeks 7 Sweetcorn 7
Lettuce, ‘Unrivalled’ 5 Tomato 7
Lettuce, ‘Kordaat’ 3 Turnips, with leaves 5
Lettuce, ‘Kloek’ 3 Watercress 7

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11/7/2016

II. Morphological Characteristics
• In relation to texture
– Collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues make celery fibrous or 
stringy
– Toughness of asparagus is related to lignification
– Turgidity of these vegetables is important to their tenderness
– Solidity (firmness) of buds increases with maturation

III. Compositional Characteristics
• Contain chlorophyll
• High in water content, succulent, tender, non‐acid
• Many vegetables of this group are high in ascorbic 
acid (Vitamin C) content
• Carotenoids ‐ antioxidants
• Also high in Vitamin A
• Very good sources of minerals (P, K, Fe, Na, Ca)

Leafy & Floral Vegetables High in Vitamins C and A
Vitamin C (mg/100 g fr. wt.) Vitamin A (IU)

Parsley (172) Kale (8,900)
Turnip greens (139) Parsley (8,500)
Broccoli (113) Spinach (8,100)
Brussels sprouts (102) Turnip greens (7,600)
Collards (92) Chard (6,500)
Cauliflower (78) Broccoli (2,500)
Cabbage (47)
Asparagus (48) 

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11/7/2016

IV. Maturity & Quality Indices
• Harvest indices of some leafy, floral and stem 
vegetables
– Asparagus: spear length (12.5‐20 cm)
– Broccoli: compact flower heads, no open flowers
– Cabbage & lettuce: solidity of head
– Cauliflower: head size and appearance
– Celery: size (overmaturity results in pithiness)

http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

Maturity (Solidity) of Lettuce at Harvest vs. Postharvest Quality 
and Shelf‐life

Solidity class Postharvest considerations

1)Soft‐to‐ More susceptible to physical damage, higher 
2) Fairly firm respiration rate

3) Firm Maximum storage‐life

4) Hard‐to‐ More susceptible to russet spotting, pink rib, and
5) Extra‐hard  other physiological disorders; decreased storage‐life

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11/7/2016

IV. Maturity & Quality Indices
• Quality criteria for some commodities
– Asparagus: straightness, diameter, percent green color, no defects
– Cabbage: solidity, no seedstems, color, no defects
– Cauliflower: cleanness, compactness, white color, size, no 
defects.
– Celery: stalk form, compactness, color, no seedstems, no defects
– Lettuce (head): color, maturity (solidity), no seedstems, freedom 
from defects and decay
– Freshness and turgidity are quality factors for all

V. Postharvest Physiology
• Respiration rate
– Very/extremely high (more than 40 mg CO2/kg‐h at 5C): 
asparagus, Brussels sprouts, spinach & turnip greens

– High (20 to 40 mg CO2/kg‐h at 5C): artichoke, broccoli, celery & 
leaf lettuce

– Moderate (10 to 20 mg CO2 /kg‐h at 5C): cabbage, cauliflower, 


celery, kohlrabi & head lettuce

(mg CO2/kg‐hr)
Class at 15oC Commodities
Very Low < 10 Dates, dried fruits and vegetables, nuts
Low 10 ‐ 20 Apple, beet, celery, citrus fruits, cranberry, garlic, 
grape, honeydew melon, kiwifruit, onion, papaya, 
persimmon, pineapple, potato (mature), sweet‐
potato, watermelon
Moderate 20 ‐ 40 Apricot, banana, blueberry, cabbage, cantaloupe, 
carrot (topped), celeriac, cherry, cucumber, fig, 
gooseberry, lettuce (head), mango, nectarine, olive, 
peach, pear, plum, potato (immature), radish 
(topped), summer squash, tomato
High 40 ‐ 80 Avocado, blackberry, carrot (with tops), cauliflower, 
leeks, lettuce (leaf), lima bean, radish (with tops), 
raspberry
Very High 80 ‐ 160 Artichoke, bean sprouts, cherimoya, cut flowers, endive, 
green onions, kale, okra, passion fruit, snap bean, watercress
Extremely  > 160 Asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts mushroom, parsley, 
High peas, spinach, sweetcorn

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11/7/2016

Rates of CO2 Production (mg kg‐1 h‐1) at Different Temperatures


(from Robinson et.al., 1975)

Temperature (C)
Commodity 0 5 10 15 20

Cabbage  3 7 8 13 20
Celery 7 9 12 23 33 
Beetroot (bunching, with leaves) 11 14 22 25 40
Rhubarb 14 21 35 44 54 
Turnip (bunching with leaves) 15 17 30 43 52 
Lettuce 16 24 31 50 80
Brussels sprouts 17 30 50 75 90
Watercress 18 36 80 136 207 
Cauliflower 20 34 45 67 126
Asparagus 28 44 63 105 127
Carrots (bunching, with leaves) 35 51 74 106 121
Spinach  50 70 80 120 150
Sprouting broccoli 77 120 170 275 425

V. Postharvest Physiology
• Ethylene production
– Very low (< 0.1 l/kg‐h), and very sensitive to ethylene effects 
(detrimental)

http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

V. Postharvest Physiology
• Responses to controlled atmospheres
– 2‐3% O2 retards senescence (except asparagus, which is intolerant 
of low O2)
– Susceptibility to elevated CO2 varies greatly
• Lettuce, celery & endive: injury if CO2 >1‐2%
• More than 5% CO2 induces off‐odors and off‐flavors in cooked 
cauliflower
• Elevated CO2 (5‐10%) retards soft rot development, toughening and 
yellowing of asparagus; also retards yellowing of broccoli

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11/7/2016

V. Postharvest Physiology
• Responses to controlled atmospheres
– Cabbage can be held for up to 6 months in CA at 0C (2‐3% O2 + 
5‐8% CO2); this is used commercially in the northeastern U.S.
– CA is also used commercially during marine transportation of 
lettuce (1‐2% O2 + ≤1% CO2)
– Carbon monoxide (2‐3% CO) has been used as a discoloration 
inhibitor on lettuce in marine transportation
– CA prevents color and chlorophyll degradation in broccoli 
– CA reduces stalk elongation and slight pithiness and also prevents 
butt end cut browning in celery

Recommended CA for some leafy, floral and stem 
vegetables

Vegetable type O2 + CO2

Asparagus 13‐16 5‐7


Broccoli 1‐2 10
Brussels sprouts 1‐2 5
Cabbage 2‐3 5‐8
Cauliflower 2 <5
Celery 2‐4 3‐5
Lettuce 2‐3 0‐1

V. Postharvest Physiology
• Temperature‐related physiological disorders
– Freezing injury: preharvest 
and postharvest

http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu
– Chilling injury: only asparagus 
is susceptible (3 to 4 weeks at 0‐3C)

– Solar injury: solar browning of  www.omafra.gov.on.ca
cauliflower curds

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11/7/2016

V. Postharvest Physiology
• Calcium deficiency‐related physiological disorders
– Tipburn: cabbage, Brussels sprouts, 
lettuce

– Blackheart: celery, endive, escarole

T.A. Zitter, Cornell University

V. Postharvest Physiology
• Senescence‐related physiological disorders
– Bolting (development of seedstalks): 
• lettuce & leek
– Pithiness (spongy internal tissue):  
• sign of senescence in celery
– Riciness (granular appearance):
• sign of senescence in cauliflower
www.cals.ncsu.edu
– Yellowing: 
• common sign of senescence, enhanced by C2H4

http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu
V. Postharvest Physiology
• Physiological disorders of lettuce
– Brown stain: caused by 2% 
or higher CO2 at  0‐5C
– Russet spotting: caused by 
C2H4 at 0.1 ppm or higher

– Rusty‐brown discoloration: ‘Climax’ 
cultivar, increased by lettuce mosaic virus
http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

– Pink rib: a symptom of senescence
– Low O2 injury (less than 1% O2)

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11/7/2016

VI. Pathological Breakdown
• Bacterial soft rot: chard, celery, lettuce, spinach
• Gray mold rot (Botrytis): artichoke, celery, lettuce, 
rhubarb
• Watery soft rot: celery, lettuce, cabbage
• Downy mildew: lettuce, spinach
• Big vein: lettuce
• Rhizoctonia: cabbage

VII. Postharvest Handling Procedures
• Harvesting
– Mostly by hand, some harvesting aids are in use 
(i.e., “mule trains”)
– Mechanical harvesting systems have been 
developed for lettuce, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, 
etc., but are not used commercially
– For lettuce the harvesting machine, maturity 
(density) is sensed using gamma rays or X‐rays, 
and the desired heads cut, lifted, and trimmed 
mechanically

VII. Postharvest Handling Procedures
• Handling systems: field packing (lettuce “mule train”)
– Select, cut, trim, pack in carton, transport to vacuum cooler, cool, 
load, transport to destination
– Wrapped lettuce: workers in mobile field units trim, 
wrap, and pack into cartons, transport to vacuum 
cooler, etc., as above

Courtesy Steven Sargent

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11/7/2016

VII. Postharvest Handling Procedures
• Handling systems: packinghouse
– Select, cut, transport to packinghouse in bulk, trim, size, pack 
into cartons, cool, etc.
– Fresh‐cut (shredded) lettuce – bulk lettuce sent to central 
facilities: select, trim, cool
• In cold room: cut, rinse, remove excess water, pack into (MAP) bags, 
place into cartons, ship

VII. Postharvest Handling Procedures
• Cooling methods
– Vacuum cooling: lettuce (crisphead)
– Hydro‐vacuum cooling: celery, cauliflower, others
– Hydrocooling: leaf lettuce, celery, spinach, green onions, leek, 
artichoke
– Package ice: broccoli, spinach, parsley
– Room cooling: artichoke, cabbage

VII. Postharvest Handling Procedures
• Packinghouse operations 
– Cleaning and trimming, use of chlorine in wash water
– Sorting to eliminate defects
– Sizing in some cases
– Wrapping of individual units (e.g., wrapped cauliflower, sleeved 
celery)
– Packaging: shipping containers may be RPCs or waxed fiberboard 
cartons to withstand hydrocooling and in‐package ice exposure
– Cooling by an appropriate method

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11/7/2016

VII. Postharvest Handling Procedures
• Temporary storage
• Transport
• Destination handling
• Retail handling

Images courtesy of Trevor Suslow

VIII. Recommended Conditions
• Temperature management procedures
– Avoid delays between harvesting and cooling, especially during 
warm weather
– Cool to 1C ( 1C): avoid freezing; most will tolerate contact 
icing
– Transfer immediately after cooling into refrigerated transit 
vehicles or holding rooms
– Maintain 1C ( 1C) and 95‐100% RH during transit and 
temporary storage

VIII. Recommended Conditions
• Duration of holding: long‐term storage/transport (>1‐2 
weeks) is not typical, except with cabbage, Chinese cabbage, 
and celery
• Air movement: minimum required for proper temperature 
control
• Avoid exposure to ethylene throughout the handling 
system
• Atmospheric composition: see section on responses to 
controlled atmospheres – air exchange sufficient to maintain 
adequate O2 and avoid injurious CO2 levels

14

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