INTETVIEW QUESTION

SET 1- HIMANSHU AGARWAL

1. What is THAR desert?

ANS: The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert is a large,
arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent that
forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's
17th largest desert. About 85% of the Thar Desert is in India, and the
remaining 15% is in Pakistan.
2. Can you identify Desert on map?
ANS: There are three types of desert are as follow:
1.Subtropical deserts - they are the hottest deserts with dry terrain and
rapid evaporation rate.
2. Cool coastal deserts - the average temperature in these deserts is
much cooler because of cold offshore oceanic currents.
3. Cold winter deserts - they are striking with harsh temperature
differences ranging from 38°C in summers to -12°C in winters.

3. What is Ampltude?
ANS: C:\Users\user\Documents\ships\oral questions
4. Draw any one flag from morse code?
ANS:

5. How to load container, bulk cargo and crude oil?

ANS:

6. Rope Knots
i. Clove hitch
ii. Make a bow line on waist
iii. And other rope

7. What is nautical almanac?

Ans : It is a publication describing the positions of selection of celestial
bodies for the purpose of enabling navigators to determine the position
of their ship while at sea.
It contains tabulation of the sun,moon , navigational planets and stars
for use in the determination of position at sea from sextant
observations.
It gives times of sunrise , sunset, twilights, moonrise and
moonset,phases of moon and eclipses of the sun and moon for use in
planning of observations.
8. What is GHA?
ANS : GHA of a celestial body is the arc of the equinoctial or the angle at
the celestial poles contained between the celestial meridian of
greenwhich and that of the body. It is measured westward from
greenwhich.

9. What is SHA?
ANS: SHA of a celestial body is the arc of the equinoctial or the angle at
the celestial poles contained between celestial merdian of FIRST POINT
OF ARIES and that of body.

10. What is declination?

ANS: Declination of a celestial body is the arc of a celestial meridian or
the angle at the centre of the earth contained between the equinoctial
and the parallel of declination through that body. It is measured from 0-
90 degree. N or S

11. TWILIGHT
ANS: Twilight is a light received from the sun , when the sun is below the
horizon , that is before sunrise and after sunset. This light get scattered
and reflected which illuminates the earth for sometime .
There are three types of twilight such as
1. Astronomical – when the centre of sun is 18 degree below the
horizon.
2. Nautical – when the centre of sun is 12 degree below the
horizon.
 3. Civil – when the Centre of sun is 6 degree below the horizon.

12. What is circumpolar body?

ANS : Body to be circumpolar , the body should always be above the
rational horizon i.e the body should not set.

13. What is first point of aries ?

ANS : On 21st march , at vernal equinox , the sun appears to cross the
equinoctial from south to north . This point is known as the First point of
aries.

14. What is point of libra?

ANS : On 23rd sept , at autumna equinox , the sun appears to cross the
equinoctial from north to south. This point is known as the first point of
libra.

15. What is ecliptic?

ANS : It is great circle on the celestial sphere in the same plane
as the plane of earth’s orbit around the sun.

16. What is angle of loll? What action to take?

ANS: Angle of loll is a term used to describe the state of a ship
which is unstable when upright (ie: has a negative metacentric
height, GMt) and therefore takes on an angle of heel to either
port or starboard.

17. What is GM?

ANS : GM is the vertical distance between the centre of gravity
and the metacentre . GM is a metacentric height which is the
difference between KM and KG . GM is positive if KG is less than
KM and GM is negative if KG is greater than KM .

18. What is stiff vessel and tender vessel?

ANS: Stiff vessel is one with a very large GM caused by KG being
very small. This occurs if too much weight is placed low down
within the ship. The ship will be excessively stable , righting
moments will be so large as to cause the ship to return to the
upright position very quickly when heeled. Roll period will be
short.
Tender vessel is one with a very small GM caused by KG being
large . This occur when too much cargo is loaded above the deck
which causes righting lever to be very small and slow to return
to the upright position . Roll period will be long.
19. What do you mean by SPRING Tide and NEAP tide ?
ANS: Spring tide - when the sun , moon and earth are in line SPRING
TIDE OCCURS. It occurs on new moon and full moon. It has the greatest
tidal effect .

NEAP TIDE : It has the least tidal raising effect when the sun and moon
are at right angle with each other. It occurs on first quarter and last
quarter.

20. What is Dew Point?

ANS : Dew point is the actual measurement of the content of moisture
in the air. The dew point is actually proportional to the amount of
water vapor in a given parcel of air, so that an increasing dew point
means there is a greater concentration of water vapor molecules
present and vice versa.

21. What is Relative humidity?

ANS: Relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapor actual present in
the parcel of air compared with the amount of water vapor required to
reach saturation.

22. What is DALR and SALR?

ANS : DALR – DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE - This is the rate of change of
temperature that an unsaturated air parcel experiences when it
ascends adiabatically. This means as it rises, no energy is gained or lost
to the surroundings, the only temperature change is caused by the air
parcel expanding, so by the ideal gas law it cools. It is approximately
9.8c/km.

SALR – SATURATED ADIABETIC LAPSE RATE - This is the same as the

DALR, but for an air parcel saturated with water vapour (that is, it can't
hold any more moisture). It is typically around 5c/km, it is less because
as the water in the parcel condenses, it releases latent heat causing the
temperature of the parcel to increase, therefore lessening the rate of
decrease.

23. What is Greenhouse effect?

ANS : It is the process in which the heat coming from the sun get
trapped with in the earth surface and some of the heat is reflected
back. But due to greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere trap this
reflected heat within the atmosphere which increases the temperature
of the earth and atmosphere. There are some greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide , methane , fluorinated gases and nitrous oxide .

24. What is fire triangle?

ANS : The fire triangles illustrate the three elements fire need to ignite
such as FUEL , HEAT AND OXYGEN. Fire only occurs when all the three
elements are present and combined in a right mixture. The fire can be
extinguished by taking out even one of the element from triangle.
25. Types of fire?

Europe
United
Image Description (European Asia Suitable suppression
States
StandardEN 2)

Combustible
materials (wood, Class Most suppression
Class A Class A
paper, fabric, A techniques
refuse)

Inhibiting chemical chain

Class reaction, such as water
Flammable liquids Class B Class B
B mist dry chemical
or Halon

Inhibiting chemical chain

Class
Flammable gases Class C Class B reaction, such as dry
C
chemical or Halon

Class Specialist suppression

Flammable metals Class D Class D
D required

not classified As ordinary combustibles,

Class
Electrical fire (formerly Class Class C but conductive agents like
E
E) water not to be used

Cooking oils and Class Suppression by removal

Class F Class K
fats F of oxygen or water mist

Flammable liquids- acetone, benzene, cyclohexane, ethanol

Flammable gases – petroleum , oil and natural gas
Flammable metals- carbon, metal powder and camphor

26. What is stowage factor?

ANS: It indicates how many cubic meters of space one metric ton of
cargo occupies in hold of ship.
FORMULA
S.F = 1 = VOLUME
DENSITY MASS

Its SI unit is cubic mr./ m.ton

27. What are the different layers of atmosphere?

ANS : There are four main layers of atmosphere
1. Troposphere – 8 to 16 km above SL
2. Stratospehere - about 16 to 50
3. Mesosphere – 50 to 80 km
4. Ionosphere -80 and above

28. What Is time zone?

ANS: Time zone is divided into 24 intervals of 1 hour and 15 degree
each . It shows the time of the area or country. Consider time zone of
india is +5.30 which means GMT is 5.30 hr behind. To get the time of
GMT add 5.30 to time of india. ‘ +’ means east ,add to get gmt and ‘ –‘
means west, subtract to get gmt.

29. What is great circling sailing?

ANS : Great circle sailing are done across the great circle in which
earth is considered as a perfect sphere in shape. The shortest distance
between two points are the arc of great circle. As it is a curve , course
changes constantly. Hence the track is broken down in short interval of
rhumb line used to sail on Mercator chart. Gnomonic chart and
Mercator charts are used in this sailing.

30. What is MARPOL?

ANS : MARPOL is International Convention For The Prevention of
Pollution from ships. The MARPOL Convention was adopted on 2
November 1973 at IMO.
There are six annexes and the sixth annex was added in may 2015
Annex I : Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil
Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid
Substances in Bulk.
Annex III : Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by
Sea in Packaged Form.
Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships.
Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships.
Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships.
\
31. What is SOLAS?
32. ANS : The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets minimum
safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of
merchant ships. SOLAS is adopted by 162 countries. \
The current version of SOLAS is came into force in May 1980 which is
known as SOLAS 1974.
THERE ARE 14 CHAPTERS:
Chapter I – General Provisions
Surveying the various types of ships and certifying that they meet the
requirements of the convention.[2]
Chapter II-1 – Construction – Subdivision and stability, machinery and
electrical installations
The subdivision of passenger ships into watertight compartments so
that after damage to its hull, a vessel will remain afloat and stable.[2]
Chapter II-2 – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction
Fire safety provisions for all ships with detailed measures for passenger
ships, cargo ships and tanker.[2]
Chapter III – Life-saving appliances and arrangements
Life-saving appliances and arrangements, including requirements for
life boats, rescue boats and life jackets according to type of ship.[2]
Chapter IV – Radiocommunications
The Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) requires
passenger and cargo ships on international voyages to carry radio
equipment, including satellite Emergency Position Indicating Radio
Beacons (EPIRBs) and Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs).[2]
Chapter V – Safety of navigation
This chapter requires governments to ensure that all vessels are
sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety point of view. It places
requirements on all vessels regarding voyage and passage planning,
expecting a careful assessment of any proposed voyages by all who put
to sea. Every mariner must take account of all potential dangers to
navigation, weather forecasts, tidal predictions, the competence of the
crew, and all other relevant factors.[7] It also adds an obligation for all
vessels' masters to offer assistance to those in distress and controls the
use of lifesaving signals with specific requirements regarding danger
and distress messages. It is different from the other chapters, which
apply to certain classes of commercial shipping, in that these
requirements apply to all vessels and their crews, including yachts and
private craft, on all voyages and trips including local ones.[2]
Chapter VI – Carriage of Cargoes
Requirements for the stowage and securing of all types of cargo and
cargo containers except liquids and gases in bulk.[2]
Chapter VII – Carriage of dangerous goods
Requires the carriage of all kinds of dangerous goods to be in
compliance with the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code),[8]
and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).[2]
Chapter VIII – Nuclear ships
Nuclear powered ships are required, particularly concerning radiation
hazards, to conform to the Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant
Ships.[2]
Chapter IX – Management for the Safe Operation of Ships
Requires every shipowner and any person or company that has
assumed responsibility for a ship to comply with the International
Safety Management Code (ISM).[2]
Chapter X – Safety measures for high-speed craft
Makes mandatory the International Code of Safety for High-speed craft
(HSC Code).
Chapter XI-1 – Special measures to enhance maritime safety
Requirements relating to organisations responsible for carrying out
surveys and inspections, enhanced surveys, the ship identification
number scheme, and operational requirements.
Chapter XI-2 – Special measures to enhance maritime security
Includes the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS
Code). Confirms that the role of the Master in maintaining the security
of the ship is not, and cannot be, constrained by the Company, the
charterer or any other person. Port facilities must carry out security
assessments and develop, implement and review port facility security
plans. Controls the delay, detention, restriction, or expulsion of a ship
from a port. Requires that ships must have a ship security alert system,
as well as detailing other measures and requirements.[2]
Chapter XII – Additional safety measures for bulk carriers
Specific structural requirements for bulk carriers over 150 metres in
length.[2]
Chapter XIII - Verification of compliance
Makes mandatory from 1 January 2016 the IMO Member State Audit
Scheme.
Chapter XIV - Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters
The chapter makes mandatory, from 1 January 2017, the Introduction
and part I-A of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar
Waters (the Polar Code).

33. Why do we need celestial navigation?

ANS : celestial navigation is the art and science of navigation by the
stars, sun , moon and planets . but there is a rise in technology using
radio and electronic system to find location of ship such as GPS which
can give the location of ship using satellite transmissions. But this
technology are electrically powered hence if there is a power cut off or
total black out on ship we need celestial navigation as a back up plan
hence we need celestial navigation.

34. What is UNCLOS?

ANS: It is UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION FOR THE LAW OF SEA . 160
countries are the member of unclos. It came into operation in
November 1982. As there was growth in usage of marine reserves and
conflicts between countries regarding oceanic areas, there was a need
of law to ensure protection and jurisdiction of marine reserves.
There are 17 parts, 320 articles and 9 annexes.
US is the country that has still not sanctioned the nautical law. The
main reason of not sanctioning is its disagreement about part 11 of this
law.

35. Plimsol mark?

ANS: Plimsol mark was invented by Samuel Plimsol . All the ships have
marking on their hull known as the Plimsol line or plimsol mark. It
indicates the limit until which ships can be loaded with enough cargo .
Internationally , it is reffered as INTERNATIONAL LOAD LINE. Every
vessel has a different level of floating and the plimsol line on a ship
generally varies from one vessel to another.
Even the type of water in which the ship is floating influences the
application of the load line. Sometimes even the oceanic region and
changing seasons affect the plimsol mark . Researchers have found that
the temperature and salinity of water also plays a key role .

36. What is solstice and its type?

ANS : Solstice means SUN AT STAND STILL .
There are two types of solstice are as follows :
1. SUMMER SOLSTICE : It happens on 21st june , when the north end
of the earth’s axis is tilted towards the sun by maximum amount
of 23 ½ degree. On this date , sun has the maximum declination
north. Hence all the places in northern hemisphere has longest
day and shortest night.
2. WINTER SOLSTICE : It happens on 22nd December, when the south
end of the earth is tilted towards the sun by 23.5 degree. On this
date , sun is said to be at Winter solstice.

37. What is the difference between bulk carrier and container ship?
ANS: i. bulk carrier ship carry cargo in bulk like grain, sand , wheat etc.
Container carries cargo in containers like electronic products,
machines etc.
ii. bulk carrier has large holds and small hatches. While container ship
has large hold and large hatches.
iii . Bulk carrier has deeper draught than a container.

38. Day and night signal for NUC and RAM?

ANS : NUC – TWO BALLS at day and red over red lights at night.
RAM – ball – diamond – ball at day and red – white – red at night.

39. What is Trim ?

Ans : Trim is the difference between aft draft and forward draft.

40. What you will do if you see man overboard?

Ans :
I. Raise an alarm
II. Send an emergency signal to authorities.
III. Three blast sound and fire flare in air
IV. Throw lifebuoy
V. If the person not in sight it should take Williamson turn

41. What is Tropic of cancer and Capricorn?

Ans : Tropic of cancer is the northest latitude of about 23.5 degree.
Where summer solstice occurs .

42. Different types of charts ?

Ans :
I. Harbor
II. Coastal
III. Sailing

43. What is cargo sweat?

Ans : cargo sweat is the condensation of water vapour on the cargo. It
happens when the temperature of cargo is below the dew point of the
air temperature around it. If the cargo is loaded in colder climate and
comes in warmer region .As long as the cargo temperature remains
below dew point of the external air temperature. The ventilation
should be kept closed.

44. What Is ship sweat?

Ans : ship sweat occurs when warm air comes in contact with the
cooler steels of the ship.

45. What is PZX triangle ?

Ans :

46. What is the use of gnomonic charts?

Ans . Gnomonic charts shows all the great circles as a straight line. It is
used to find the shortest distance between two places.

47. Definition of lights?

ANS: Given in book ROR

48. What is OBLIQUITY OF ECLIPTIC?

ANS : It means the inclination of earth’s equator with respect to the
ecliptic . It is about 23.5 degree.

49. List of navigational equipment?

Ans:
a) Gyro compass
b) Magnetic compass
c) Radar –radio detection and ranging
d) Arpa – automatic radar plotting aid
e) Echo sounder
f) ECDIS – electronic chart display information system
g) AIS – Automatic identificaton system
h) Sextant
i) Navigational lights
j) Ship flags