KAJ( Kurdistan Academicians Journal,March 2006,4(1(part A( (153- 158(
A ) بةشى1-(153
( ذ4لثةرة
بةرط,لة2006 ئازارى2706 طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى
158)
Preparation of Refrigeration Oil
Using Iraqi Base Stocks"
Abdul salam R.Karim*
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sulaimani University,
Kurdistan Region-Iraq
Abstract
Three different grades of refrigeration oil,namelly(ISO grade 32,46 and 68)have been prepared from
heavy alkyl benzene(HAB) base stocks,produced in Baiji as side products of linear alkyl
benzene(LAB)production and viscosity improve additive.The physical and chemical properties of the
prepared oils were compred with substitute international refrigeration oils.
As a result of environmental challenges Introduction
the Montreal protocol led to the phase out The other source of base fluids for
of Ozone depleting CFC and HCFC lubricants, beside mineral or petroleum
refrigerants and the introduction of HFC base oil, is via the synthetic route. A
refrigerant with zero ODP (Ozone suitable definition for such material is" A
Depleting Potential). So there is a need product prepared by chemical reactions of
to evaluate lubricants to ensure low molecular weight material to produce
compatibility with new HFC refrigerants a fluid of higher molecular weight with
and it was found that synthetic lubricants certain predictable properties". This is in
can offer many advantages when used contrast to refined petroleum oils which
with alternative refrigerants[6]. Copeland are composed of many compounds of
application engineering bulletin[7]. varying chemical composition depending
Summarizes oils/lubricants which are upon the method of refining and the
approved for use in Copeland compressors source of the crude stock. Commercial
with various refrigerants and recommends synthetic fluids are: alkylalted aromatics,
alkyl benzene(AB) lubricants for use with olefin oligomers , esters of dibasic acids,
the interim blends such as R-401A,R- polyglycols, phosphateesters, silicons and
401B, R-402A, R-408A and with (MP-39, poly phenylethers[1- 3]
MP-66, HP80, FX-10 and FX-56) a Among the advantages claimed for
minimum of 50% AB is required with synthetic lubricants over comparable
these mixtures to assure proper oil return petroleum- base fluids are: {1} improved
to the compressor. It has also been shown thermal and oxidative stability, {2} more
for systems that require miscibility to aid desirable viscositytemperature
in oil return, alkyl benzene offers characteristic {3}superior volatility
excellent miscibility with Suva MP and characteristicsand {4} preferred frictional
409A refrigerants[8]. properties[4]. Naphthenic mineral oil
This paper is an attempt to use the side (MO) alkyl benzene(AB),
product "HAB" heavy alkyl benzene polyalkylenglycol(PAG), polyester(POE)
produced in Baiji"Arab Company for and polyvinylether(PVE) are quality oils
Chemical Detergents-Iraq" as base stock
to prepare refrigeration oil with three designed for use as refrigeration
different ISO grades lubricants, with traditional refrigerants[5].
Expermental
*E-mail: [email protected]
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KAJ( Kurdistan Academicians Journal,March 2006,4(1(part A(
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point S.M.Ghoreish [10] used the gas Chemicals and reagents
chromatography/mass spectrometry Analytically pure HCL (37%), pure
(GC/MS) technique for analysis of HAB , NaOH, ethanol, iso-propanol and Toluene
the results show acceptable relative were supplied by Merck chemical
separation of a product in an extended company.
boiling point rang. This by-product HAB
has been used (after sulfonation) as Instruments
petroleum additive alkaryl sulfonates to Cleveland open cup apparatus for flash
formulate finished lubricating oils point , Pour point test and kinematic
including all types of automotive and viscosity testing apparatus ( from
diesel engine crank case [11,12] . From Azmayesh Abzar Co. Iran) ,
the full evaluation of HAB according to Refractometer (model ATAGO POLAX
Iraqi-markiting specifications which is –D) , Viscometer, Cannon-Fenske routine,
shown in table(1) (first coloumn), it is BS 188 , Hydrometers, Petroleum series
very clear that it could be a proper base M50 SP-BS 718 , Apparatus for total acid
number(automatic titrometer model
mettler Toledo , type D , Switzerland )
Procedures
A specified amounts of HAB (99.5 , 97 ,
and 94.6 %w/w) were mixed with
specified amounts of viscosity index
improver additive type TLA 227 (0.5 , 2 ,
and 5 %w/w) for preparing refrigeration
oil iso viscosity grade 32 , 46 , and 68
respectively. To each mixture 0.4 %w/w
antioxidant additive , type 2,6, di-tert-
butyl para cresol were added. The
mixtures were heated to 50-60 C° and
stirred until homogenous clear blends
obtained. Then the following tests were
performed[9]
a) Density,Specific gravity and A.P.I-
gravity according to IP-(ASTM D-1298)
b) Flash point determination according to
IP 36
c) Total Acid number according to IP 177
d) Viscosity, kinemati according to IP 71
e) Coper strip corrosion (ASTM D-1838)
f) Vaccum distillation(ASTM 1160)
Results and discussion
Heavy alkyl benzene (HAB) is one of the
by-products when producing linear alkyl
benzene (LAB). Identification of the fine
structures of HAB is difficult because of
its complex structure and high boiling
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KAJ( Kurdistan Academicians Journal,March 2006,4(1(part A(
A ) بةشى1( ذ4 بةرط, 2006 ئازارى2706 طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى
quite apparent from the data in stock for refrigeration oil. This is because
Table(1)that the (HAB) in general is of its low pour point, which is necessary
applicable over wide temperature range to prevent separated oil from congealing
(from -45°C to 178°C).This is further in refrigerant lines, its proper viscosity to
illustrated in Fig (1) which shows the assure high film strength at elevated
volatility characteristics of (HAB) when operating temperatures and fixelly
distilled in accordance with ASTM D- providing good fluidity under coldest
1160. operating conditions. This later property
The other property refrigeration oils must was improved by adding viscosity index
have is good stability, which simply improver additive type TLA 227 which
means resistance to high temperature. This deceases the slope of the viscosity-
was tested by using the ISO grade 32 oil temperature relationship. The function is
in a compressor of an air condition and up that the oil is more viscous at higher
to (70) hours work. The results are shown temperature while at the same time not
at Table (2). Vicosities, colour and making the oil too thick at lower
acidity are quoted here as the quality temperatures. [The viscosity index will
criterion of the treated products also increase from 53 to 74 to 107 on
addition of 0.5 % and 2 % TLA 227 ]. It is
Table 1 general properties of (HAB)
Tests Results
With out With 0.5 With 2%
TLA 227 TLA 227 TLA 227
Spcific gravity @ 15.6 0C 0.8862 0.8861 0.8852
A.P.I 28.17 2818 28.35
Viscosity @ 40 0C /Cst 32.89 35.50 43.85
Viscosity @ 100 0C /Cst 4.92 5.35 6.74
Viscosity index 53 74 107
Pour point 0C L -45 L -45 L -45
Flash point (C.O.C ) 0C 178 180 180
Refractive index @ 70 0C 1.47645 1.47640 1.47491
Colour (ASTM ) 0.5 <1.0 <1.0
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KAJ( Kurdistan Academicians Journal,March 2006,4(1(part A(
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Table 2 Stability of ISO grade 32 oil via viscosities and acidity
Tests Results
Fresh oil Fresh oil Fresh oil+0.4%antioxidant
Before use after (70)hours after (70)hours
Viscosity@40°C/Cst 35.50 27.87 35.03
Viscosity@100°C/Cst 5.34 5.17 5.28
V.I 74 116 73
Flash point 178 188 182
Pour point°C L-45 L-45 L-45
Acidity(mg KOH/g) NIL 0.47 0.015
Colour <1.0 Dark 1.0
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agreement with most of the properties of produced by the attack of oxygen and
the Iraqi and international oils (e.g also helps to prvent acid caused bearing
Viscosity , flash point , pour point , corrosion by forming a protective film on
acidity.) and they are within all the metallic surfaces of the equipment
requirement of refrigeration oil . being lubicated. oil can be improved by
adding a little amount of antioxidant [ 0.4
Conclusions %w/w of a phenolic oxidation inhibitor
From the results of this work it has been 2,6,di-tert-
concluded that it is possible to use (HAB) The three prepared grades (ISO 32, 46 and
as base stock for preparing refrigeration 68) were examined and compared with
oils with the aid of V.I.I and antioxidant Iraqi and Virginia Suniso GS
additives. specification[13,14]
The results are shown in Table(3) from
which it is clear that there is a good
References
1. Basic lubrication seminar, prepared for state establishment for oil refining in the northern
area, Salahaddin Refinery complex , Beiji , Iraq, by: the Lubrizol coporation , Cleveland,
Ohio, Reprt NO. C-9331, 1987.
2. G.D. Hobson ,"Modern petroleum Technology",5th edition, part II, John Wiley and Sons,
967-971, 1984.
3. W.A. Gruse and D.R. Stevens, "chemical Technology of petroleum" 3 rd edition , MC Graw
Hill 1960,541-544,()
4. Petro-Canada "lubricants Hand book 99 , 2000.
5. Yasuhiro Kawaguchi , Masahiko Takesue , Musato Kaneko and Toshinor: Tazaki
"Performance study of refrigerating oils with Co2" Idemitsu Kosan Co., ltd , 2000.
6. S.J. Randles,S.Pusquin and P.T. Gibb"Acritical Assessment of Synthetic
lubricantsTechnologies for Alternative Refrigerants" Milan conference 2003.
http:www.centrogalilo.it/nuova PA.
7. Copeland Applicatiion Engineering Bulletin AE-1248-R7"Refrigeration oils"
17-1248,Revised Junuary, 2000.
8. Dupont TM Suva Technical information P-MP/409A"Refrigeration lubricants" p5
.http:www.
9. Annual book of IP standerd,14th edition,volumes(1,2),published by Heyden and son ltd.On
behalfof the institute of petroleum , London,(IP15,36,71,177
10. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry "Optimization of gas chromatography using
short glass capillary coloumn with mass spectrometry for identification and evaluation of
commercial heavy alkyl benzene structure "volume 375 , number 8 , 1212-1220 , 2003.
11. High production volume (HPV) challenge program test plan for petroleum additives
alkaryl sulfonate category.
Pepared by: The Amirican Chemistry council petroleum additives panel, Health,
Environmental , and Regulatory tusk group , 2001 ,6-7
12. Milton J.Rosen "Surfatants and interfacial phenomena”, 3rd edition, ISBN 0-471-47818-0
.
John wiley & Sons., Inc.(characteristic eautres of Surfatants )p 9 , 2004.
13. Marketing specifications of Iraqi petroleum products,Ministry of oil 1991.
14. SUNOCO JAPAN SUN OIL COMPANY LTD "Suniso Refrigeration oil specifications"
28/05/1425 www.sunoco.co.jp
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(KAJ( Kurdistan Academicians Journal,March 2006,4(1(part A
طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى 2706ئازارى , 2006بةرط 4ذ ( )1بةشى A
رؤنى يةخضا َ
ل لة مةوادى بنةرةتى ئامادةكردنى ِ
عيَراقى
عبد السلم رحيم كريم
كوليجى زانست /زانكوَى سليمانى /هةريَمى كوردستان -عيراق بةشي كيميا َ /
ثوختة
ل ،بةناو (ئايزؤ طري ََد ، 46 ، 32و ) 68ئامادةكرا سَىَجؤرى جياواز لةرِؤنَى يةخضا َ
بةبةكارهيَنانََى (قورسََة ئةلكايلى بنزيََن ) وةك ماددةى بنةرةتََى ،كََة لة بي َََجى وةك
بةرهةمَى لوةكَى ثةيدادةبي ََت لة ثرؤسَةى ثيشة سازى بةرهةم هيَنانَى (راسَتة ئةلكايلى
ل ماددةى ضاككةرى ظيسكؤسيتى. بنزين ) لةطة َ
رِةوشتََة فيزيايََي و كيمياييةكانََي رِؤنََة ئامادةكراوةكان بةراورد كران لةطة َ
ل رؤنََة
جيهانى ية هةمةجؤرةكانى رِؤنى يةخضا َ
ل
تحضير زيت الثلجات باستخدام مواد اساسية عراقية
عبدالسلم رحيم كريم
قسم الكيمياء /كلية العلوم /جامعة السليمانية /اقليم كوردستان -العراق
الخلصة
تَم تحضيَر ثلثَة انواع مختلفَة مَن زيوت الثلجات ،تحديدا ( درجََة ايزو ، 46 ، 32و
) 68من مادة الكيل البنزين الثقيل التى هى ناتج عرضى فى عملية انتاج الكيك البنزين
المسَتقيم المنتَج فَى بيجَى ،ومادة محسَن الزوجَة .وتَم مقارنَه الخصَائص الفيزيائيةو
الكيميائية للزيوت المحضرة مع زيوت الثلجات العالمية المكافئة .
Received on 2/9/2004 Accepted on 21/6/2005
وةرطيراوة لة ،2/9/2004ثةسندكراوة لة 21/6/2005
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