Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Wireline Formation Pressure Test

 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Formation Pressure?

Sea Floor

Over Pressure P*
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Causes of abnormal pressure

• Primary Pressuring Process
– COMPACTION DISEQUILIBRIUM (shale)
• Secondary Pressuring Processes
– GAS GENERATION (both, mostly shale)
– MATRIX COLLAPSE/FRAMEWORK WEAKENING (shale)
• SHALE DIAGENENSIS
• HYDROCARBON MATURATION
– AQUATHERMAL PRESSURING (both)
– STRUCTURAL UPLIFT (both)
– REGIONAL RELPERM SEAL (sands)
– QUARTZ PRECIPITATION (sands)
• Pressure Re-Distribution Process
– STRUCTURAL HYPERPRESSURING (sand, faults, any
permeability pathway)
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Pressure Units

2 Types of Units:
1) Pressure (psi, MPa, bars, atm)
• Units: Force/(Length2)

2) Pressure Gradient (psi/ft, PPG, g/cm3,..)

• Rate of Pressure Change with Depth – Units:
Force/(Length)3
• Local Gradient – gradient between two sub-surface points
• Average Gradient – gradient from surface (or sea level) –
equivalent to mud weight
• 1psi/ft = 0.052*PPG
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Pressure Unit ConversionTable

lbs/gal (PPG) API° SG psi/ft

5.10 100. 0.611 0.265

6.00 65.3 0.719 0.312
7.00 37.2 0.839 0.364
8.00 16.1 0.959 0.416
*8.34 10.0 1.00 0.433

**9.15 1.1 0.52

10.0 1.19 0.624

12.0 1.438 0.780

15.0 1.797

* fresh water
** salt water
141.5
API = - 131.5
SG @ 60 F
Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Uses of Wireline Testing

New or Virgin Reservoirs
•Determining formation pressure & fluid density
•Determining depth of fluid density contacts
•Estimating permeability and vertical permeability
•Calibrating mud overbalance for drilling
purposes
•Defining multiple contacts in an apparently
continuous section
•Real time Fluid Analysis, Fluid sampling and lab
PVT samples

Developed Reservoirs
•Determining movement of fluid contacts
•Identifying pressure depletion
•Estimating permeability
•Recognizing vertical and horizontal barriers
•Individualization of thief zones
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Wireline Testing Tool

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Tool Configurations
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Tester Probes
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Packer Module
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Strain Gauges

The primary gauge

on all wireline
formation testers is
the strain gauge. It
operates following
the basic principle
of converting the
pressure measured
into a mechanical
displacement or
deformation. The
technique employs
strain-sensitive
resistors on a metal
membrane.
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

The Hewlett Quartz Gauge

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Gauge Specifications
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Gauge
Accuracy
Accuracy of the RFT
pressure
measurement depends
on the type of gauge
used to make the
measurement.
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Formation Testers

Schlumberger Repeat Formation Testers (RFT)

Modular Dynamic Tester (MDT)
Formation Multi Tester (FMT)
Baker Atlas
Reservoir Characterization Instrument (RCI)
Multiset Tester (Welex MST)
Halliburton Selective Formation Tester (SFT)
Reservoir Description Tool (RDT)

All these tools can record unlimited number of precise and relatively
accurate pressure measurements in a single run.
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Wireline Formation Test Operations

Wireline T-Combo Interpretation Top

Sands #1

Depth correct

Sands #2
Depth correct
Select
pre-test Sampling
Sands #3
points when
Depth correct
going up

Sands #..
Depth correct

Sands #n
Depth correct

Bottom
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Setting the
Tool
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Setting the
Tool
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Schematic Pressure Profile

Formation
Pressure is
determined
here, after the
pressure is
built back up
from the
drawdown
pressure and
relatively
constant.
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Wireline
Testing
Log
Presentation
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Typical WFT Data Sheet

FORMATION TEST DATA SHEET Page 1 of 2

DATE: 28-29/10/99 MW: 14.1 PPG CO./TOOL: SCHL MDT

SET MD TVD TEMP INIT HSP FM PRESS 1 EMW FINAL HSP PT VOL PERM
COMMENTS
NO. (ft) (ft) (F) (psi) (psi) (ppg) (psi) (cc) (md)
1 12960 12944.4 180.2 9665.8 9394.46 13.96 9662.5 20 - Leaky Packer. Faulty tool func (solenoids).
Retry aborted when tool showed sticky.
2 13015 12998.8 180.9 9706.0 7128.18 10.54 9702.1 20 - Not stable, supercharged.
3 13015 12998.8 181.6 9705.4 7113.49 10.52 9702.1 10 - Not stable, supercharged.
4 13016 12999.8 182.2 9704.7 7089.45 10.49 9702.9 5 49.9 Good Test
5 13019 13002.7 182.6 9706.8 7090.82 10.49 9707.2 5 86.5 Good Test
6 13023 13006.7 183.0 9710.1 9422.71 13.93 9710.2 5 - Leaky packer
7 13023 13006.7 183.2 9710.4 7092.90 10.49 9709.9 5 90.8 Good Test
8 13026 13009.6 183.6 9712.6 7094.21 10.49 9712.0 5 40.4 Good Test
9 13033 13016.5 184.1 9717.3 7097.72 10.49 - 5 8.4 Good Test
10 13296 13275.9 185.7 9908.6 8417.86 12.19 9907.8 5 - Not stable, still building
11 13298 13277.8 186.2 9909.5 4021.59 5.82 9908.7 5 - Tight
12 13295 13274.9 186.6 9906.9 4588.81 6.65 9905.6 5 - Tight
13 13297 13276.8 187.0 9907.8 8285.72 12.00 9908.6 5 0.3 Low Perm, still building
14 13393 13371.3 187.5 9978.8 - - 5 - No Seal
15 13452 13429.1 188.0 10021.9 6445.55 9.23 10022.5 5 - Tight
16 13453 13430.1 188.6 10022.0 5462.77 7.82 10021.4 5 - Tight
17 14046 14007.3 195.1 10448.0 - - 10447.7 5 - Lost Seal
18 14054 14015.0 195.4 10454.1 - - 10453.4 5 - Lost Seal
19 14056 14017.0 195.5 10455.8 - - 10455.9 5 - No Seal
20 14055 14016.0 195.6 10455.1 8705.74 11.94 10451.5 5 0.1 Low Perm, still building
21 14112 14071.0 196.1 10494.5 7321.43 10.00 10491.0 5 - Tight
22 14114 14073.0 196.5 10495.1 - - 10496.2 5 - No Seal
23 14122 14080.7 196.6 10504.8 9439.16 12.89 10500.2 5 0.1 Low Perm, still building
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Supercharged Well Filter

Bore Cake Formation
Well Filter
Bore Cake Formation

Pressure
Points

Supercharged
Points

Don’t believe any

corrections
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Pressure
Samples for Fluid
Contacts

Gas Oil H2O

0.06-0.15 0.25-0.43 0.43-0.52

Fluid Pressure Gradients in psi/ft

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Fluid ID from
Pressure Gradients
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Fluid Typing
Using Pressure
Gradients
PRESSURE DATA
Pressure (psi)
11400 11500 11600 11700 11800 11900 12000 12100 12200 12300 12400
19300

Density of Oil Saturated w/ 0.6 gravity gas 19350

19400
0.5

19450

PVT Data 19500

0.45 MDT points
Series1
Series1
19550
0.372 psi/ft
Reservoir Fluid Density Gradient (psi/ft)

grad
0.4 19600
0.374
19650

Depth (ft TVDSS)

0.35 19700

19750

0.3
19800

19850

0.25
19900
These three sands have oil gradient
0.372 psi/ft
similar API gravity oils
19950 because they all have
0.2
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 20000
0.372 psi/ft gradients
Oil Gravity (deg API) (parallel lines), but they
20050
may not be in pressure
Oil API gravity can be calculated from
communication with each
wireline pressure gradients using 20100

representative fluids from a producing area other, because the lines

20150
are offset
20200
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Fluid Identification Pressure data helps identify fluid

type and fluid contacts in a well
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Meji-33
pressure plot
Helps identify fluid type and
fluid contacts
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Extrapolating
Fluid
Contacts
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Oil Water Contacts Defined

by Pressure Profile
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Unreasonable Fluid Contacts

Textbook example emphasizing
AGBAMI # 1and 2 - PRESSURE DATA
Pressure (psi) barrier detection when two
different fluid gradients (oil and
6700 6750 6800 6850 6900 6950 7000 7050 7100 7150
11800

11900
Agbami 1

Agbami 1
water) fail to intersect
Agbami 2

Series4
12000
Series6

Series11

12100 Series1

Agbami 2 - Run 3

Series7
12200

12300
Depth (ft TVDSS)

12400

12500

12600

Apparent water
gradient at
12700

13010’ MD - note
12800

unreasonable
intersection of
12900

water gradient
with overlying
13000

HC gradient
13100
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Reservoir
Continuity
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Gradients in
Complex
Producing
Environments
Schematic showing
how different
stratigraphic levels or
reservoirs behave
differently to pressure
depletion as a
result of production;
suggesting that there
are baffles of flow
between them vertically
that let the gradients
differ.
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Permeability Effects on Profiles

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Pretest Permeability

Typically computing mobility

Assume viscosity of fluid (~1?)
Spherical flow regime (drawdown) K V 1
1 phase flow with no damage? ≈ ΩS
µ 4rp tδ
∫ ∆p (τ )dτ
Can use build up data as well
0
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Pressure profiles High Permeability Formation

illustrating pretest
Pressure drops a bit then

reservoirs with Pres

quickly builds to Fm. pres

various sure
(psi) Fm. pressure=k +/-- 1
psi for few minutes

permeability
Time
(seconds)

Moderate Permeability Formation Low Permeability Fm. & Seal Failure

Pressure drops slowly then pretest Probe seal fails, no Fm. pres data
slowly builds to Fm. pres
Hydrostatic pres
Pres Pres Pressure drops
sure sure quickly to near
(psi) pretest Pressure (psi) zero probe seal
Operator may stop pres.
(psi)
buildup. Final pres< true isolates thousands
Fm. pres of psi

Time Time
(seconds) (seconds)
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Vertical Permeability
Tool Configuration

At least two probes at different depths

are needed. The pressure drop at probe
1 is monitored, while probe 2 executes
drawdown tests
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Temperature DATA (F)

Temperature 8000
0 50 100 150 200 250

Data From MDT 9000

Pumpouts
MDT Pumpout Temps

all trend

10000
well test samples

BHT - Well Log

Depth (ft TVDSS)

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

New technology
Fluid Analyzer Module

BakerHughes: In-Situ Fluids eXplorer (IFX)

Schlumberger: Downhole Fluid Analyzer (DFA)
 Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Formation Pressure While Drilling

to reduce rig time and risk of borehole loss
Geotap 2003

2004

Schlumberger
2005
Pressure Tools Operations Applications New Tech

Close-up of MWD Formation

Pressure Tool MWD Pressure Tool
is shorter, fatter &
simpler, than
wireline tool, does
not collect a sample
but retains accurate
HP Qtz gauge

MWD Fm. Pressure Tool

Wireline Tool