International Journal of Trend in Scientific

Research and Development (IJTSRD)

International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 1

Problems Faced by the Farmers w while

hile Availing the
Loan Facilities from the Banks - A Case Study of
District Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir

Mohd Asif Shah

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Economics,
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
Crop diversification refers to the addition of new faced by the farmers while availing the loan at the
crops or cropping systems to agricultural production household level in Kulgam, one of the districts of
on a particular farm taking into account the different Jammu and Kashmir, and Chi Square test has been
returns from value-added
added crops with complementary used to find out the association.
marketing
ing opportunities. It is an important mechanism
for economic growth, which can be facilitated by Keywords:: Crops; Cropping Systems; irrigation;
technological breaks-through,
through, by changes in consumer roads; infrastructure; crop diversification; Kulgam;
demand or in government policy or in trade Jammu and Kashmir
arrangements, and by development of irrigation,
roads, and otherr infrastructures. Diversification in Introduction:
agriculture is key in achieving food security,
improved human nutrition and increase in rural Crop Diversification is widely held to offer large
employment. In the past few decades, agricultural scope for improving the economic feasibility of many
sector in the whole state of Jammu and Kashmir and farm businesses and in turn decreasing their
particularly in the district
trict of Kulgam has witnessed a dependence on the production of primary subsidised
heavy shift in the cropping pattern from food crops to agricultural commodities. It can be understood as
non-food crops (cash-crops).
crops). The horticultural sector some kind off entrepreneurial activity on behalf of the
has been playing an important role in the State, farmer. Crop diversification can be helpful in creating
largely by contributing to the State Economy and best opportunities such as: changing consumer
turns to be the source
ource of livelihood for nearly thirty
thirty- demand, changing demographics, export potential,
three lakh people, but the paddy production on the adding value, changing marketing opportunities; but
other hand has shown an opposite trend. Paddy land is also has created threats like urbanization, risk,
getting changed into the horticultural land, as the external threats, domestic policy threats, climate
farmers find it to be more remunerative. Kulgam, change, and food insecurity. In making decisions
which was once ce the major producer of rice in the about the diversification, farmers need to consider
State, and was known to be the “Rice Rice Bowl of whether income generated by new farm enterprises
Kashmir”,”, is now among the least producers of rice. will be greaterr than the existing activities, with similar
Farmers witnessed that sticking only to the water water- or less risk.
intensive crops proved to be non-beneficial
beneficial and they
willingly shifted too the cash crops, like: apple, It is a best strategy to achieve the goals of
almond, and walnut. In the present study, the development. It took the attention of policy makers in
researcher estimates the association between the the country during the recent years. The approach
different socioeconomic variables and the problems envisages changes in production activities of farm

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Dec 2017 Page: 440
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
sector, to adjust to changes in economic environment tropical fruits throughout the whole year. These fruits
and to face the problems like unemployment and are not only the supplement diet of the local people,
depletion of natural resources (Ramesh Chand, 1999). but also appear to be the main item of export to other
The main objective of this approach is to raise per parts of India and rest of world (SP Sharma et al.,
capita income by means of opening of avenues for 2011). Kulgam which famous for the rice productivity
prolific employment opportunities in farm and non- once used to be called as rice bowl of the Kashmir is
farm sectors and to make the economic growth broad now amongst the least producers of rice (A. N. Raina,
and stable in the long-run (Amitabh Kundu, 2012). 2012). Paddy land is getting converted into
The success of the policy lies in the identification of horticultural land as farmers seek to earn more
the particular crop for the appropriate region-specific, revenue against horticultural products (Mohmad Iqbal
diversification choices, establishment of physical and Reshi et al., 2010). Farmers feel that sticking only to
institutional infrastructure services and execution of the water-intensive crops like paddy in times of water-
suitable strategies. scarcity might prove non-beneficial and they readily
switch over to cash crops like apple, almond and
Another feature of this approach is to prepare the walnuts (J&K Govt. Report, 2012).
farmers to grow excellent and profitable produce
based on both demand and supply in the long run Theoretical Perspective:
(Anjani Kumar et al., 2012). Diversification in
cropping pattern is likely to save the disintegration of There are two ways by which the farmers go for crop
agriculture economy and environment of the study diversification; one is to go for substitution and
area. Crop diversification acquires extraordinary second way is to go for expansion. In the former one
implication in this region because of the ecological the farmers go directly for substituting the crop by
and environmental problems and depletion of the new one, and in latter the farmers can go by
natural resources. Crop diversification refers to the increasing the land area by bringing unwanted lands
competition between the crops growing in a region. If or by clearing the forests under cultivation. But
there is eagerness in the competition, the higher will mostly the farmers have adopted substitution method
be the extent of crop diversification; and less rather than the expansion method in the study area.
important the competition, the better will be the trend There are lots of theories (Theory of Production and
in the direction of crop specialization (where Costs, Prof. Schultz Theory of Transforming
emphasis is on one or two crops). Therefore crop Traditional Agriculture) which discuss about the crop
diversification is an idea which is contradictory to diversification in detail, but the present study has used
crop specialization. The extent of crop diversification the Theory of Profit Maximisation to understand the
mainly depends on the geo climatic/socio-economic issue very well.
conditions and technological development in the area
Methodology:
(Husain, 2000).
The researcher has made an attempt to examine the
India is blessed with a varied set of regional, ground realities in the study area to devise a
agronomic, ecological, climatic, social and economic methodology and research design of the present study
attributes. As far the state of Jammu and Kashmir is by going through the existing literature meticulously
concerned, it is totally different regarding all these in the area of research. The present study is
features with the rest of the country. The economy of exploratory in nature, mainly based on the primary
Jammu & Kashmir principally depends on agriculture, data collected from thorough field survey with
having about one-third of its population engaged with structured interview schedule and the units of
this agriculture and allied sectors. The geography analyses being the household heads.
setup of the area is restricting the growth of paddy
cultivation. The production of paddy is not increasing Sampling Design:
in proportion to the cost involved in the farming, so in
this background of stagnation in paddy production, Among the three divisions (Jammu, Kashmir, and
which is not able to raise the level of employment in Ladakh) of Jammu and Kashmir State, Kashmir
the region, horticulture is a possible option for division chosen for the present study which is
exploration. The area is blessed with the appropriate dominated by the cultivation of apple. Kashmir
climatic zones for rising temperate, sub-tropical and division if further divided into South, North and
Central parts, comprises of ten districts. Anantnag,

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Kulgam, Shopian, and Pulwama form the Southern 4. There is no association between the attribute
part; while as Bandipora, Baramulla, and Kupwara (occupation) and the problems faced by the
forms the Northern part and Budgam, Ganderbal and farmers while availing the loan.
Srinagar as the Central part of the region. 5. There is an association between the attribute
(family type) and the problems faced by the
In all the ten districts of Kashmir region, both apple farmers while availing the loan.
and rice are extensively cultivated. Out of which, the 6. There is an association between the attribute
five districts which come under high productivity (family size) and the problems faced by the
group in case of both apple and rice production are: farmers while availing the loan.
Kulgam, Budgam, Anantnag, Pulwama, and 7. There is an association between the attribute (land
Baramulla. Kulgam district, which was once known owned) and the problems faced by the farmers
as the “Rice Bowl of Kashmir” has been chosen for while availing the loan.
observing the rapid trend in the shifting of paddy
cultivation towards the apple cultivation over the last Results and Discussion:
few decades.
Primary data were obtained from the survey samples The table 1 examines the association between the
by adopting stratified random sampling method to dependent variable i.e. the problems faced by the
choose the respondents from the selected villages, respondents while availing the loan from the banks
with the help of an interview schedule by (whether they face the problems always, or very often,
implementing three-stage sampling procedure as or sometimes, or rarely, or never) and the various
follows: independent variables (characteristics of the
Stage I: Selection of all ten horticultural blocks of household head) such as age, gender, educational
district Kulgam. (Manzgam, Waripora, D.K. Marg, qualification, occupation, family type, family size and
Kulgam, Arreh, Kadder, Qazigund, Devsar, Qaimoh, land owned. Out of the total sample size, N=272
and Yaripora) respondents, 108 respondents (39.7 per cent) depicted
Stage II: Selection of thirty-four highly apple that they face the problems only “sometimes”, 74
populated orchardist villages from all ten blocks by respondents (27.2 per cent) are “rarely” facing the
the number of villages in the respective blocks. problems, 36 respondents (13.2 per cent) “very often”
Stage III: Selection of total of 272 sample face the problems, 34 respondents (12.5 per cent)
respondents of the total thirty-four villages, eight “never” face the problems and the rest of the 20
sample respondents from each village. respondents (7.4 per cent) “always” faced the
problem.
Objectives:
In the age group of 21 to 40, the highest share of 28
The following objectives were set for the present sample respondents (58.3 per cent of the row total)
research: faced the problem only sometimes, 4 sample
respondents (8.3 per cent of the row total) always
1. To find out the association between the different faced the problem and 4 sample respondents (8.3 per
socioeconomic variables and the problems faced cent of the row total) never faced any problem. In the
by the farmers while availing the loan. age group of 21 to 40, the highest share of 66 sample
respondents (38.4 per cent of the row total) faced the
Hypotheses: problem only sometimes, 24 sample respondents (14.0
per cent of the row total) never faced any problem and
1. There is an association between the attribute (age)
14 sample respondents (8.1 per cent of the row total)
and the problems faced by the farmers while
always faced the problem. And in the age group of 21
availing the loan.
to 40, the highest share of 22 sample respondents
2. There is no association between the attribute
(42.3 per cent of the row total) rarely faced the
(gender) and the problems faced by the farmers
problem, 6 sample respondents (11.5 per cent of the
while availing the loan.
row total) never faced any problem and 2 sample
3. There is an association between the attribute
respondents (3.8 per cent of the row total) always
(educational qualification) and the problems faced
faced the problem.
by the farmers while availing the loan.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the respondents who have studied up to graduation, 8
association between the attribute (age) and the sample respondents (36.4 per cent of the row total)
problems faced by the respondents while availing the faced the problem only sometimes, 8 sample
loan from the banks. The result reveals that the respondents (36.4 per cent of the row total) rarely
calculated chi-square value (17.67) at 8 degrees of faced the problem, 2 sample respondents (9.1 per cent
freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can of the row total) never faced any problem and none of
be concluded that there is an association between the the respondents always faced any problem. Finally,
attribute (age) and the problems faced by the among the sample respondents who have studied PG
respondents while availing the loan from the banks. or above, the highest share of 20 sample respondents
In the case of gender, among the males, the highest (62.5 per cent of the row total) faced the problem only
share of 98 sample respondents (40.2 per cent of the sometimes, 2 sample respondents (6.3 per cent of the
row total) faced the problem only sometimes, 28 row total) always faced the problem and none of the
sample respondents (11.5 per cent of the row total) respondents never faced any problems.
never faced any problem and 20 sample respondents
(8.2 per cent of the row total) always faced the The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
problem, and among the females 10 sample association between the attribute (education) and the
respondents (35.7 per cent of the row total) faced the problems faced by the respondents while availing the
problem only sometimes, 10 sample respondents (35.7 loan from the banks. The result reveals that the
per cent of the row total) rarely faced any problems, 6 calculated chi-square value (32.27) at 16 degrees of
sample respondents (21.4 per cent of the row total) freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can
never faced any problems and none of the respondents be concluded that there is an association between the
depicted the facing of problem always. attribute (education) and the problems faced by the
respondents while availing the loan from the banks.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the In the case of occupational structure, among the
association between the attribute (gender) and the respondents practicing agriculture, the highest share
problems faced by the respondents while availing the of 46 sample respondents (39.0 per cent of the row
loan from the banks. The result reveals that the total) faced the problem only sometimes, 18 sample
calculated chi-square value (6.11) at 1 degrees of respondents (15.3 per cent of the row total) never
freedom is > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that faced any problem and 10 sample respondents (8.5
there is no association between the attribute (gender) per cent of the row total) always faced the problem.
and the problems faced by the respondents while Similarly, among the respondents having business as
availing the loan from the banks. their main income generating source, the highest share
of 30 sample respondents (36.6per cent of the row
In the case of educational qualification, considering total) faced the problem only sometimes, 10 sample
illiterates, the highest share of 34 sample respondents respondents (12.2 per cent of the row total) never
(42.5 per cent of the row total) faced the problem only faced any problem and 6 sample respondents (7.3 per
sometimes, 10 sample respondents (12.5 per cent of cent of the row total) always faced the problem.
the row total) never faced any problem and 6 sample Likewise, among the respondents who are in
respondents (7.5 per cent of the row total) always government service, the highest share of 32 sample
faced the problem. Likewise, among the respondents respondents (44.4 per cent of the row total) faced the
who have studied up to middle, the highest share of problem only sometimes, 6 sample respondents (8.3
34 sample respondents (33.3 per cent of the row total) per cent of the row total) never faced any problem and
faced the problem only sometimes, 18 sample 4 sample respondents (5.6 per cent of the row total)
respondents (17.6 per cent of the row total) never always faced the problem.
faced the problem and 12 sample respondents (11.8
per cent of the row total) always faced the problem. The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
Among the respondents, who have studied HSC, the association between the attribute (occupation) and the
highest share of 12 sample respondents (33.3 per cent problems faced by the respondents while availing the
of the row total) faced the problem only sometimes, 4 loan from the banks. The result reveals that the
sample respondents (11.1 per cent of the row total) calculated chi-square value (10.61) at 8 degrees of
never faced any problem and none of the respondents freedom is > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that
always faced any problem. Similarly, among the there is no association between the attribute

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
(occupation) and the problems faced by the be concluded that there is an association between the
respondents while availing the loan from the banks. attribute (family size) and the problems faced by the
In the case of family type, among the nuclear type respondents while availing the loan from the banks.
household families, the highest share of 78 sample In case of land owned, considering the group of
respondents (40.2 per cent of the row total) faced the households having land size below 2 Kanals, the
problem only sometimes, 26 sample respondents (13.4 highest share of 4 sample respondents (40.0 per cent
per cent of the row total) never faced any problem and of the row total) faced the problem only sometimes, 6
18 sample respondents (9.3 per cent of the row total) sample respondents (60.0 per cent of the row total)
always faced the problem, and among the joint family rarely faced any problem and there was not any
type households the highest share of 30 sample respondent left with other options. Among the
respondents (38.5 per cent of the row total) faced the respondents who are having the land size of 3 to 4
problem only sometimes, 8 sample respondents (10.3 Kanals the highest share of 18 sample respondents
per cent of the row total) never faced any problem and (36.0 per cent of the row total) faced the problem only
2 sample respondents (2.6 per cent of the row total) sometimes, 10 sample respondents (20.0 per cent of
always faced the problem. the row total) never faced any problem and 6 sample
respondents (12.0 per cent of the row total) always
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the faced the problem. Among the respondents, who have
association between the attribute (family type) and the land size of 5 to 8 Kanals, the highest share of 42
problems faced by the respondents while availing the sample respondents (38.9 per cent of the row total)
loan from the banks. The result reveals that the faced the problem only sometimes, 12 sample
calculated chi-square value (8.31) at 4 degrees of respondents (11.1 per cent of the row total) always
freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can faced the problem and 10 sample respondents (9.3 per
be concluded that there is an association between the cent of the row total) never faced any problem.
attribute (family type) and the problems faced by the Among the respondents who have land size of 9 to 16
respondents while availing the loan from the banks. Kanals, the highest share of 44 sample respondents
In the case of family size, in the group of households (47.8 per cent of the row total) faced the problem only
having family size below 5, the highest share of 68 sometimes, 14 sample respondents (15.2 per cent of
sample respondents (43.6 per cent of the row total) the row total) never faced any problem and 2 sample
faced the problem only sometimes, 22 sample respondents (2.2 per cent of the row total) always
respondents (14.1 per cent of the row total) never faced the problem. And among the sample
faced any problem and 8 sample respondents (5.1 per respondents who have land size of above 16 Kanals,
cent of the row total) always faced the problem. the highest share of 8 sample respondents (66.7 per
Among the households in the group of 6-10 the cent of the row total) rarely faced the problem, 4
highest share of 26 sample respondents (34.2 per cent sample respondents (33.3 per cent of the row total)
of the row total) faced the problem only sometimes, very often faced any problem and there was none of
12 sample respondents (15.8 per cent of the row total) the respondent left with other options.
always faced the problem and 8 sample respondents
(10.5 per cent of the row total) never faced any The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
problem. And, among the households having the association between the attribute (land owned) and the
family size of above 10, the highest share of 14 problems faced by the respondents while availing the
sample respondents (35.0 per cent of the row total) loan from the banks. The result reveals that the
faced the problem only sometimes, 14 sample calculated chi-square value (39.3) at 16 degrees of
respondents (35.0 per cent of the row total) rarely freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can
faced the problem, 4 sample respondents (10.0 per be concluded that there is an association between the
cent of the row total) never faced any problem and attribute (land owned) and the problems faced by the
none of the respondents always faced the problem. respondents while availing the loan from the banks.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (family size) and the
problems faced by the respondents while availing the
loan from the banks. The result reveals that the
calculated chi-square value (17.54) at 8 degrees of
freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
REFERENCES Marketing in Kashmir Valley, India.” Journal of
Environmental Research and Development. Vol.
1. Hussain M. 2000. Systematic Geography of J&K. 4, April-June.
New Delhi: Rawat Publication. 113-125.
9. Shah, Mohd Shah., and A. Anbuvel. (2016)
2. Joshi, P.K., Ahok Gulati, P.S. Birthal and “Cropping Pattern Change in Jammu & Kashmir-
Laxmi Tewari. 2003. “Agricultural A Case Study of District Kulgam.” Golden
Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Research Thoughts (GRT-IMRJ), 6(6): 1-8.
Determinants and Policy Implication.”
International Food Policy Research Institute, 10. Shah, Mohd Shah., and A. Anbuvel. (2016)
Washington, D.C., U.S.A. MSSD Discussion paper “Determinants Crop Diversification in Jammu &
No. 57. Kashmir-A Case Study of District Kulgam.”
Indian Streams Research Journal (ISJR-IMRJ),
3. Kumar, Anjani, Pramod Kumar and Alakh 6(10): 70-77.
N.Sharma. 2012. “Crop Diversification in Eastern
India: Status and Determinants”. Indian Journal of 11. Singh, R. S. (2005). “Marketing of citrus fruits in
Agricultural Economics. Vol. 67, No.4, Oct-Dec, Mid Hills of Jammu & Kashmir.”In Prasad,
pp. 600-616.
4. Kumar, Anjani, Pramod Kumar and Alakh Jagdish, ed. Encyclopedia of Agricultural
N.Sharma. 2012. “Crop Diversification in Eastern Marketing. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
India: Status and Determinants”. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics. 67(4): 600-616. 12. Swaminathan, M. S. Abdul Aziz Zargar,
Anwar Alam and Nagendra Sharma. 2008.
5. Kundu, Amitabh. 2006. “Changing Agrarian “Towards food secure Jammu, Kashmir and
System and Rural Urban Linkages” In Handbbok Ladakh”. Epiolgue, (13): 10-13.
of Agriculture in India, ed. Shovan Roy. 183-202.
New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
REPORTS
6. Raina, A. N. 2012. Geography of Jammu &
Kashmir State. Pacca Danga, Jammu: Radha 1. Agricultural Production Department. (2012-13),
Krishan Anand & Co. Government of Jammu and Kashmir.
7. Ramesh Chand. 1999. “Emerging Crisis in 2. Government of Jammu and Kashmir. (2012-13),
Punjab Agriculture: Severity and Options for Digest of Statistics, Directorate of Economics and
Future”, Economic and Political Weekly. 34(13): Statistics.
A2-A10. 3. Ph.D. Research Bureau Compiled from National
8. Reshi, Mohmad Iqbal, Muzaffer Ahmad Malik Horticulture Board. (2010-11), Government of
and Vijay Kumar. 2010. “Assessment of India.
Problems and Prospects of Apple Production and

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Table 1: Association between the Socio-Economic Variables and the Problems Faced By the Farmers
While Availing the Loan

Facing The Problems While Taking Loan From The Banks.

Variables Total
Always Very Often Sometimes Rarely Never
4 2 28 10 (20.8) 4 48
21 to 40
(8.3) (4.2) (58.3) (8.3) (100.0)
14 26 66 42 (24.4) 24 172
41 to 60
(8.1) (15.1) (38.4) (14.0) (100.0)
Age

2 8 14 22 (42.3) 6 52
Above 60
(3.8) (15.4) (26.9) (11.5) (100.0)
20 36 108 74 (27.2) 34 272
Total
(7.4) (13.2) (39.7) (12.5) (100.0)
Chi Square df P-Value
17.67 8 0.02 S
20 34 98 64 (26.2) 28 244
Male
(8.2) (13.9) (40.2) (11.5) (100.0)
Gender

0 2 10 10 (35.7) 6 28
Female
(7.1) (35.7) (21.4) (100.0)
20 36 108 74 (27.2) 34 272
Total
(7.4) (13.2) (39.7) (12.5) (100.0)
Chi Square df P-Value
6.11 4 0.19 NS
6 12 34 18 10 80
Illiterate
(7.5) (15.0) (42.5) (22.5) (12.5) (100.0)
Educational Qualification

12 (11.8) 10 34 28 18 102
Middle
(9.8) (33.3) (27.5) (17.6) (100.0)
0 10 12 10 4 36
HSC
(27.8) (33.3) (27.8) (11.1) (100.0)
0 4 8 8 2 22
Graduation
(18.2) (36.4) (36.4) (9.1) (100.0)
2 0 20 10 0 32
PG/other
(6.3) (62.5) (31.3) (100.0)
20 36 108 74 34 272
Total
(7.4) (13.2) (39.7) (27.2) (12.5) (100.0)
Chi Square df P-Value
32.27 16 0.001 S
10 18 46 26 18 118
Agriculture
Occupational Structure

(8.5) (15.3) (39.0) (22.0) (15.3) (100.0)

6 14 30 22 10 82
Business
(7.3) (17.1) (36.6) (26.8) (12.2) (100.0)
Government 4 4 32 26 6 72
service (5.6) (5.6) (44.4) (36.1) (8.3) (100.0)
20 36 108 74 34 272
Total (7.4) (13.2) (39.7) (27.2) (12.5) (100.0)
Chi Square df P-Value
10.61 8 0.22 NS

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Table 1 Contd...

Facing The Problems While Taking Loan From The Banks.

Variables Total
Always Very Often Sometimes Rarely Never
18 20 78 52 26 194
Nuclear
Type of Family

(9.3) (10.3) (40.2) (26.8) (13.4) (100.0)

2 16 30 22 8 78
Joint (2.6) (20.5) (38.5) (28.2) (10.3) (100.0)
20 36 108 74 (27.2) 34 272
Total (7.4) (13.2) (39.7) (12.5) (100.0)
Chi Square df P-Value
8.31 4 0.01 S
8 16 68 42 22 156
Below 5 (5.1) (10.3) (43.6) (26.9) (14.1) (100.0)
Size of the Family

12 12 26 18 8 76
6-10 (15.8) (15.8) (34.2) (23.7) (10.5) (100.0)
0 8 14 14 4 40
Above 10 (20.0) (35.0) (35.0) (10.0) (100.0)
20 36 108 74 (27.2) 34 272
Total (7.4) (13.2) (39.7) (12.5) (100.0)
Chi Square df P-Value
17.54 8 0.01 S
0 0 4 6 0 10
Below 2 (40.0) (60.0) (100.0)
6 6 18 10 10 50
3-4
Size of Land Owned

(12.0) (12.0) (36.0) (20.0) (20.0) (100.0)

12 14 42 30 10 108
5-8 (11.1) (13.0) (38.9) (27.8) (9.3) (100.0)
2 12 44 20 14 92
9-16 (2.2) (13.0) (47.8) (21.7) (15.2) (100.0)
0 4 0 8 0 12
Above 16 (33.3) (66.7) (100.0)
20 36 108 74 34 272
Total (7.4) (13.2) (39.7) (27.2) (12.5) (100.0)
Chi Square df P-Value
39.30 16 0.001 S
Source:Computed
Note: Figures in parentheses indicate percentage to the row total.

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