POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE OF LA UNION

Agoo, La Union
Telefax No. (072) 710-0242 Tel No. 607-9512/ (072) 521-0592
Member: Philippine Association of Colleges & Universities

FINANCING EDUCATION AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTION

A TERM PAPER PRESENTED TO

DR. ROSELLE DE GUZMAN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN

MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY:

CHERILOU S. ORTIGUERO
 Introduction

Finance and Administration ensures the efficiency to support the organization as a

whole to focus on its core business and thus attain its targets through the provision of

finance and administrative services. Finance Service formulates a national policy

framework for the operationalization of the Finance services in the Department.

Provides management with technical staff assistance on fiscal matters particularly on:

management of financial resources, determination of budgetary requirement,

accounting of the Department’s funds

Financing of education in the Philippines is mainly by the government (public) and by

households (private). Since the 1990’s there has been a shift in the public/private mix in

education financing towards higher private share. The education consumption age

profiles by income group are used to study how change in the public/private financing

mix for education could possibly affect the distribution of total education expenditures

and per capita private education costs by income group. Between 2007 and 2040 the

schooling age population of the Philippines is projected to continue to increase in size

and the age structure to shift towards significantly higher proportion in the age group

that attend the tertiary school level. The education consumption age profiles by income

group are used to estimate the education resource requirements (by age group and by

income group) of the projected schooling age population for 2040 and these are

examined to determine effects that change in the age structure may have on education

expenditures by income group. Hypothetical or simulated aggregate education

consumption age profiles for an alternative education financing mix and for a future

year (2040) are generated, and these are compared with the reference or actual

aggregate age profiles for 2007. The implications of change in education financing mix

and projected change in school-age population on education expenditures of the

different income groups are inferred from the comparisons. Aggregate age profiles, or
estimates of aggregate education consumption by age, are derived by multiplying the

population size at each age with the mean per capita education consumption for that

specific age. The computations for aggregate age profiles are done by income tercile

group, and for public and private education consumption.

Statement of the Problem

This study was designed to determine the distribution of the 2007 Philippine school-age

population by income group and by age, the education consumption per capita age

profiles by income group ,the actual 2007 aggregate age profiles by income group , the

implications of change in the public/private mix of education financing on education

expenditures of income groups, the education resource requirements by income group

implied by the projected 2040 school-age population.

Methodology

This paper uses the medium variant of the United Nations population projections for

the Philippines (United Nations, 2011) and the Philippines NTA results for the year 2007

(i.e., the per capita age profiles of public and private education consumption by income

tercile group) as input to the simulation of aggregate education consumption age

profiles by income group. The two sets of input data used in this paper are described in

Sections 2 and 3. The distribution of the 2007 Philippine school-age population by

income group and by age is presented in Section 2, along with a description of the UN

projections for the school-age population for 2040. The education consumption per

capita age profiles by income group from the 2007 Philippine NTA are described in

Section 3. The actual 2007 aggregate age profiles by income group which are used as

the reference for the comparisons in Sections 4 and 5, are also presented in Section 3.

Section 4 discusses the implications of change in the public/private mix of education

financing on education expenditures of income groups. Section 5 discusses the

education resource requirements by income group implied by the projected 2040

specifically possible undesirable effects of change in the education financing mix and

age distribution of the school-age population. Section 6 concludes the paper. 2. School-

age population by income group in 2007 and the 2040 projection.The aggregate age

profiles for combined public and private education consumption simulated for the

alternative 50/50 financing mix scenario and actual 2007 aggregate age profiles

(representing the 42/58 financing mix) are shown by income group in Figure 12.

Comparing the simulated to the actual 2007 age profiles, the changes for the top

income tercile are distinctly different to those of the middle and bottom income terciles.

The bottom and middle income terciles age profiles clearly show higher aggregate

education expenditures in the ages 5-16 years when public/private financing mix is

50/50 compared to 42/58 (actual 2007). The top tercile age profiles, on the other hand,

show significantly lower aggregate education expenditures in the ages 16-21 years

when financing mix is 50/50 compared to when financing mix 42/58.

Conclusion

The findings indicate the need total reallocate education resources among schooling

levels in the future: reduce elementary school share and increase tertiary school level

share. The share of the secondary school level remains nearly unchanged. The

reallocation indicated by the simulations is similar for both public and private education

expenditures. The change in the school-age population distribution by age from 2007 to

2040 has other additional implications: (1) the public/private education financing mix

will shift from 42/58 in 2007 to 34/66 in 2040; (2) the share of total education

consumption of the bottom income tercile will be reduced; and (3) the per capita

private education will increase for all income groups. Results of the comparison in

Section 4 showed that in fact, given no change in school-age population age structure,

a change in the public/private education financing mix in itself towards higher share of
private financing would bring about (1) reduced education consumption share for the

bottom income tercile, and (2) increased per capita private expenditures for all income

groups. The purpose of government education expenditures should therefore be viewed

not only as service provision but also as a handle that can be used to influence the

public/private education financing mix. Additionally, government has other handles it

can use to influence the financing mix on the private education expenditures side

including policies related to the setting of tuition and other fees in public schools,

regulation of tuition and other fees in private schools and policies to contain other

education-related costs (e.g., books, uniforms) paid for by households.