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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter does not aim to argue but to quench the
researcher’s curiosity with regards to the factors that is affecting
the course choice of ABM students to their academic performance.
Moreover, this chapter also includes researcher’s different
learning and explanations regarding to ABM. Furthermore, this
chapter includes researcher’s different views and studies
regarding to the effects of their choice to their performance.
Likewise, researchers believed that related literature and studies
presented would provide insights and will serve as their guide to
complete the research.
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
Accounting, Business and Management combines all aspects of
business studies with financial planning and decision-making. You will
learn about techniques, concepts and debates in organizational
behaviour, financial and management accounting, marketing and
human resource management. You will build your understanding of
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business strategy, behaviour and performance in the global context
(Keele University, 2016).
The Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) strand would
focus on the basic concepts of financial management, business
management, corporate operations, and all things that are accounted
for. ABM can also lead you to careers on management and accounting
which could be sales manager, human resources, marketing director,
project officer, bookkeeper, accounting clerk, internal auditor, and a lot
more (Edukasyon, 2018).
Meanwhile, according to USJR (2016), ABM strand is designed as
an introductory course in accounting and business and management
where students are trained to think logically and scientifically and
are acquainted with the rudiments of accounting, business and
management concepts and principles in order to prepare them to
pursue college degrees that focus on business and industry where their
contribution as future accountants, entrepreneurs, and business
leaders are vital to the progress and development of the economy and
critical to the promotion of a sustainable green business.
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On the other hand, become a well-rounded professional
understanding both the operations of a business and the finances
behind it with this flexible course. In the first year you’ll gain solid
grounding on all aspects of accounting and business including
understanding organisations, business law and financial accounting.
You can then specialise in accounting, business, or both with subjects
such as managing international business and management accounting
(GLOS, 2018).
Furtheremore, ABM strand is perfect for those inclined in
mathematics and for those persons who want to venture into the world
of business, marketing and enterprise. Also, for those who plan on
taking up Economics, Business Administration, Accountancy and
Marketing in college (Ocbena, 2016).
Personal Interest
From the study of Sinkombo (2016), personal interests matter in
career choices in the sense that matching personal interests with
career choice often leads to job satisfaction. Thus, interests of the
children provided them with motives towards their career choices.
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In addition, as cited by Nyamwange (2016) from Sharf (2010)
contends that clarity and meaning of life are expressed in ones career.
Consequently, it is by being armed with better information and proper
guidance that individuals are able to make appropriate career
decisions.
Personal factors (individual factors) include cognitive and mental
processes which dictate career decision making such as attitude, self-
concept, self-efficacy and knowledge (Sharf, 1992 as cited by Amani,
2013).
Furthermore, …the main intrinsic factors responsible for
influencing career choice decisions include an individual’s personality,
interests, self concept, attitudes and cultural identity. On the other
hand, the main extrinsic factors include social contacts, role models;
availability of resources such as information and finances,
globalization, ethnic background, level of educational attainment,
choice of subjects of study and differences in job characteristics (Kerka,
2000; Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara and Pastorelli, 2001; McQuaid
and Bond, 2003 cited by Nyamwange, 2016).
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According to Nyamwange (2016), prior knowledge prepares an
individual on the conditions obtaining for a career and one will decide
to enter a career from a point of knowledge. Knowledge on a career
can be acquired through doing research and consultations; training,
exposure as well as industrial attachment. Other avenues through
which individuals receive prior knowledge for their careers include
mentorship, commitment, motivation and socializing with people in the
career of interest.
However, there are also those who choose to follow careers that
they have a passion for regardless of the prospects of the benefits; for
the reason that a career is a critical element in determining an
individual’s daily routine, life activities, standard of living; and the
spiritual and social aspects of life. In fact a career affects the ordering
of one’s entire life (Pummel, Harwood and Lavallee, 2008 cited by
Nyamwange, 2016).
Family Influence
As parents, you know that you affect your child’s career
development and choices, the same way you know that the career
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choices young people make will affect their job satisfaction, where they
live, how much they earn and who their friends may be (Sinkombo,
2016).
In addition, the majority of papers published on this subject
consistently ranked parents as the most important and influential
individuals regarding career decisions, as compared to teachers, peers,
counsellors and others. however, Parents often wonder and worry
about what their children will do when they grow up after many years
of investing into their formal and informal education, thus, they always
hope that their children launches into a successful career. As such, the
importance of their influence towards career choice of their children is
consistently critical (Ferry, 2006 cited from Sinkombo, 2016).
Based on the research of Huda (2014), there have several
reasons for familial and societal influence but I pointed out only four
reasons. Dependency to family is the first reason for familial influence.
As the students are dependent to their family, so they have to take
family’s decision. Students’ maturity is another reason for familial
influence. Students don’t get the right to take their own decision
because of not reaching maturity stage, thought by the parent.
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Additionally, parent’s job sector and experience also create interest in
to the children’s mind.
Moreover, parents are of great importance in career choices of
their children and that children seek advice from their since they trust
them more than any other people. Although schools, peers, and the
community in which the children come live in all have an impact on the
children‘s self-identity and career choice, the expectations and
perceptions of parents on vocational fit for their children have been
found to be the key players in shaping career choices of these
children… if that these parents support their children and encourage
them to work hard while at secondary school so that they may obtain
good results to help them access a good career. This could be a career
of their interest and capability (Sinkombo, 2016).
On the other hand, students can’t take their career
decision by their (student) own choice. They take families
decision either willingly or families create pressure over them to
take family’s decision. As a result the students can’t perform well
in the sector that has selected by their family, because they
didn’t like that sector. They couldn’t raise their voice against
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their family at the time of taking decision. Sometimes they feel
frustration for that and also go for addiction (Huda 2014).
In some evidence, according to Bergen (2006) as cited by
Huda (2016), it is proved that parents influence their children’s
career development and family give resources which are
important about thinking their(children) future ideas. Family give
economic and emotional support and also transfer norms, values,
goals and expectation to their child, and these factors create
strong impact in career development.
Academic Preference
Career preference is an issue since when a student is forced to
take a course against his will; such a student will not feel motivated to
perform well (Kitainge and Hellen, 2016).
Moreover, Kitainge and Hellen (2016), career preference is a
preferred choice of a course taken by a student which culminates to a
specific career. A comparative lack of interest in a career can affect
students’ interest or commitment to a course and influence their
academic performance.
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As stated by Cuthbert (2005) as cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al
(2014), understanding the students’ learning styles is important for
allowing adjustment in the educators’ pedagogic approaches.
In addition, students usually have preferences for the ways by
which they learn or understand a subject and it is advisable for
students to tailor these styles to suit their own learning needs (Lujan
and DiCarlo, 2006 cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al, 2014).
Indicators such as career preference also affect lecture
attendance and this determines whether learners perform well
academically or not and remedial measures could be implemented
before it is too late (Kitainge and Hellen, 2016).
Furthermore, It is accepted that learning styles can help students
enhance their own learning and thus encourage self-directed learning
(Abdul Latiff et. Al, 2014 cited from Coffield et. Al, 2004).
In-Demand Jobs
According to Brochert (2002), influence how students have
perceived their future in terms of the reasonable probability of a future
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in particular career fields. The issue of poverty has played an important
determining role in the opportunities available to all.
Moreover, Nyamwange (2016) cited from Hewit (2010) notes that
most people are heavily influenced either by professions that their
parents favour; or the ones that their educational achievements have
opened for them. Yet, other individuals are influenced by careers that
offer prospects of higher benefits including salary, allowances and
holidays.
Financial sustainability plays a major role in alterations of career
life. They need to work in order to sustain their studies, as wells as to
help their family about expenses and earlier exposure to a company
(Polytechnic University of the Philippines, 2010).
Social Influence
As Huda (2016) said, society is another factor that influence in
decision making. And the effect of societal influence on people is high.
Gender also influence in career decision making.
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In addition, sometimes neighbors or some well-known persons of
the society try to influence on students career decision making by
sharing their experience and knowledge (Huda 2016).
According to the study of Sinkombo (2016), many adolescents'
career decisions are influenced by the media or by their peers with
little thought of what they might personally be interested in or
motivated to do. If they are college bound, they may simply keep
changing majors until they find something they like.
Furthermore, Huda (2016) cited from Fisher and Stanfford (1999)
mentioned that friends’ and peers’ influence is not seen at all. But
society has also little impact on career decision making process. Beside
familial influence I also assumed a reason which is related to social
impact. I assumed that some neighbors or prominent members of the
society try to create hidden influence over students’ career decision
making process. They share their personal experience with the
students. In this way they try to make an impression to the students
about their career decision. That’s how society influences over the
students.
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On the other hand, social factors which are also viewed as
external forces from the society may also affect ones career decisions.
A good example for this is social influences from significant others.
Therefore, individual’s motives for career choice intentions are also
determined by both personal and social oriented factors. A person is
more likely to perform the behaviour if significant others support his or
her intentions to do so (Amani, 2013 cited from Ajzen, 2006).
Also, as cited by Amani (2013) from Kidd (2006) that when
people are provided with adequate information at the right time, it can
make a big difference in career planning. Thus, this study examined
how occupational knowledge and social influence determines ones’
decision whether or not to join the careers of his/her choice.
Synthesis
The above-mentioned review of related literature were all
considered significant because this made researcher understands
better the most fundamental concept studied in the said
research.
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Based on Keele University (2016), Edukasyon (2018), Univesity of
San Jose-Recoletos (USJR) 2016, Univesity of Gloucestershire (GLOS)
2018 and Ocbena (2016), ABM strand is the path way that will lead you
to different courses and job careers in this society and comprises all
aspects of business studies with financial planning.
This strand may went through the career of management and
accounting which could be sales manager, human resources,
marketing director, project officer, bookkeeper, accounting clerk,
internal auditor and also becoming an accountants, entrepreneurs,
and business leaders.
Furthermore, according to Sinkombo (2016), Nyamwange (2016)
cited from Sharf (2010), Sharf (1992) as cited by Amani (2013), Kerka
(2000); Bandura, Barbaranelli, Capara and Patorelli (2001); McQuaiad
and Bond (2003) cited by Nyamwange (2016), Nyamwange (2016) and
Pummel, Harwood and Lovallee (2008) cited by Nyamwange (2016),
that personal interests matter in career choices because it will make
you feel comfortable, satisfied to your chosen course. Also, you may be
feel the eagerness to learn a lot in that course. Moreover, Sinkombo
(2016), Ferry (2006) cited from Sinkombo (2016), Huda (2014) and
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Bergen (2006) as cited by Huda (2016) states that family influenced a
lot the way their child choice their career or courses because they
know the right thing for their child, whether it would be good or bad
for them. But, some child didn’t actually like the chosen career of their
family for them. In that way, some of them didn’t perform well because
they frustrate due to a lot of expectations. In addition, Kitainge and
Hellen (2016), Cuthbert (2005) as cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al (2014),
Lujan and DiCarlo (2006) cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al (2014) and Abdul
Latiff et. Al (2014) cited from Coffield et. Al (2004) states that
academic preference/attainments and educational achievements of a
students demands urgent attention to attain their goals and helps
them a lot through choosing a course that fits for them.
In general, the synthesis of related studies and literature
focuses on the important aspects of this research namely:
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM), factors affecting
the course choice of ABM students such as personal interest,
family influence, academic preference, in-demand jobs and social
influence together with the effects of course choice of ABM
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students to their academic performance such as . The
information gathered form this chapter will be further use in the
preceding chapter of this research.
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Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter will deal with the method of research that will
be used, the respondents of the study, the instrument to be
utilized in this investigation, the data gathering which will be
adopted, and the statistical treatment that will apply to data that
is being obtained in the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers will use a descriptive research design to link to
quantitative research. According to Sicat-De Laza (2016) as cited by
Briones et. Al (2018), the descriptive approach illustrates the specific
and current conditions of the event and not the past or the future. This
study will illustrate the factors affecting the academic course choice of
ABM students in their academic performance at Tanauan City College.
RESEARCH LOCALE
In relation to the research study, the researchers will conduct a
survey to the ABM students of Tanauan City College at Trapiche 1,
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Tanauan City, Batangas to collect the data and results in response to
problems raised by researchers.
POPULATION
The respondents of the researchers are composed of twenty
students from the ABM of Grade 12 and sixteen students from the ABM
of Grade 11 with the total population of thirty-six students.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
To proceeds reliable and accurate results, the researcher s
will choose Tanauan City College (TCC) within the Division of
Tanauan City since the research will specifically confined with
ABM Senior High School students only.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers will prepare a researcher-made-questionnaire to
be an instrument of the study. The development of the questionnaire
will be based on the data and information gathered from all the
readings which primarily gathered to answer the questions of the
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study. The self-made research questionnaire can be categorized as a
diagnostic assessment that assisting to know the factors affecting the
academic course choice of ABM students in their academic
performance.
In accordance to what is mentioned above, a self-constructed
checklist in line with the factors affecting the academic course choice
of ABM learners.
Option Range Verbal
Interpretation
4 3.50-4.49 High Extent
3 2.50-3.49 Fair Extent
2 1.50-2.49 Less Extent
1 1.00-1.49 Not Applicable
The respondents’ answers with regard to the factors affecting the
academic course choice of ABM students in their academic
performance will be presented through the scale of: 1- Not Applicable,
2- Less extent, 3- Fair extent and 4- high extent.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
In order to gather information, the researchers will make a letter
to the Senior High School principal that will contain the consent of
researchers to give questionnaires to the ABM students for validation
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purposes. Furthermore, the researchers will also provide letter to ABM
students as a participant in the research conducted, to which they are
one of the components in gathering data to support the study.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Researchers developed tables to quickly determine the results
of a survey conducted. Also apply the appropriate formula to the
computation of each number that the participants are responsible for.
The statistical formula used by researchers is:
f
n x100
N
In other words, in this statistical formula (f) means the number
of answers to the questionnaire. Meanwhile, (N) means the number of
participants in the study and (n) means frequency percentage.