Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application

MODULE - III
Sequences And
Series

Notes
5

INVERSE OF A MATRIX
AND ITS APPLICATION

LET US CONSIDER AN EXAMPLE:

Abhinav spends Rs. 120 in buying 2 pens and 5 note books whereas Shantanu spends
Rs. 100 in buying 4 pens and 3 note books.We will try to find the cost of one pen and the
cost of one note book using matrices.
Let the cost of 1 pen be Rs. x and the cost of 1 note book be Rs. y. Then the above
information can be written in matrix form as:

LM2 5OP LMxOP = LM120OP

N4 3Q NyQ N100Q
This can be written as A X = B

LM2 5OP , X = LMxOP and B = LM120OP

where A =
N4 3 Q N y Q N100Q
LxO
Our aim is to find X = M P
N yQ
In order to find X, we need to find a matrix A−1 so that X = A−1 B
This matrix A-1 is called the inverse of the matrix A.
In this lesson, we will try to find the existence of such matrices.We will also learn to solve
a system of linear equations using matrix method.

MATHEMATICS 147
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MODULE - III
Sequences And
Series OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
• define a minor and a cofactor of an element of a matrix;
Notes • find minor and cofactor of an element of a matrix;
• find the adjoint of a matrix;
• define and identify singular and non-singular matrices;
• find the inverse of a matrix, if it exists;
• represent system of linear equations in the matrix form AX = B; and
• solve a system of linear equations by matrix method.
EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
• Concept of a determinant.
• Determinant of a matrix.
• Matrix with its determinant of value 0.
• Transpose of a matrix.
• Minors and Cofactors of an element of a matrix.
5.1 DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
We have already learnt that with each square matrix, a determinant is associated. For any given

matrix, say A =
LM2 5OP
N4 3Q
2 5
its determinant will be . It is denoted by A .
4 3

LM1 3 1 OP
MM
Similarly, for the matrix A = 2 4 5P , the corresponding determinant is
N1 −1 7 QP

1 3 1
A = 2 4 5
1 −1 7

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A square matrix A is said to be singular if its determinant is zero, i.e. A = 0 Sequences And
A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if its determinant is non-zero, i.e. A ≠ 0 Series

Example 5.1 Determine whether matrix A is singular or non-singular where

LM−6 −3OP LM1 2 3 OP Notes

(a) A = (b) A = M0 1 2
PP
N4 2Q MN1 4 1 Q
−6 −3
Solution: (a) Here, A =
4 2

= (–6)(2) – (4)(–3)
= – 12 + 12 = 0

Therefore, the given matrix A is a singular matrix.

(b)

1 2 3
A = 0 1 2
1 4 1
Here,
1 2 0 2 0 1
=1 −2 +3
4 1 1 1 1 4

= −7 + 4 −3
= −6 ≠ 0
Therefore, the given matrix is non-singular.

Example 5.2 Find the value of x for which the following matrix is singular:

LM1 −2 3 OP
MMx
A= 1 2 1
−3PQ
P
N 2

MATHEMATICS 149
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III Solution: Here,
Sequences And
Series 1 −2 3
A = 1 2 1
x 2 −3
2 1 1 1 1 2
Notes =1 +2 +3
2 −3 x −3 x 2
= 1( −6 − 2) + 2( −3 − x ) + 3(2 − 2 x )
= − 8 − 6 − 2 x + 6 − 6x
= − 8 − 8x
Since the matrix A is singular, we have A = 0

A = − 8 − 8x = 0
or x = − 1
Thus, the required value of x is –1.

Example 5.3 Given A =

LM1 6OP . Show that A = A′ , where A′ denotes the
N3 2 Q
transpose of the matrix.

Solution: Here, A =
LM1 6OP
N3 2 Q
This gives A′ = M
L1 3OP
N6 2Q
1 6
Now, A= = 1 × 2 − 3 × 6 = −16 ...(1)
3 2

1 3
and A' = = 1 × 2 − 3 × 6 = −16 ...(2)
6 2

From (1) and (2), we find that A = A ′

5.2 MINORS AND COFACTORS OF THE ELEMENTS OF

SQUARE MATRIX

LMa 11 a12 a13 OP

Consider a matrix MMa
A= a 21 a22 a23
PP
N 31 a32 a33 Q
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The determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting the ith row and jth
MODULE - III
Sequences And
column of A, is called the minor of aij and is denotes by Mij . Series
Cofactor Cij of aij is defined as

Cij = ( −1) i + j Mij

Notes
For example, M23 = Minor of a23

a11 a 12
=
a31 a 32
and C23 = Cofactor of a23

= ( −1)
2+3
M 23

= ( −1) M 23
5

a11 a12
= − M 23 = −
a31 a32

Example 5.4 Find the minors and the cofactors of the elements of matrix A =
LM2 5OP
N6 3Q
Solution: For matrix A, A =
LM2 5OP = 6 − 30 = − 24
N6 3Q
M 11 (minor of 2) = 3; C11 = ( −1)1+1 M11 = ( −1) 2 M11 = 3

M12 (minor of 5) = 6; C12 = ( −1)1+ 2 M12 = ( −1) 3 M12 = − 6

M 21 (minor of 6) = 5; C21 = ( −1) 2 +1 M 21 = ( −1) 3 M 21 = − 5

M 22 (minor of 3) = 2; C22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 M 22 = ( −1) 4 M 22 = 2

Example 5.5 Find the minors and the cofactors of the elements of matrix

LM−1 3 6 OP
MM 4
A= 2 5 −2
3 PQ
P
N 1

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MODULE - III
Sequences And 5 −2
Series Solution: Here, M11 = = 15 + 2 = 17; C11 = ( −1)1+1 M11 = 17
1 3

2 −2
M12 = = 6 + 8 = 14; C12 = ( −1)1+ 2 M12 = − 14
Notes
4 3

2 5
M13 = = 2 − 20 = − 18; C13 = ( −1)1+ 3 M13 = − 18
4 1

3 6
M 21 = = 9 − 6 = 3; C21 = ( −1) 2 +1 M 21 = − 3
1 3

−1 6
M 22 = = ( −3 − 24) = − 27; C22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 M 22 = − 27
4 3

−1 3
M 23 = = ( −1 − 12) = − 13; C23 = ( −1) 2 + 3 M 23 = 13
4 1

M 31 = 3 6 = ( − 6 − 30 ) = − 36; C = ( − 1) 3 +1 M = − 36
5 −2 31 31

−1 6
M 32 = = (2 − 12) = − 10; C32 = ( −1) 3+ 2 M 32 = 10
2 −2

−1 3
and M 33 = = ( −5 − 6) = − 11; C33 = ( −1) 3+ 3 M 33 = − 11
2 5

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.1

1. Find the value of the determinant of following matrices:

LM 4 5 6 OP
L0 6OP
A=M MM 2
B = −1 0 1
P
(a)
N2 5Q (b)
N 1 2PQ

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2. Determine whether the following matrix are singular or non-singular.

MODULE - III
Sequences And

L 3 2 OP LM1 −1 2 OP Series

A=M MM4
Q= 2 3 1
P
(a)
N−9 −6Q (b)
N 5 −1QP
Notes
3. Find the minors of the following matrices:

(a) A=
LM3 −1OP (b) B=
LM0 6OP
N7 4 Q N2 5Q
4. (a) Find the minors of the elements of the 2nd row of matrix

LM 1 2 3 OP
MM−2
A = −1 0 4
1PQ
P
N −3

(b) Find the minors of the elements of the 3rd row of matrix

LM 2 −1 OP
3

MM−2
A= 5 4 1
−3PQ
P
N 0

5. Find the cofactors of the elements of each the following matrices:

A=
LM3 −2 OP B=
LM 0 4OP
(a)
N9 7 Q
(b)
N−5 6Q
6. (a) Find the cofactors of elements of the 2nd row of matrix

LM 2 0 1 OP
MM 4
A = −1 3 0
−2QP
P
N 1

(b) Find the cofactors of the elements of the 1st row of matrix

LM 2 −1 5OP
MM−5
A= 6 4 −2
0 PQ
P
N −3

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MODULE - III
Sequences And
A=
LM2 3OP and B = LM−2 3OP , verify that
Series
7. I f

N4 5Q N 7 4Q
(a) A = A ′ and B = B ′ (b) AB = A B = BA

Notes
5.3 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Let A =
LM2 1OP be a matrix. Then A =
2 1
N5 7 Q 5 7

Let Mij and Cij be the minor and cofactor of aij respectively. Then

M11 = 7 = 7; C11 = ( −1)1+1 7 = 7

M12 = 5 = 5; C12 = ( −1)1+2 5 = − 5

M21 = 1 = 1; C21 = ( −1) 2+1 1 = − 1

M22 = 2 = 2; C22 = ( −1) 2+2 2 = 2

We replace each element of A by its cofactor and get

B=
LM 7 −5OP
N−1 2 Q ...(1)

The transpose of the matrix B of cofactors obtained in (1) above is

B′ =
LM 7 −1OP
N−5 2 Q ...(2)

The matrix B′ obtained above is called the adjoint of matrix A. It is denoted by Adj A.
Thus, adjoint of a given matrix is the transpose of the matrix whose elements are the
cofactors of the elements of the given matrix.

Working Rule: To find the Adj A of a matrix A:

(a) replace each element of A by its cofactor and obtain the matrix of
cofactors; and
(b) take the transpose of the marix of cofactors, obtained in (a).

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MODULE - III
Example 5.6 Find the adjoint of
Sequences And

A=
LM−4 5 OP Series

N 2 −3Q
−4 5 Notes
Solution: Here, A = Let Aij be the cofactor of the element aij.
2 −3

Then, A11 = ( −1)1+1 ( −3) = − 3 A21 = ( −1) 2 +1 (5) = − 5

A12 = ( −1)1+2 (2) = − 2 A22 = ( −1) 2 +2 ( −4) = − 4

We replace each element of A by its cofactor to obtain its matrix of cofators as

LM−3 − 2OP ...(1)

N−5 − 4Q
Transpose of matrix in (1) is Adj A.

Thus, Adj A =
LM−3 −5OP
N−2 −4Q
LM 1 −1 2 OP
Example 5.7 Find the adjoint of MM 5
A = −3 4 1
−1QP
P
N 2

Solution: Here,

1 −1 2
A= −3 4 1
5 2 −1

Let Aij be the cofactor of the element aij of A

4 1 −3 1
Then A11 = ( −1)1+1 = ( −4 − 2) = −6 ; A12 = ( −1)1+ 2 = − ( 3 − 5) = 2
2 −1 5 −1

−3 4 −1 2
A13 = ( −1)1+ 3 = ( −6 − 20) = −26 ; A21 = ( −1) 2 +1 = ( −1 − 4 ) = 3
5 2 2 −1

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 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III
Sequences And 1 2 1 −1
A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 = ( −1 − 10) = −11 ; A23 = ( −1) 2 + 3 = − ( 2 + 5) = −7
Series 5 −1 5 2

−1 2 1 2
A31 = ( −1) 3+1 = ( −1 − 8) = −9 ; A32 = ( −1) 3+ 2 = − (1 + 6) = −7
4 1 −3 1
Notes
1 −1
A33 = ( −1) = ( 4 − 3) = 1
3+ 3
and
−3 4
Replacing the elements of A by their cofactors, we get the matrix of cofactors as

LM−6 2 −26 OP LM −6 3 −9 OP
MM 3 −11 −7 P Thus, Adj A = M 2 −11 −7 P
N −9 −7 1 PQ MN−26 −7 1 PQ

If A is any square matrix of order n, then A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A| In

where In is the unit matrix of order n.

Verification:

Consider A =
LM 2 4OP
(1)
N − 1 3Q
2 4
Then | A| = or |A| = 2 × 3 − ( − 1) × (4) = 10
−1 3

Here, A11=3; A12=1; A21= − 4 and A22=2

LM3 −4OP
Therefore, Adj A =
N1 2 Q
2 4  3 −4  10 0  1 0
Now, A (AdjA) =  = = = A I2
3  1 2  0 10  0 1 
10
 −1 

LM3 5 7 OP
Consider, A = M2 −3 1P
(2)
MN1 1 2 PQ

Then, A = 3( − 6 − 1) − 5 (4 − 1) + 7 (2+3) = − 1
Here, A11 = − 7; A12= − 3; A13=5

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A21= − 3; A22= − 1; A23=2 MODULE - III
Sequences And
A31=26; A32=11; A33= − 19 Series

LM−7 −3 OP 26

Adj A = M P
−3 − 1 11
Therefore,
MN 5 2 − 19 PQ
Notes

LM3 5 7 OP LM−7 −3 26 OP
(A) (Adj A) = M2 −3 1 PP M−3 − 1 11
P
NM1 2 Q MN 5 2 − 19 PQ
Now
1

LM−1 0 0 OP LM1 0 0OP

= M 0 −1 0 P = ( − 1) M0 1 0P = |A|I
MN 0 0 −1PQ MN0 0 1PQ 3

LM−7 −3 26 OP LM3 5 7OP

(Adj A) A = M −3 −1 11 P M2 −3 1P
Also,
MN 5 2 −19PQ MN1 1 2PQ
LM−1 0 0 OP LM1 0 0OP
= M 0 −1 0 P = (_1) M0 1 0P = |A|I
MN 0 0 −1PQ MN0 0 1PQ 3

Note : If A is a singular matrix, i.e. |A|=0 , then A (Adj A) = O

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.2

1. Find adjoint of the following matrices:

LM2 −1OP LMa b OP LM cos sin  OP

(a)
N3 6 Q (b)
Nc d Q (c)
N− sin  cos  Q
2. Find adjoint of the following matrices :

LM 1 2 OP L
i −i OP
(a)
N2 1 Q MN
(b)
i i Q
Also verify in each case that A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A|I2.

MATHEMATICS 157
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III 3. Verify that
Sequences And
Series A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A| I3, where A is given by

LM 6 8 −1 OP LM2 7 9 OP
(a) M PP (b) M PP
0 5 4 0 −1 2
Notes MN−3 2 0 Q MN3 −7 4 Q
LMcos − sin  OP
0 LM 4 −6 OP1

(d) M
1P
(c) M PP
sin  cos 0 −1 −1
MN 0 0 1 Q MN−4 11 − 1 PQ

5.4 INVERSE OF A MATRIX

LMa b OP . We will find, if possible, a matrix

Consider a matrix A =
Nc d Q
LM x y OP such that AB = BA = I
B=
Nu v Q
LMa b OP LM x y OP = LM1 0OP
i.e.,
Nc d Q Nu v Q N0 1Q
LMax + bu ay + bv OP = LM1 0OP
or
Ncx + du cy + dvQ N0 1Q
On comparing both sides, we get
ax + bu = 1 ay + bv = 0
cx + du = 0 cy + dv = 1
Solving for x, y, u and v, we get

d −b −c a
x= , y= ,u= ,v=
ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc

L
provided ad − bc ≠ 0 , i.e. , M
a bO
Nc d PQ ≠ 0

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MODULE - III
LM d −b OP Sequences And
Series
B=M PP
ad − bc ad − bc
Thus, MM −c a
P
N ad − bc ad − bc Q
Notes

B=
1 d −b LM OP
or
ad − bc − c a N Q
It may be verified that BA = I.
It may be noted from above that, we have been able to find a matrix.

B=
1 LM
d −b OP 1
Adj A
N
ad − bc − c a Q =
A ...(1)

This matrix B, is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A-1.

For a given matrix A, if there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I, then B is
called the multiplicative inverse of A. We write this as B= A-1.

Note: Observe that if ad − bc = 0, i.e., |A| = 0, the R.H.S. of (1) does not exist and
B (=A-1) is not defined. This is the reason why we need the matrix A to be non-singular
in order that A possesses multiplicative inverse. Hence only non-singular matrices possess
multiplicative inverse. Also B is non-singular and A=B-1.

Example 5.8 Find the inverse of the matrix

L
A= M
4 5 OP
N2 −3 Q
L4
A= M
5O
N2 −3PQ
Solution :

Therefore, |A| = − 12 − 10 = − 22 ≠ 0
∴A is non-singular. It means A has an inverse. i.e. A-1 exists.

L
Now, Adj A = M
−3 −5O
N−2 4 PQ
3 5 
1 1  −3 −5  22 22 
A−1 = adj A = = 
A −22  −2 4   1 2
−
11 11 
MATHEMATICS 159
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III Note: Verify that AA-1 = A-1A = I
Sequences And
Series Example 5.9 Find the inverse of matrix
LM3 2 −2OP
MM5 4 −5PP
A = 1 −1 6
Notes N Q
LM3 2 −2OP
Solution : Here, MM5 4 −5PP
A = 1 −1 6
N Q
∴ |A| = 3(5 − 24) − 2( − 5 − 30) − 2(4 + 5)
= 3( − 19) − 2( − 35) − 2(9)
= − 57 + 70 − 18
= −5 ≠ 0
∴ A − 1 exists.
Let Aij be the cofactor of the element aij.
Then,

−1 6
A11 = ( −1)1+1 = 5 − 24 = − 19 ,
4 −5

1 6
A12 = ( −1)1+ 2 = − ( −5 − 30) = 35 .
5 −5

1 −1
A13 = ( −1)1+ 3 = 4−5 = 9,
5 4

2 −2
A21 = ( −1) 2 +1 = − ( −10 + 8) = 2
4 −5

3 −2
A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 = − 15 + 10 = − 5 ,
5 −5

3 2
A23 = ( −1) 2 + 3 = − (12 − 10) = − 2
5 4

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MODULE - III
2 −2 Sequences And
A31 = ( −1) 3+1 = 12 − 2 = 10 , Series
−1 6

3 −2
A = (−1)3 + 2 = − (18 + 2 ) = −20
32
1 6 Notes

3 2
and A33 = ( −1) 3+ 3 = −3 − 2 = −5
1 −1

LM−19 35 9 OP −19 2 10 LM OP
Matrix of cofactors = M PP MM PP
2 −5 −2 . Hence AdjA= 35 −5 −20
MN 10 −20 −5 Q 9 −2 −5 N Q
19 −2 
−2 
1 1
LM−19 2 10 OP 5

5

=  −7
∴
A = −1
. Adj A =
−5 MM 359 −5 −20
−5 PQ
P  −9
1 4

A
N −2 
5
2
5
1


Note : Verify that A-1A = AA-1 = I3

L
If A = M
1 0O L −2 1 O
Example 5.10
N2 −1PQ and B= MN 0 −1PQ ; find
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1
(i) (AB) (ii) B A (iii) Is (AB) =B A ?

L
Solution : (i) Here, AB = M
1 0 O L −2 1 O
N2 −1PQ MN 0 −1PQ
L−2 + 0 1 + 0OP = LM−2 1OP
= M
N−4 + 0 2 + 1Q N−4 3Q
−2 1
∴ |AB| = = − 6 + 4 = − 2 ≠ 0.
−4 3

Thus, ( AB ) −1 exists.
Let us denote AB by Cij

MATHEMATICS 161
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III Let Cij be the cofactor of the element cij of |C|.
Sequences And
Then, C11= ( − 1)1+1 (3) = 3 C21 = ( − 1)2+1 (1) = − 1
Series
C12= ( − 1)1+2 ( − 4) = 4 C22 = ( − 1)2+2 ( − 2) = − 2

L
Hence, Adj (C) = M
3 −1 OP
Notes N4 −2 Q

 −3 1
1 1 3 −1  
Adj ( C ) = 2
−1
C = = 2
C −2  4 −2   
 −2 1

 −3 1
−1 −1  2
C = (AB) =2 
 −2 1
−1 −1
(ii) To find B A , first we will find B-1.

LM−2 1 OP ∴ |B| = LM−2 1 OP = 2 −0 = 2 ≠ 0

N o w , B =

N 0 −1Q N 0 −1Q
∴ B-1 exists.
Let Bij be the cofactor of the element bij of |B|
then B11 = ( − 1)1+1 ( − 1) = − 1 B21 = ( − 1)2+1 (1) = − 1
B12 = ( − 1)1+2 (0) = 0 and B22 = ( − 1)2+2 ( − 2) = − 2

L
B= M
−1 −1O
Hence, Adj
N 0 −2PQ
 −1 −1 
∴ B −1
L−1 − 1 OP
= 1 . AdjB = 1 M = 2 2
B 2 N0 − 2 Q  
0 −1 

LM1 0 OP Therefore, A = 1 0 = 1 −0 = −1 ≠0
Also, A =
N2 −1Q 2 −1

Therefore, A-1 exists.

Let Aij be the cofactor of the element aij of |A|
then A11 = ( − 1)1+1 ( − 1) = − 1 A21 = ( − 1)2+1 (0) = 0
A12 = ( − 1)1+2 (2) = − 2 and A22 = ( − 1)2+2 (1) = 1

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MODULE - III
LM −1 0OP Sequences And
Hence, Adj A=
N − 2 1Q Series

⇒ A −1 = 1 Adj A = 1
−1 0
=
1 0 LM OP LM OP
A −1 −2 1 2 −1 N Q N Q Notes

 −1 −1 
1 0 
B A = 2
−1 −1
2 2
Thus,    −1
0 −1 

 −1 1  −3 1
−1 0 + 
= 2 2 = 2 2
   
0 − 2 0 + 1   −2 1

(iii) From (i) and (ii), we find that

 −3 1
 2
== 2
−1 −1 −1
(AB) =B A 
 −2 1
−1 −1 −1
Hecne, (AB) = B A

CH ECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.3

1. Find, if possible, the inverse of each of the following matrices:

LM1 3OP LM−1 2 OP LM2 −1OP

(a)
N2 5Q (b)
N−3 −4Q (c)
N1 0 Q
2. Find, if possible, the inverse of each of the following matrices :

LM1 0 2 OP LM3 −1 2 OP
(a) MM24 1 3
2PQ
P (b) M
5
MN1
2 4
−2PQ
P
N 1 −3

Verify that A−1 A = AA−1 = I for (a) and (b).

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MODULE - III
Sequences And LM1 2 3 OP LM
2 −1 0 OP
Series
A= M PP MM PP
0 −1 4 and B= 1 4 3 , verify that
( AB ) = B −1 A−1
−1
3. If
MN3 1 5 Q 3 0 −2N Q
Notes LM 1 −2 3 OP
if A = M PP
0 −1 4
( A ′ ) −1
4. Find
MN−2 2 1 Q
LM0 1 1 OP Lb + c
1M
c−a b− a OP
If A= M P 2M
a − bP
1 0 1 and B = c − b c+a
5.
MN1 1 0PQ MNb − c a−c a + b PQ

show that ABA−1 is a diagonal matrix.

LMcos x − sin x 0OP

If φ( x ) = M sin x cos x 0P , show that  ( x )  =  ( − x ) .
−1
6.
MN 0 0 1PQ
L
If A = M
1 tan x O L cos 2 x − sin 2 x O
MN sin 2 x cos 2 x PQ
N− tan x 1 PQ, show that ′ = −1
7. A A

LMa 1+bbc OP −1
8. If A = c
MN a PQ , show that aA =(a + bc + 1) I −aA 2

LM−1 2 0OP
If A = M
MN 0 1 0PPQ
9.
−1 1 1 , show that A = A −1 2

1
LM
−8 1 4 OP
10. If A = 9 MM
4 −4 7 , show that −1
PP
A = A′
1 −8 4N Q

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5.5 SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS. Sequences And
In earlier classes, you have learnt how to solve linear equations in two or three unknowns Series
(simultaneous equations). In solving such systems of equations, you used the process of
elimination of variables. When the number of variables invovled is large, such elimination process
becomes tedious.
Notes
You have already learnt an alternative method, called Cramer’s Rule for solving such systems
of linear equations.
We will now illustrate another method called the matrix method, which can be used to solve the
system of equations in large number of unknowns. For simplicity the illustrations will be for
system of equations in two or three unknowns.
5.5.1 MATRIX METHOD
In this method, we first express the given system of equation in the matrix formAX = B, where
A is called the co-efficient matrix.
For example, if the given system of equation is a1x + b1y = c1 and a2 x + b2 y = c2, we express
them in the matrix equation form as :

LMa OP LM x OP = LMc OP
1 b1 1

Na Q N y Q Nc Q
2 b2 2

La b OP , X= LM xOP and B = LMc OP

A= M
1 1 1
Here,
Na b Q N y Q
2 2 Nc Q 2

If the given system of equations is a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 and

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 and a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3,then this system is expressed in the
matrix equation form as:

LMa 1 b1 c1 OPLM x OP LMd OP1

MMaa
2 b2 c2
PPMM yzPP = MMdd PP
2

N 3 b3 c3 QN Q N Q 3

LMa 1 b1 c1 OP x LM OP
d1 LM OP
Where, A = M PP MM PP MM PP
a b2 c2 , X = y and B= d 2
MNa
2

3 b3 c3 Q z NQ
d3 N Q
Before proceding to find the solution, we check whether the coefficient matrixA is non-singular
or not.

MATHEMATICS 165
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III Note: If A is singular, then |A|=0. Hence, A-1 does not exist and so, this method does not
Sequences And work.
Series
L
Consider equation AX = B, where A = M
a 1 b1OP xLM OP c1 LM OP
Na 2 b2 Q
,X=
y NQ
and B =
c2 NQ
Notes
When |A| ≠0, i.e. when a1b2_a2b1≠ 0, we multiply the equation AX = B with A-1 on both side
and get
A-1(AX) = A-1B
⇒ (A-1A) X = A-1B
⇒ IX = A-1B (  A-1A = I)
⇒ X = A-1B

Since A =
−1 1 LM −b OP, we get
b2 1

N aQ
a1b2 − a2b1 − a2 1

X=
1 LM b −b OPLMc OP
2 1 1

a b − a b N− a
1 2 2 1
a Q Nc Q2 1 2

∴
LM x OP = 1 LM b c − b c OP 2 1 1 2

N y Q a b − a b N− a c + a c Q
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

 b2 c1 − b1 c2 
a b − a b 
=  1 2 2 1 
 − a2 c1 + a1 c2 
 a b −a b 
 1 2 2 1 

b2 c1 − b1c2 a1c2 − a2 c1
Hence, x = and y =
a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1

Example 5.11 Using matrix method, solve the given system of linear equations.

4 x − 3 y = 11 U|
3 x + 7 y = −1|W
V ......(i)

Solution: This system can be expressed in the matrix equation form as

LM4 −3OP LM x OP = LM11OP

N3 7 Q N yQ N−1Q ......(ii)

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LM4 −3OP , X = LM xOP , and B = LM11OP Sequences And
Here, A=
N3 7 Q N y Q N−1Q Series

so, (ii) reduces to

AX = B ......(iii)
Notes

4 −3
Now, | A| = = 28 + 9 = 37 ≠ 0
3 7

Since |A| ≠ 0, A-1 exists.

Now, on multiplying the equation AX = B with A-1 on both sides, we get
A-1 (AX) = A-1B
(A-1 A)X = A-1B
i.e. IX = A-1B
X = A-1B

1
Hence, X= ( Adj A) B
A

LM x OP = 1 LM 7 3OP LM11OP LM
1 77 − 3 OP
N yQ 37 N−3 4Q N−1Q =
N
37 −33 − 4 Q
LM x OP = 1 LM 74 OP
N yQ 37 N−37Q
LM x OP = LM 2 OP
or
N yQ N−1Q
So, x = 2, y = − 1 is unique solution of the system of equations.

Example 5.12 Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method.
2x − 3y =7
x + 2y = 3
Solution : The given system of equations in the matrix equation form, is

LM2 −3OP LM x OP = LM7OP

N1 2 Q N yQ N3Q
MATHEMATICS 167
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III or, AX = B ...(i)
Sequences And
Series
L
A =M
2 −3O L xO L 7O
where
N1 2 PQ , X = MN yPQ and B = MN3PQ
Notes
A=
LM2 −3 OP = 2 × 2 − 1 × (−3)
Now,
N1 2Q

=4+3=7≠0
∴ A-1 exists

LM 2 3 OP
Since, Adj (A) =
N−1 2 Q
2 3
1 1 2 3  7 7
A−1 = adj ( A ) =  = 
A 7  −1 2   −1 2  .... (ii)
 7 7 
−1
From (i), we have X=A B

2 3
7 
7 7  
or, X =    
 −1 2
3 
 7 7 

x   23 
7
or,   =  
 y   −1 
 7 

23 −1
Thus, x = ,y= is the solution of this system of equations.
7 7
Example 5.13 Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method.

x + 2 y + 3 z = 14 U|
x − 2 y + z = 0V
2 x + 3y − z = 5 |W
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Solution : The given equations expressed in the matrix equation form as :
Sequences And
Series
LM1 2 3 OP LM x OP LM14OP
MM21 −2 1
P M P M P
y = 0
−1PQ MN z PQ MN 5 PQ
... (i)
N 3
Notes
which is in the form AX = B, where

LM1 2 3 x OP 14 LM OP LM OP
A= M PP MM PP MM PP
1 −2 1 , X = y and B = 0
MN2 3 −1 z Q 5 NQ N Q
∴ X = A-1 B ... (ii)
Here, |A| = 1 (2 − 3) − 2 ( − 1 − 2) +3 (3+4)
= 26 ≠ 0
∴ A-1 exists.

 −1 11 8 
Also, Adj A = 3 −7 2 
7 1 −4 

−1 1
Hence, from (ii), we have X = A B = A AdjA. B

1
−1 11 8 LM OP LM14OP
X = 3 −7 2
MM PP MM 05 PP
26
7 1 −4 N QN Q
1
26 LM
1 OP LM OP
=
MM
52 = 2
PP MM PP
26
78 3N Q NQ
LM xOP LM1OP
or, MM yzPP = MM23PP
NQ NQ

MATHEMATICS 169
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III Thus, x =1, y = 2 and z = 3 is the solution of the given system of equations.
Sequences And
Series Example 5.14 Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method :
x+2y+z = 2
2x − y+3z = 3
Notes
x+3y − z = 0
Solution: The given system of equation can be represented in the matrix equation form as :

LM1 2 1 OP LM x OP LM2OP
MM21 −1 3
−1PQ
P MM yzPP =
MM03PP
N 3 NQ NQ
i.e., AX = B  (1)
LM1 2 1 OP LM xOP LM2OP
A= M
MN1 3 −1PPQ MMN z PPQ MM0PP
where
2 −1 3 , X = y and B = 3
NQ
LM1 2 1 OP
Now, MM1 3 −1PP − − − −
| A| = 2 −1 3 = 1(1 9) 2 ( 2 3) +1 (6 +1) = 9 ≠ 0
N Q
Hence, A-1 exists.

LM−8 OP
5 7
Adj A = M P
5 −2 −1
Also,
MN 7 −1 −5PQ

1M
L−8 5 7 OP
9M P
1 = −2 −1
A −1 = 5
| A|
Adj A
MN 7 −1 −5PQ
From (i) we have X = A-1 B

LM x OP 1 LM−8 5 7 OP LM2OP
i.e., MM yzPP = 9 MM 75 −2 −1 3
PMP
−5PQ MN0PQ
NQ N −1

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LM− 1 OP Sequences And
LM−1OP M 9 P Series
= 1M 4P=M 4 P
9
MN11 PQ MM119 PP
MN 9 PQ Notes

1 4 11
so, x = − ,y= ,z = is the solution of the given system.
9 9 9

5.6 CRITERION FOR CONSISTENCY OF A SYSTEM OF

EQUATIONS

Let AX = B be a system of two or three linear equations.

Then, we have the following criteria :

(1) If |A | ≠ 0, then the system of equations is consistent and has a unique

solution, given by X=A-1B.
(2) If |A| = 0, then the system may or may not be consistent and if consistent,
it does not have a unique solution. If in addition,
(a) (Adj A) B ≠ O, then the system is inconsistent.
(b) (Adj A) B = O, then the system is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.

Note : These criteria are true for a system of 'n' equations in 'n' variables as well.

We now, verify these with the help of the examples and find their solutions wherever possible.
5x + 7y = 1
(a)
2 x − 3y = 3

5 7
This system is consistent and has a unique solution, because ≠ Here, the matrix
2 −3
LM5 7 OP LM x OP = LM1OP
equation is
N2 −3Q N yQ N3Q
i.e. AX = B .... (i)

LM5 7 OP , X = LM xOP and B = LM1OP

where, A =
N2 −3Q N yQ N3Q
MATHEMATICS 171
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III Here, |A| = 5 × ( − 3) − 2 × 7 = − 15 − 14 = − 29 ≠ 0
Sequences And
Series
and A
−1
=
1
Adj A =
1 LM−3 − 7OP
A −29 N−2 5 Q .... (ii)

From (i), we have X = A −1 B

Notes

LM 24 OP
LM x OP = 1 LM−3 − 7OPLM1 OP = M 29 P
i.e., N y Q −29 N−2 5 QN3Q M− 13 P [From (i) and (ii)]
N 29 Q
Thus, x =
24
, and y =
−13 is the unique solution of the given system of equations.
29 29

3x + 2 y = 7
(b)
6x + 4y = 8

3 2 7
This system is incosisntent i.e. it has no solution because = ≠
6 4 8
In the matrix form the system can be written as

LM3 2OP LM x OP = LM7OP

N6 4 Q N y Q N8 Q
or, AX = B

L
A= M
3 2O L xO L 7O
where
N6 4PQ , X= MN yPQ and B = MN8PQ
Here, |A| = 3 × 4 − 6 × 2 = 12 − 12 = 0

L
Adj A = M
4 −6O
N−6 3 PQ
4 −6  7   −20 
(Adj A) B =  = ≠0
3  8   −18 
Also,
 −6

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Thus, the given system of equations is inconsistent.

MODULE - III
Sequences And
3x − y = 7 UV Series
(c)
9 x − 3 y = 21 W
This system is consistent and has infinitely

3 −1 7
many solutions, because = = Notes
9 −3 21
In the matrix form the system can be written as

LM3 −1OP LM x OP = LM 7 OP
N9 −3Q N yQ N21Q
or, AX =B, where

LM3 −1OP ; X = LM xOP and B = LM 7 OP

A=
N9 −3Q N yQ N21Q
3 −1
Here, |A| = = 3 × ( − 3) − 9 x ( − 1)
9 −3

= − 9+9 = 0

LM−3 1OP
Adj A =
N−9 3Q
 −3 1 7  0
Also, (Adj A)B = 
3  21 = 0  = 0
 −9    
∴ The given system has an infinite number of solutions.
Till now, we have seen that

(i) if |A| ≠ 0 and (Adj A) B ≠ O, then the system of equations has a non-zero
unique solution.
(ii) if |A| ≠ 0 and (Adj A) B = O, then the system of equations has only trivial
solution x = y = z = 0
(iii) if |A| = 0 and (Adj A) B = O, then the system of equations has infinitely many
solutions.

(iv) if |A| = 0 and (Adj A) B ≠ O, then the system of equations is inconsistent.

MATHEMATICS 173
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III Let us now consider another system of linear equations, where |A| = 0 and (Adj A) B ≠ O.
Sequences And
Consider the following system of equations
Series
x + 2y + z = 5
2x + y + 2z = − 1

Notes x − 3y + z = 6
In matrix equation form, the above system of equations can be written as

LM1 2 1 OP LM x OP LM 5 OP
MM21 1
PM P M P
2 y = −1
1PQ MN z PQ MN 6 PQ
N −3

i.e., AX = B

LM1 2 1 OP LM xOP LM 5 OP
A= M P MM z PP MM 6 PP
2 1 2 , X = y and B= −1
where
MN1 −3 1PQ NQ N Q
1 2 1
Now, |A| =
2 1 2 =0 (C1 = C3 )
1 −3 1

LM 7 −5 3 OP LM 5 OP
(Adj A ) B = M P M P
0 0 0 −1 [Verify (Adj A) yourself]
Also,
MN−7 5 −3PQ MN 6 PQ

LM 58 OP
= M P
0 ≠O
MN−58PQ
Since |A| = 0 and (Adj A ) B ≠ O,

LM xOP 1
MM yzPP = | A| ( Adj A) B
NQ

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MODULE - III
LM 58 OP Sequences And
Series
M 0
P
= M−58P which is undefined.
N Q
0
Notes
The given system of linear equation will have no solution.
Thus, we find that if |A| = 0 and (Adj A) B ≠ O then the system of equations will have no
solution.
We can summarise the above finding as:

(i) If |A| ≠ 0 and (Adj A) B ≠ O then the system of equations will have a non-zero,
unique solution.
(ii) If |A| ≠ 0 and (Adj A) B = O, then the system of equations will have trivial
solutions.
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (Adj A) B = O, then the system of equations will have infinitely
many solutions.
(iv) If |A| = 0 and (Adj A) B ≠ O, then the system of equations will have no solution
Inconsistent.

Example 5.15 Use matrix inversion method to solve the system of equations:

2 x − y + 3z = 1
6x + 4 y = 2
(i) (ii)
x + 2 y − 3z = 2
9x + 6y = 3
5 y − 5z = 3

Solution: (i) The given system in the matrix equation form is

LM6 4OP LM x OP = LM2OP

N9 6Q N yQ N3Q
i.e., AX = B

A=
LM6 4OP, X = LM x OP and B = LM2OP
where,
N9 6 Q N y Q N3Q
6 4
Now, A = = 6 × 6 − 9 × 4 = 36 − 36 = 0
9 6

∴ The system has either infinitely solutions or no solution.

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MODULE - III
Sequences And
1 − 3k
Let x = k, then 6k + 4 y = 2 gives y =
Series 2
Putting these values of x and y in the second equation, we have

FG 1 − 3k IJ = 3
Notes 9k + 6
H 2 K
⇒ 18k + 6 − 18k = 6

⇒ 6 = 6, which is true.
∴ The given system has infinitely many solutions. These are

1 − 3k
x = k, y = , where k is any arbitrary number..
2
(ii) The given equations are

2 x − y + 3z = 1  (1)
x + 2y − z = 2 ( 2)
5 y − 5z = 3  ( 3)

In matrix equation form, the given system of equations is

LM2 −1 3 OP LM x OP LM1OP
MM10 2
PMP MP
−1 y = 2
−5PQ MN z PQ MN 3PQ
N 5

i.e., AX = B

2
A = 1
−1 3 

x 

−1 , X =  y  
LM OP
1
where,
0
2
−5  z  MM PP
and B = 2
5
NQ
3

2 −1 3
2 −1 1 −1 1 2
Now, A = 1 2 −1 = 2 × + 1× + 3×
5 −5 0 −5 0 5
0 5 −5

= 2(–10+5)+1(–5–0)+3(5–0)
= –10–5+15 = 0

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∴ The system has either infinitely many solutions or no solution
Sequences And
Let z = k. Then from (1), we have 2x–y = 1–3k; and from (2), we have x+2y = 2+k Series
Now, we have a system of two equations, namely

2 x − y = 1 − 3k
Notes
x + 2y = 2 + k

⇒
LM2 −1 OP LM x OP = LM1 − 3k OP
N1 2 Q N yQ N 2 + k Q
L2
A=M
−1O L xO L1 − 3k O
2 PQ MN yPQ and MN 2 + k PQ
= =
Let
N1 , X B

2 −1
Then A = = 4 +1 = 5 ≠ 0
1 2

∴ A–1 exists.

L 2 1 OP
1 L2 1 O M 5
Adj A = 5 MN−1 2 PQ M 1 PP
5
1 =
Here, A −1 =
A MN− 5 2
5 Q
∴ The solution is X = A–1B

2 1  4
5 −k + 
5 1 − 3k   5
=  2 + k  =  
− 1 2   k +  3
 5 5   5 

4 3
∴ x = − k + , y = k + , where k is any number..
5 5
Putting these values of x, y and z in (3), we get

FG 3 IJ
H
5 k+
5 K
− 5( k ) = 3

⇒ 5k + 3 − 5k = 3 ⇒ 3 = 3, which is true.

MATHEMATICS 177
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III ∴ The given system of equations has infinitely many solutions, given by
Sequences And
Series 4 3
x = − k + , y = k + and z = k, where k is any number..
5 5
5.7 HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
Notes A system of linear equations AX = B with matrix, B = O, a null matrix, is called homogeneous
system of equations.
Following are some systems of homogeneous equations:

2 x + 5 y − 3z = 0 2 x + y − 3z = 0
x + 2y = 0
(i) (ii) x − 2y + z = 0 (iii) x − 2y + z = 0
−2 x + 3 y = 0
3x − y − 6 z = 0 3x − y − 2 z = 0

Let us now solve a system of equations mentioned in (ii).

Given system is

2 x + 5 y − 3z = 0
x − 2y + z = 0
3x − y − 6z = 0

In matrix equation form, the system (ii) can be written as

LM2 5 −3 OP LM x OP LM0OP
MM13 −2 1
P M P MM0PP
y = 0
−6PQ MN z PQ
N −1 NQ
i.e., AX = O

2 5 −3  x  0
A = 1 −2 1  , X =  y  and B= 0 
  
where
3 −1 −6   z  0 

Now A = 2 (12 + 1) − 5(−6 − 3) − 3(−1 + 6)

= 26+45 − 15
= 56 ≠ 0

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But B = O ⇒ (Adj A) B = O.
Sequences And
Series
LM x OP
Thus, MM y PP = 1A ( Adj A) B
Nz Q Notes
= O.
∴ x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0.
i.e., the system of equations will have trivial solution.
Remarks: For a homogeneous system of linear equations, if A ≠ 0 and (Adj A) B = O.
There will be only trivial solution.
Now, cousider the system of equations mentioned in (iii):

2 x + y − 3z = 0
x − 2y + z = 0
3x − y − 2 z = 0

In matrix equation form, the above system (iii) can be written as

LM2 1 −3 OP LM x OP LM0OP
MM13 −2 1
P M P MM0PP
y = 0
−2PQ MN z PQ
N −1 NQ
i.e., AX = 0

LM2 1 −3 OP LM x OP LM0OP
where,
MM3
A= 1 −2
P MM z PP MM0PP
1 , X = y and B = 0
−2PQ
N −1 NQ NQ
LM2 1 −3 OP
Now,
MM3
A = 1 −2 1
−2PQ
P = 2(4 + 1) − 1( −2 − 3) − 3( −1 + 6)
N −1 = 10 + 5 − 15
=0

Also, B = O ⇒ (Adj A) B = O

MATHEMATICS 179
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MODULE - III
Sequences And LM x OP 0 LM OP
Series 1
Thus, MM yzPP =
1 =
(Adj A) B 0
0
MM PP
NQ A 0 NQ
Notes ⇒ The system of equations will have infinitely many solutions which will be non-trivial.
Considering the first two equations, we get

2 x + y = 3z
x − 2y = − z
Solving, we get x = z, y = z, let z = k, where k is any number.
Then x = k, y = k and z = k are the solutions of this system.

For a system of homogenous equations, if A = 0 and, (AdjA) B = O, there

will be infinitely many solutions.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.4

1. Solve the following system of equations, using the matrix inversion method:

(a) 2 x + 3y = 4 (b) x+ y = 7

x − 2y = 5 3x − 7 y = 11

(c) 3x + 4 y − 5 = 0 (d) 2 x − 3y + 6 = 0

x − 2y + 6 = 0 6x + y − 8 = 0
2. Solve the following system of equations using matrix inversion method:

(a) x + 2y + z = 3 (b) 2 x + 3 y + z = 13

2 x − y + 3z = 5 3x + 2 y − z = 12

x+y−z=7 x + y + 2z = 5
(c) − x + 2 y + 5z = 2 (d) 2x + y − z = 2

2 x − 3 y + z = 15 x + 2 y − 3z = − 1

−x + y + z = − 3 5x − y − 2 z = − 1

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3. Solve the following system of equations, using matrix inversion method:
Sequences And
(a) x+ y+z = 0 (b) 3x − 2 y + 3z = 0 (c) x + y +1 = 0 Series

2x − y + z = 0 2x + y − z = 0 y + z −1 = 0

x − 2 y + 3z = 0 4 x − 3y + 2z = 0 z+x = 0 Notes

4. Determine whether the following system of equations are consistent or not. If consistent, find
the solution:

(a) 2 x − 3y = 5 (b) 2 x − 3y = 5

x+ y = 7 4 x − 6 y = 10

(c) 3x + y + 2 z = 3 (d) x + 2 y − 3z = 0

−2 y − z = 7 4 x − y + 2z = 0

x + 15 y + 3z = 11 3x + 5 y − 4 z = 0

LET US SUM UP

• A square matrix is said to be non-singular if its corresponding determinant is non-zero.

• The determinant of the matrix A obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column of A, is
called the minor of aij. It is usually denoted by Mij.
• The cofactor of aij is defined as Cij = ( − 1)i+j Mij
• Adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of the matrix whose elements are the cofactors of
the elements of the determinat of given matrix. It is usually denoted by AdjA.
• If A is any square matrix of order n, then

A (Adj A) = (Adj A) A = A In where In is the unit matrix of order n.

• For a given non-singular square matrix A, if there exists a non-singular square matrix B
such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the multiplicative inverse of A. It is written as
B = A–1.
• Only non-singular square matrices have multiplicative inverse.
• If a1 x + b1 y = c1 and a2 x + b2 y = c2, then we can express the system in the matrix
equation form as

MATHEMATICS 181
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III
Sequences And  a1 b1   x  c1 
a =
Series  2 b2   y  c2 

LMc OP
Notes L
A=M
a1 OP, X = LM OP and B =
b1 x
MNc PQ , then
1

Na bQ N yQ
Thus, i f

2
2 2

X = A −1 B =
1 b2 − b1LM OP LMc OP
1
a1b2 − a2 b1 − a2 a1 N Q Nc Q 2

• A system of equations, given by AX = B, is said to be consistent and has a unique

solution, if |A| ≠ 0.

• A system of equations, given by AX = B, is said to be inconsistent, if |A| = 0 and

(Adj A) B ≠ O.
• A system of equations, given by AX = B, is said be be consistent and has infinitely
many solutions, if |A| = 0, and (Adj A) B = O.
• A system of equations, given by AX = B, is said to be homogenous, if B is the null
matrix.
• A homogenous system of linear equations, AX = 0 has only a trivial solution
x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0, if |A| ≠ 0
• A homogenous system of linear equations, AX = O has infinitely many solutions,
if |A| = 0

SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

http://www.wikipedia.org
http://mathworld.wolfram.com

TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. Find |A|, if

LM 1 2 3OP LM−1 3 4 OP
(a)
MM−2
A = −3 −1 0
P (b)
MM 0
A= 7 5 0
2PQ
P
N 5 4PQ N 1

182 MATHEMATICS
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III
2. Find the adjoint of A, if Sequences And
Series
LM−2 3 7 OP LM 1 −1 5 OP
(a) MM −1
A = −1 4
P1P
5 (b)
MM−2
A= 3 1 2
PP
N 0 Q N 1 3 Q Notes

Also, verify that A(Adj A) = |A|I3 = (Adj A) A, for (a) and (b)
3. Find A–1, if exists, when

LM3 6OP LM2 1OP LM 3 −5OP

(a)
N7 2Q (b)
N3 5Q (c)
N−4 2 Q
Also, verify that (A′)–1 = (A–1)′ , for (a), (b) and (c)
4. Find the inverse of the matrix A, if

LM1 0 0OP LM1 2 0 OP

(a)
MM5
A= 3 3 0
−1PQ
P (b)
MM1
A= 0 3 −1
2 PQ
P
N 2 N 0
5. Solve, using matrix inversion method, the following systems of linear equations

x + 2y = 4 6x + 4 y = 2
(a) (b)
2 x + 5y = 9 9x + 6y = 3

2x + y + z = 1
3 x−y+z = 4
x − 2y − z =
(c) 2 (d) 2 x + y − 3z = 0
3 y − 5z = 9 x+ y+z = 2

x + y − 2z = − 1
(e) 3x − 2 y + z = 3
2x + y − z = 0

6. Solve, using matrix inversion method

2 3 10 4 6 5 8 9 20
+ + = 4; − + = 1; + − =3
x y z x y z x y z

MATHEMATICS 183
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III 7. Find non-trivial solution of the following system of linear equations:
Sequences And
Series 3x + 2 y + 7 z = 0
4 x − 3y − 2z = 0
5x + 9 y + 23z = 0
Notes
8. Solve the following homogeneous equations :

x+ y−z = 0 x + 2 y − 2z = 0
(a)
x − 2y + z = 0 (b)
2 x + y − 3z = 0
3x + 6 y − 5z = 0 5x + 4 y − 9 z = 0

9. Find the value of ‘p’ for which the equations

x + 2 y + z = px
2 x + y + z = py
x + y + 2 z = pz

have a non-trivial solution

10. Find the value of  for which the following system of equation becomes consistent

2 x − 3y + 4 = 0
5x − 2 y − 1 = 0
21x − 8 y +  = 0

184 MATHEMATICS
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III
Sequences And
ANSWERS Series

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.1

1. (a) –12 (b) 10 2. (a) singular (b) non-singular
Notes
3. (a) M11 = 4; M12 = 7; M21 = –1; M22 = 3

(b) M11 = 5; M12 = 2; M21 = 6; M22 = 0

4. (a) M21 = 11; M22 = 7; M23 = 1

(b) M31 = –13; M32 = –13; M33 = 13

5. (a) C11 = 7; C12 = –9; C21 = 2; C22 = 3

(b) C11 = 6; C12 = 5; C21 = –4; C22 = 0

6. (a) C21 = 1; C22 = –8; C23 = –2

(b) C11 = –6; C12 = 10; C33 = 2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.2

LM 6 1OP (b) LM d −bOP (c) LMcos − sin  OP

1. (a)
N−3 2Q N− c a Q N sin cos Q
LM 1 − 2 OP LM i i OP
2. (a)
N− 2 1 Q (b)
N −i i Q
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.3

 4 2
 − 10 −
LM−5 3 OP 
10 
 LM 0 1OP
1. (a)
N 2 −1Q (b) 3
10
−
1
10 
(c)
N−1 2Q
LM 15 −2
5 5
OP
2 LM− 13 1
3
1
3
OP
MM− 8 6 −1
PP MM− 7 1 1 PP
2. (a) MM 5 5 5 PP (b) MM 12 3 12 P

MN 25 1 1 17 −1 − 11 PP
5
− P
5Q NM 24 3 24 Q

MATHEMATICS 185
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III
Sequences And LM−9 −8 −2 OP
Series
= M P
(A)–1
8 7 2
4.
MN−5 −4 −1PQ

Notes CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5.4

23 −6
1. (a) x= , y=
7 7
(b) x = 6, y = 1

7 23
(c) x=− , y=
5 10

(d) x = 27 , y = 13
30 5

58 2 21
2. (a) x= , y=− , z=−
11 11 11
(b) x = 2, y = 3, z = 0

(c) x = 2, y = − 3, z = 2

(d) x = 1, y = 2, z = 2

3. (a) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

(b) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

(c) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

26 9
4. (a) Consistent; x = , y=
5 5
(b) Consistent; infinitely many solutions
(c) Inconsistent

(d) Trivial solution, x = y = z = 0

186 MATHEMATICS
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III
Sequences And
TERMINAL EXERCISE Series
1. (a) –31
(b) –24

LM 4 −3 −13 OP Notes

2. (a) MM−44 5 3
PP
N −3 −5 Q
LM 1 8 −7 OP
(b) MM−513 13 13
4 PQ
P
N 1

LM− 181 1
6
OP
3. (a) MM 7 − 1
PP
N 36 12 Q
LM 57 −1
7
OP
(b) MM− 3 2
PP
N 7 7 Q
LM− 17 − 5
14
OP
(c) MM− 2 − 3
PP
N 7 14 Q
LM 1 0 0OP
MM−1 1 0 PP
4. (a) MM 3 PP
MN 3 23 − 1PQ
LM 23 −1 − 12 OP
MM− 1 1 1 PP
(b) MM 4 2 4 PP
MN − 43 12 43 PQ
MATHEMATICS 187
 Inverse Of A Matrix And Its Application
MODULE - III 5. (a) x = 2, y = 1
Sequences And
Series
1 3
(b) x = k, y = − k
2 2

Notes 1 3
(c) x = 1, y = , z=−
2 2

(d) x = 2, y = − 1, z = 1

1 1 1
(e) x= , y=− , z=
2 2 2

6. x = 2, y = 3, z = 5

7. x = − k , y = − 2k , z = k

8. (a) x = k , y = 2 k , z = 3k

(b) x = y = z = k

9. p = 1, − 1, 4

10.  = −5

188 MATHEMATICS