UNIX/Linux Goals

• Designed by programmers, for programmers

• Designed to be:

• Simple
• Elegant
• Consistent
• Powerful
• Flexible

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 Interfaces to Linux

Figure 10-1. The layers in a Linux system.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Linux Utility Programs (1)

Categories of utility programs:

• File and directory manipulation commands.

• Filters.
• Program development tools, such as editors and
compilers.
• Text processing.
• System administration.
• Miscellaneous.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Linux Utility Programs (2)

Figure 10-2. A few of the common Linux

utility programs required by POSIX.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Kernel Structure

Figure 10-3. Structure of the Linux kernel

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 Processes in Linux

Figure 10-4. Process creation in Linux.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Signals in Linux (1)

Figure 10-5. The signals required by POSIX.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Process Management
System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-6. Some system calls relating to processes.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 A Simple Linux Shell

Figure 10-7. A highly simplified shell.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Implementation of Processes and Threads
Categories of information in the process descriptor:
• Scheduling parameters
• Memory image
• Signals
• Machine registers
System call state
• File descriptor table
• Accounting
• Kernel stack
• Miscellaneous

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Implementation of Exec

Figure 10-8. The steps in executing the command

ls typed to the shell.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Clone System Call

Figure 10-9. Bits in the sharing_flags bitmap.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Scheduling in Linux (1)

Three classes of threads for scheduling purposes:

• Real-time FIFO.
• Real-time round robin.
• Timesharing.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Scheduling in Linux (2)

Figure 10-10. Illustration of Linux runqueue and priority arrays.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Booting Linux

Figure 10-11. The sequence of processes used to

boot some Linux systems.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Memory Management in Linux (1)

Figure 10-12. (a) Process A’s virtual address space. (b) Physical
memory. (c) Process B’s virtual address space.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Memory Management in Linux (2)

Figure 10-13. Two processes can share a mapped file.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Memory Management
System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-14. Some system calls relating to memory

management.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Physical Memory Management (1)

Linux distinguishes between three memory zones:

• ZONE_DMA - pages that can be used for DMA

operations.
• first 16MB, from old ISA bus
• ZONE_NORMAL - normal, regularly mapped pages.
• above 16 MB and below 896MB
• ZONE_HIGHMEM - pages with high-memory
addresses, which are not permanently mapped.
• above 896 MB (1 GB – 128 MB = 896 MB)

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Physical Memory Management (2)

Figure 10-15. Linux main memory representation.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Physical Memory Management (3)

Figure 10-16. Linux uses four-level page tables.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Memory Allocation Mechanisms

Figure 10-17. Operation of the buddy algorithm.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The Page Replacement Algorithm

Figure 10-18. Page states considered in the page

frame replacement algorithm.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Networking (1)

Figure 10-19. The uses of sockets for networking.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Networking (2)

Types of networking:

• Reliable connection-oriented byte stream.

• Reliable connection-oriented packet stream.
• Unreliable packet transmission.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Input/Output System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-20. The main POSIX calls for managing the terminal.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Major Device Table

Figure 10-21. Some of the file operations supported

for typical character devices.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Implementation of
Input/Output in Linux (2)

Figure 10-22. The Linux I/O system showing one file system
in Tanenbaum,
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 The Linux File System (1)

Figure 10-23. Some important directories

found in most Linux systems.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux File System (2)

Figure 10-24. (a) Before linking. (b) After linking.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux File System (3)

Figure 10-25. (a) Separate file systems. (b) After mounting.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux File System (4)

Figure 10-26. (a) A file with one lock.

(b) Addition of a second lock. (c) A third lock.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 File System Calls in Linux (1)

Figure 10-27. System calls relating to files.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 File System Calls in Linux (2)

Figure 10-28. The fields returned by the stat system call.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 File System Calls in Linux (3)

Figure 10-29. System calls relating to directories.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux Virtual File System

Figure 10-30. File system abstractions supported by the VFS.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux Ext2 File System (1)

Figure 10-31. Disk layout of the Linux ext2 file system.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux Ext2 File System (2)

Figure 10-32. (a) A Linux directory with three files. (b) The same
directory after the file voluminous has been removed.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux Ext2 File System (3)

Figure 10-33. Some fields in the i-node structure in Linux

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux Ext2 File System (4)

Figure 10-34. The relation between the file descriptor table, the
open file description table, and the i-node table.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 NFS Protocols

Figure 10-35. Examples of remote mounted file systems.

Directories shown as squares, files shown as circles.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 NFS Implementation

Figure 10-36. The NFS layer structure

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Security In Linux

Figure 10-37. Some example file protection modes.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Security System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-38. system calls relating to security.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639