Pharmaceutical Calculations

PHT 210
Dr. Musaed Alkholief
Office: AA 119
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: every day except Monday
From 11 am – 12 pm
By appointment only
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Syllabus

Reference:
• Pharmaceutical Calculations 13th and 14th editions. Howard C. Ansel

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Electrolytes
19/10/2015
6/1/1437

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Introduction

• Mixtures:
- Two or more different substances that are mixed with each other.
- Can be either heterogeneous or homogenous.

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alterecofoods.com
 Solutions:
• Homogenous mixtures
composed of solute and
solvent.
- Solute: a substance that gets
dissolved.
- Solvent: a substance that do
the dissolving.

• Water is the most common

solvent in nature

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• Depending on the chemistry of the solute, substances can dissolve in water
forming either electrolytes and non electrolytes.

• Electrolytes:
- Substances that dissociate partly or completely in water yielding ions.
- A solution that has ions can conduct electricity.

• Non Electrolytes:
- Substances that dissolve in water without dissociating, rather they remain as
molecules. (no ions, no conductivity)

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Electrolytes:
• Dissociate into ions, either +ve (cathode) or –ve (anode).
• Depending on the degree of dissociation, they can be either:

1- Strong electrolytes: 2- weak electrolytes:

- Completely ionized in water. - Partly ionized in water

- Strong conductor. - Weak conductor.
- Example:
- Example:
H2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) CH3COOH(l) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)

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In our bodies..

• Cations present include: Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ and the anions Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-- and
SO4--.
• These electrolytes play important role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
• In addition, they control body water volume and regulate body metabolism.

As a dosage forms:
- Pharmaceutical dosage forms containing electrolytes are used to treat electrolyte
disturbance of body fluids in the form of I.V infusion, tablets, capsules, oral
rehydrating solution (ORS) .

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Electrolyte concentration can be expressed as:

• Percent solutions (w%) (w/v)

• Millimoles (mmol) and Micromoles (µmol)

• Milliequivalents (mEq)

• Milliosmoles (mOsmol)

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1- Percent solutions

• Ratio of solute to solvent expressed as

percentage (w%)
= weight in GRAMS/ 100 ml volume of a
solution (w/v)

• Commonly seen in IV bags and medical solutions.

• Example
- 5% Dextrose  5 g dextrose in 100 ml solution

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2- Millimoles and Micromoles
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔)
• Mole=
𝑀𝑊

• Millimoles = 10-3 of a mole

• Micromoles= 10-6 of a mole

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3- Milliequivalents

• It is concerned with the total number of ions in a solution (related to valency).

• It is a measurement of the chemical activity of an electrolyte.

𝑚𝑔
mEq=
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

• Equivalent weight:
- The amount of a substance that will either:
supply or react with one mole of hydrogen ions (H+) in an acid-base reaction; or
supply or react with one mole of electrons in a redox reaction.

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 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Equivalent weight=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

Therefore,

𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
mEq=
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

And

𝑚𝐸𝑞 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

mg=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

• You can always represent mEq and mg as mEq/ml and mg/ml

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4- Osmolarity

• Takes into account the number of particles of solute in the solution.

• The unit of osmotic concentration is the milliosmole (mOsmol).
• For electrolytes (as NaCl) in which dissociation occurs:

1 mmole of NaCl = 2 mOsmol (Na+ + Cl-)

1 mmole of CaCl2 = 3 mOsmol (Ca++ + 2Cl-)

• N.B.: For any atom in solution, No. of species= 1

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 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔)
mOsmol= X number of species X 1000
𝑀𝑊

= moles X number of species X 1000

Can be represented as mOsmol/L and gram/L

𝑔
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ( )
𝐿
mOsmol/L = X number of species X 1000
𝑀𝑊

• For non-electrolytes (as dextrose) in which no dissociation occurs, mmole=

mOsmol.

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 Percent solutions: Millimole:

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔)
=
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔) Mole=
𝑀𝑊
100 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
millimole= mole/1000
micromole= mole/1000000

Milliequivlent: Milliosmole:

𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔)

mEq= mOsmol= X number
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑀𝑊
of species X 1000
𝑚𝐸𝑞 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
mg=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

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1- What is the concentration in (mg/ml) of a solution containing 2 mEq of
potassium chloride per milliliter?
M.W. of KCl = 74.5

𝑚𝐸𝑞/𝑚𝑙 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

mg/ml=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

2 ∗ 74.5
= = 149 mg/ml
1

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2- A solution containing 10 mg/100mL of K+1. Express the solution in terms of
milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Atomic weight of K+1 = 39

𝑚𝑔/𝑚𝑙 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
mEq/ml=
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

10 𝑚𝑔/100𝑚𝑙 𝑥 1
=
39
= 0.2564 mEq/100 ml
= 2.56 mEq/L

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3- What is the percent (w/v) of a solution containing 100 mEq of Ammonium
chloride per Liter?
M.W. of NH4Cl = 53.5

𝑚𝐸𝑞/𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

mg/L=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

100 𝑚𝐸𝑞/𝐿 𝑥 53.5

=
1
= 5350 mg/L
= 5.35 g/L
= 0.535 g/100 ml or 0.535 g%

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4- A solution containing 10 mg/100mL of Ca++. Express the solution in terms of
milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Atomic weight of Ca++ = 40

𝑚𝑔/𝑚𝑙 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
mEq/ml=
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑚𝑔
10 ∗2
100𝑚𝑙
=
40
= 0.5 mEq/100 ml
= 5 mEq/L

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5- Magnesium ions level in the blood plasma is 2.5mEq/L. Express the
concentration in terms of milligrams.
Atomic weight of Mg++ = 24

𝑚𝐸𝑞/𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

mg/L=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

2.5 𝑚𝐸𝑞/𝐿 𝑥 24
=
2
= 30 mg/L

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6- A person is to receive 2mEq of sodium chloride per kilogram of body weight. If
the person weighs 60 kg, how many milliliters of 0.9 % sodium chloride sterile
solution should be administered?
Molecular weight of NaCl = 58.5

𝑚𝐸𝑞 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

mg=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

Total mEq required= 2 x 60= 120 mEq

120 𝑚𝐸𝑞 ∗58.5

mg= = 7020 mg
1

0.9 g --------> 100 ml

7.020 g -----> x ml

NaCl needed= 780 ml

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7- A patient is given 125 mg of phenytoin sodium (m.w. 274) three times a day.
How many milliequivalents of sodium are represented in daily dose?

𝑚𝑔 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
mEq=
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟,𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

125 mg three times a day = 375 mg

375 𝑥 1
=
274

= 1.37 mEq
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8- Ringer’s solution contains 0. 86% of NaCl, 0.035 % of KCl and 0.033% CaCl2.
How many mEq of each chloride are contained in 1 L of the injection.
m.w.: of NaCl= 58.5, KCl= 74.5 and CaCl2 = 111

A- NaCl: 0.86%= 0.86 g/100 mL= 8.6 g/ L= 8600 mg/L

mEq of NaCl = (wt x valence)/ m.w.
= (8600 x 1)/ 58.5 = 147 mEq

B- KCl: 0.03%= 0.03 g/100 mL= 0.3 g/ L= 300 mg/L

mEq of KCl = (wt x valence)/ m.w.
= (300 x 1)/ 74.5 = 4.03 mEq

C- CaCl2: 0.033%= 0.033 g/100 mL= 0.33 g/ L= 330 mg/L

mEq of CaCl2 = (wt x valence)/ m.w.
28
= (330 x 2)/ 111 = 5.95 mEq
9- How many Millimoles of dibasic sodium phosphate in 100 g of substance?
M.W. of dibasic sodium phosphate is 138.

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔) 100 𝑔

Number of moles=
𝑀𝑊
=
138
= 0.725 moles = 725 mmoles

10- How many milligrams would 3 mmoles of dibasic sodium phosphate weigh?
M.W. of dibasic sodium phosphate is 138.

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔)
Number of moles=  weight (g) = moles * MW
𝑀𝑊
= 0.003 * 138 = 0.414 g = 414 mg

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11- Convert Tobramycin blood plasma levels of 0.5 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL
into μmoles.
M.W. of Tobramycin is 467.5.

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔)
Mole=
𝑀𝑊

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑚𝑔)
Millimole=
𝑀𝑊

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (µ𝑔)
Micromole =
𝑀𝑊

0.5
= = 1.07 x 10-3 μmole
467.5
2
And, = 4.27 x10-3 μmole
467.5

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12- What is the osmolarity of 0.9%w/v NaCl injection?

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔)
mOsmol= X number of species X 1000
𝑀𝑊

0.9% w/v= 0.9 g/ 100 mL = 9 g/L

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mOsmol= X 2 X 1000
58.5

= 308 mOsmol

= 0.308 Osmol
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13- A solution contains 156 mg of K+ ions per 100 mL. How many mOsmoles are
represented in a liter of the solution? Atomic weight of K+ =39

mOsmol/L = No. of moles x No. of species x 1000

156 mg/100 mL = 0.156 g/ 100 mL= 1.56 g/L

Number of moles= weight/ atomic Wt= 1.56/39= 0.04

mOsmol/L = 0.04 x 1 x 1000= 40 mOsmol/L

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14- A solution contains 10 mg% of Ca++ ions. How many milliosmoles are
represented in one liter of the solution?
Atomic weigh of Ca++ = 40

mOsmol/L = No. of moles x No. of species x 1000

10 mg%= 10 mg/100mL = 100 mg/L= 0.1 g/L

Number of moles= weight/ atomic wt= 0.1/40= 0.0025

mOsmol/L = 0.0025 x 1 x 1000= 2.5 mOsmol/L

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15- A parenteral solution contains 5% dextrose. How many mOsmoles per liter
are represented by this concentration?
M.W. of dextrose = 180

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔/𝐿)
mOsmol/L= X number of species X 1000
𝑀𝑊

5% = 5 g/100 mL = 50 g/ L

Dextrose is non-electrolye, so, number of species = 1

50
mOsmol/L = X 1 X 1000
180

= 278 mOsmol/L
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