Set

Collection of distinct elements is known.

Example: V= { a,e,i,o,u }

Tabular form:
P= {2,3,5,7,11} set of 1st five prime
Set Builder :
P = { x |x≤ 11 ^ x is positive prime }

Venn Diagram:
A diagram representing mathematical or logical sets pictorially as circles or
enclosed curves within an enclosing rectangle, common elements of the sets being
represented by intersections of the circles.

U = {1,2,3,4………… }

A = {1,3,5,7} B = {1,2,4,6 }

Difference:
A-B { 3,5,7 } B-A { 2,4,6 }
Subset:
every set have two subset
Example:
empty. Itself
Cardinality:
number of element in set
Example:
|B|=4

What is the cardinality of S

|S|=26
Power set :
set of all subsets
A X B = { (a,1)(a,2)(b,1)(b,2) }

Subset:

The set A is said to be a subset of B if and only if every element of A is also an

element of B.

Example:

A= {1, 2}

Cartesian product:

The Cartesian product of A and B denoted by A*B is the set of all

ordered pairs (a, b) where a belongs to A and b belongs to B.

Example:

B= {1, 2}

B*B= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}

Disjoint set:

Two sets are said to be disjoint sets if they have no element in common.

Example:

A= {1, 2, 3, 4}

B= {a, b, c}

A^B= {}

the order n tuple a1,a2……an is the ordered collection that has a1 as its first element
as its 2nd element an as its nth element
Example: A,B
A X B != B X A

A X B = { (a b) | a∊ A & b∊ B}

Union of set:

The Union of a collection of sets is the set that contains those elements that
are member of at least one set in the collection
We use the Notation
A1UA2U………UAn = Uni=1Ai

Intersection of set:

the intersection of the collection of sets is the set that contain those
elements that are the member of all the set in collections

A1∩A2………∩An = ∩ni=1Ai

Random Numbers:
no link & prediction is not possible

Purpose of statistics
In study of statistics we are concerned basically with the presentation
and interptation of chance outcomes that occurs in planned study or scientific investigation

Observation:
Recording of information whether it is numerical or categorical is known
observation
Experiment:
Any process that generates a set of data is known as experiment(statistical
Experiment)

Sample space:
The set of all possible outcomes of a experiment is called sample space
and is represented by the symbols S
Sample point :
Each outcome in a sample space is called sample point or element &
member of the sample point
If the sample space has a finite number of elements we may list the members separated by
commas and in closed braces.

Q: What is the sample space when a fair coin is tossed?

Answer: S = { H, T }

Q: Consider the experiment of tossing a fair dice. Suppose that we are interested in
the number that show on the top face?

Answer: S = {1, 2, 3, 4 ,5, 6}

Q: Consider the experiment of tossing a fair dice suppose that we may interested I
having whether the number that show on the top face is even or odd what is the
sample space?

Answer: S = { even ,odd }

Q:An experiment consists of flipping a coin and then flipping it a second if head
occurs if a tail occurs on the first flip then a dice is tossed once Draw a tree diagram
to list the elements of sample space, also write the sample space?

Answer:

S = {HH, HT, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}

Q: Suppose that three items are selected at random form a manufacturing process.
Each item is inspected and classified defective D or Non defective N with the help of a
tree diagram list the elements of the sample space and write it?

Answer:
 S = {DDD, DDN, DND, DNN, NDD, NDN, NND, NNN}

Event:
an event is a subset of a sample space
Example: s1{HH}

Special Event: special event which occur always

Impossible event: which is not occur in real world

Example: {}

Q: Given the sample space S = {t|t≥0} where t is the life year of a certain electronic
component find the event the component fails before the end of fifth year?

Answer: A = { t | 0≤t≤5}

Complement of an event:
the complement of an event it with respect to s is the subset of all
elements of s that are not in A we denote complement of a by the symbol A’

Q: Consider the example of tossing a fair dice and following events

A = the event that are even
B = the event that are greater than 3
write the elements of S,A,B in Set notation

Answer:

S = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 }
A = { 2,4,6 }
B = {4,5,6}
A’= S-A {1,3,5}
B’ = S-B {1,2,3}
A∩B = {4,6}
A∪B = {2,4,5,6}

Intersection of events:
the intersection of two events A& B denoted by the symbol A∩B
is the event contaning all elements that are common to A and B

Example:
A^B = {1, 5}
Impossible event:
the empty set ф is also event sometimes known impossible event
because it can never occurs

Sure event:
the sample space S is also a subset of itself & also known an event always occur
so called sure event

Mutually exclusive events:

Two events A and B of a single experiment said to be mutually
exclusive or disjoint iff ф= A∩B
Example
they cannot both occur at the same time
coin tossing we get head or tail two events head & tail are mutually exclusive

let M = {a,e,i,o,u} , N = { r ,s, t } show that N&M are mutually exclusive

answer: M&N are mutually exclusive Union of event: the union of two events A and B
denoted by the symbol A∩B is the event contains all elements that belong to A or B
or both
Example:
A = {a ,b ,c}, B = { b, c, d, e }
A∪B = {a ,b, c, d ,e}= S

Exhaustive event:
Events are said to be collectively exhaustive when the union of
mutually exclusive events is equal to the entire Sample space S

Example: In the dice tossing experiment even numbers and odd numbers are collectively
exhaustive events

A = { even } = {2,4,6}
B = { odd } = { 1,3,5 }
A∩B = ф
A∪B = S
Partition of sample space:
A group of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
belonging to a sample space is called a partition of a sample space

Example:
let A be event in a sample space S then A and A’ from a partition as
they are mutually exclusive and their union is the entire sample space

1. A∩ф=ф
2. A∪ф=A
3. A∩A’ =ф
4. A∪A’= S
5. S’ = ф
6. Ф’=S
7. (A’)’ = A
8. (A∩B)’ = A’∪B’
9. (A∪B)’ = A’∩B’

Q: List the elements of each of following sample space

1. The set of integer between 1 & 50 divide by 8

Answer:

S = {8, 16, 24, 32 ,40, 48}

2. The set S = {x|x2+4x – 5= 0}

X2 +5x-x-5=0
x(x+5)-1(x+5)
X = 1, -5
S = { -5, 1 }

3. The set outcomes when a coin is tossed until a tail or three head appears

Answer: S = {HHH, HHT ,HT , T}

4. The set S = {x| x is a continent}

Answer: Asia ,Africa ,Australia ,Antarctica, North America, South America, Europe
5. The set S = {x | 2x-4≥0 and x<1}

Answer: S=ф