Excavations in Cyprus, 1913

Author(s): John L. Myres

Source: The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 41 (1940 - 1945), pp. 53-104
Published by: British School at Athens
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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913

INTRODUCTION

THE remote date of the researches here described needs a word of explanation and

apology.

In the latter part of the year 1913 the Committee of the Cyprus Museum received a

Government grant for the purpose of exploratory work on sites selected to illustrate principal

periods and aspects of antiquity, and to provide the basis for estimates of the value and the

cost of operations on a larger scale. I accepted the invitation of the Committee to supervise

this project, and to give to my former pupil at Oxford, Mr. Merielaos Markides, then Keeper

of the Cyprus Museum, the personal introduction to field work which might enable him to

continue such excavations, on a modest scale, on his own responsibility. As there was some

prospect of finding human remains, I obtained from the British Association for the Advance-

ment of Science a small grant to meet the expenses of another friend and pupil, the late

Leonard H. D. Buxton of Exeter College, Oxford, who held the Oxford Diploma in Anthro-

pology, and had been engaged in anthropometric work in the excavations of Sir Henry

Wellcome at Jebel Moya in the Sudan. My own stay in Cyprus was limited by other

engagements to the three months October, November, December I913, but.Mr. Buxton was

fortunately able to stay longer in Cyprus and assist Mr. Markides in installing our finds in

the Cyprus Museum at Nicosia.

Three different sites had been suggested to the Cyprus Museum Committee as suitable

for excavation with the objectives and on the scale proposed: (I) the Bronze Age cemetery

of Enkomi near Salamis and Famagusta, where the British Museum had found rich Cypro-

Mycenaean tombs in 1896, with the adjacent 'Tomb of Saint Catharine', of which both the

age and the purpose were disputed; (2) the ruinous town-site at Lapithos on the north coast

west of Kerynia, whence a splendid hoard of Byzantine silver vessels had been acquired by

the Metropolitan Museum of New York and an earlier treasure of jewellery by the Cyprus

Museum; and (3) the Bamboula Hill at Larnaca, where Sargon's conquest-stela, now in

Berlin, was found in I845, and other monuments in 1879, including Phoenician sculpture

and inscriptions, when part of the hill was dug away to fill up the ancient harbour. But

though all three sites were duly examined, the results were only large enough to show what

might be won at a quite disproportionate cost, and with great risk of disappointment.

In archaeology, however, as in most other sciences, ' it is the easiest thing in the world

to find what you are not looking for'. A few weeks before our own work began, chance

finds, like those which had revealed Enkomi in 1895, exposed a sanctuary site at Lefk6niko

in the Mesarid plain, which would inevitably be despoiled before the next ploughing, if it

were not examined and cleared at once. And then, at the moment when-Enkomi having

failed us-we were at a dead-end at Lapithos also, another chance discovery only a mile or

two away gave us an untouched and very interesting cemetery of the early middle of the

Bronze Age.

These five sites, then, were our eventual programme, and are described here in the order

in which they were undertaken.

Some progress had already been made in preparing the results of our work for publica-

tion, when war broke out in August 194. Mr. Buxton offered himself at once for war

service; and I, too, left Oxford on duty in July 1915, having only published, in Archaeologia

LXVI (I914), our report on the so-called 'Tomb of Saint Catharine' at Salamis, a large

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54 JOHN L. MYRES

barrel-vaulted chamber-tomb with subterranean entrance and side chamber, of long-disputed,

but, as we discovered, of certainly classical date. But under war conditions it was difficult

to maintain correspondence with Mr. Markides on the many minor questions that emerged

in the preparation of our reports. By the end of the war, I found myself involved in other

duties which precluded another visit to Cyprus; and meanwhile the ill-health of Mr.

Markides prevented him from completing the revision of our material. All that he was able

to send to me was a very detailed description of the long series of sculpture from Lefk6niko,

of which only a summary is published here. Meanwhile, also, the great expedition to

Cyprus, organised by H.R.H. The Crown Prince of Sweden, and led by Dr. Einar Gjerstad,

besides exploring many other sites most fruitfully, had followed in our tracks at Enkomi and

at Lapithos, and had far out-matched our results. Other excavators, French and American,

followed; and Dr. P. Dikaios, F.S.A., the successor of Mr. Markides as Keeper of the Cyprus

Museum, revolutionised the perspective of the Copper Age of Cyprus by his discoveries at

Erimi and Khirokitia (Archaeologia LXXXVIII).

Nevertheless, in the intervals of another spell of war-duty, I have found it possible to

complete at all events a summary account of the operations of 1913, omitting much detail of

temporary and technical interest, and emphasising the points in which those efforts seem to

me now to have contributed something of permanent value to the history and antiquities of

Cyprus.

I take this opportunity of expressing belated thanks to all who contributed to make these

researches possible: to the late Sir Hamilton Goold Adams, K.C.M.G., High Commissioner

of Cyprus in 1913, for his constant interest and encouragement, and to Lady Goold Adams

for her hospitality; to members of H.M. Services in Cyprus, and of the Museum Committee,

for help and advice of many kinds; to the Keeper of the Cyprus Museum, Mr. Markides, for

never-failing provision for material needs, and to Mr. Buxton for his skill and enthusiasm;

to many Cypriote friends, wherever we worked; and last but not least to those sturdy, genial

colleagues, the workmen, often in much discomfort and discouragement-for weather was bad,

and the finds they most appreciated were rare. What never failed them, or us, was their

common-sense, endurance, and goodwill.

A SANCTUARY SITE AT LEFKONIKO

WITH PLATES I 11-21

The village of Lefk6niko lies on the north side of the Mesaria plain, on the main or

'upper' road from Nicosia (21 miles) to Trikomo (9 miles) for the Karpass promontory.

Cross-roads connect Lefk6niko northwards by Platini (5 miles) with Akanthodi on the north

coast; south-westward with Yenagra (3- miles) on the alternative 'old' or 'lower' road

from Nicosia to Trikomo; southwards, through the double village Perister6na-Piyi, with

Prasti6 (6 miles) on the north bank of the main channel of the Pidias river. The Gephyria

stream, descending from the North Range, crosses the Trikomo road 2 miles east of Lef-

k6niko, and skirts the limestone plateau which was the home-territory of ancient Salamis

swerving south-east beyond Perister6na-Piyl and joining a loop of the main river at Styllos,

4 miles east of Prasti6, and about half-way to the sea. A smaller water-course called Krfos-

potam6s (' cold river') which comes down from the foothills about Platini, just west of the

head-waters of the Gephyria, skirts the east side of Lefk6niko village and crosses the road

thence to Perister6na-Piyi about ioo yards beyond its southernmost houses. Then, instead

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 55

of joining the Gephyria, it loses itself in the fields; for it is usually dry. The reason for this

change of course is that while the Gephyria lies between the edge of the plateau and the

small group of outlier hills, on the southern spurs of which lie Perister6na and Piyi, the

Kryos-potam6s flows west of these, in a very shallow basin south of Lefk6niko, and its flood

waters eventually join the Geph'ria under the name of Plikos-potam6s below Maritha

village. This little drainage system has to be noted here, because its flood-waters seem to

be partly responsible for the desertion and devastation of the Lefk6niko sanctuary site.

About a mile south of the village, and half a mile from the bridge which carries the road

across the Kryos-potam6s, stands a chapel, Agia Z6ni-not marked in Kitchener's survey

(I882)-the only landmark of an ancient settlement which occupied much of this open

ground, and probably marked the junction of the ancient road inland from Salamis with

that from Trikomo and the Karpass. It is the predecessor of medieval and modern

Lefk6niko.

Early in the year 1913, the proprietor of one of the large unfenced fields found, about 150

metres east of the chapel, and 3Io0 north-west from the bridge on the road, several fragments

of masonry and large statues, and a bronze object which some described as a lamp, others as

some kind of figure; this has unfortunately disappeared. A life-size male figure, of the end

of the sixth century B.C., was acquired by the Cyprus Museum, and the head of this figure

was found during our excavation (P1. 13, 3). It seemed urgent to examine this new site,

and anticipate further discoveries; for it was clear that accident had revealed a fresh

example of those statue-crowded sanctuaries which had already been excavated at V6ni,

Achna, Idalion, and Tamassos and at General di Cesnola's chief hunting-grounds, Pharangas

and ' Golgoi' near Athiknou: see Cyprus Museum Catalogue pp. 1-12.

Accordingly, on October I, 1913, trenches were opened to extend the two recent search-

pits, which still lay half overgrown and surrounded by chips of stone. As there seemed to be

no reason to expect to find buildings worth preserving as a public monument, the general

idea was to open a wide trench from north to south, as far as might be necessary, and then to

clear the site outwards to east and west from this centre-line, replacing the earth behind us

in the original trench. The earth first excavated was piled in two dumps, to north-east and

south-west, so as to be at hand for the eventual filling in, when the limits of the site were

reached. On the whole, this plan worked well: a trial trench eastward showed that nothing

of importance lay in that direction, and the late boundary wall, which was eventually reached

to the west, lay nearly parallel with our base-line trench. Only to south-eastward was it

necessary to follow the broken foundations of a Graeco-Roman building a few metres further

afield.

On the surface of the site there was nothing but the recent search-pits to indicate ancient

remains; but in the southern part of the area worked blocks were found immediately below

the stubble;-a late column-drum, the pediment of a poor stele, some late mouldings (P1. 11,

2); a small seated figure of Zeus Ammon (P1. I7), such as occurs on other sites in Cyprus,

and in tombs; four life-size heads-one of fifth-century style-and the body of a life-size

Roman statue (P1. 11, i). This statue was so close to the surface that it had been repeatedly

grazed by the plough. All these objects were obviously out of place, and had been left by

former stone-hunters. Throughout the surface soil were fragments of smaller statues, in the

same local limestone.

The whole site had evidently been devastated, and it was only here and there that ancient

floor-levels could be traced with any confidence. There was late masonry still in place at a

metre or less from the surface, and undisturbed gravel or water-washed sand at I'5o m. As

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56 JOHN L. MYRES

the fragments already found ranged over the whole series of Cypriote sculpture from the

seventh century B.C. to the third or fourth century A.D., there was no reason to expect any

sequence of superposed layers; and in fact some of the deepest foundations were among the

latest in date, cutting through and disturbing earlier contents of the shrine. Most of these

were isolated rectangular blocks and slabs, fairly well-dressed, lying either on the undisturbed

sand, or supported by a thin layer of soil, or, in some places, of rubble cement. They were

roughly oriented north-south, and were least disturbed in the southern half of the excavated

area. They appeared to be bases for late statues like that which had already been found, or

for stelae or other monuments of moderate size.

With these isolated blocks were associated three composite structures:-

(I) An oblong pedestal (D) 2-70o m. from east to west and 2-IO m. from north to south,

destroyed except its rubble footing and one course of squared masonry. It was hollow

within, and partly covered by a plaster floor: on its north face one large slab of a pavement

was in place, and on this stood one of the smaller base-blocks. Here there had evidently

been reconstruction within the Hellenistic or Graeco-Roman period.

(2) About the middle of the excavated area, the north-east angle of a similar pedestal

remained, of two courses of masonry on a footing of rubble cement, with older bases

imbedded in it. Its east face was preserved for 3"30 m. south of the angle, and then the

cement footing seemed to give place to smaller detached bases or pavement slabs; so here

may have been the south-east angle. Of the other dimensions of this monement no evidence

remained, except about I io m. of the north face.

(3) About a metre east of this damaged pedestal, a flat slab (C) I-oo m. by 0o95 m., lying

horizontally on undisturbed sand, carried on its northern and southern edges upright slabs

0.70-0.75 m. long, 0-45 m. high, and 0o20 m. thick. The whole structure looked like the

lining of a doorway, but there was no trace of wall footing farther north and south, and it

may have been a built-up pedestal.

North of these structures, the quality of the remains changed. Instead of bases and

slabs of dressed masonry, irregularly grouped indeed, but fairly oriented and certainly in

place, there were clusters of rudely hewn blocks, (B, B) from I .oo m. to 0-50 m. square, but only

roughly rectangular, with broken or worn angles, and usually a four-sided socket in the

upper side, which sometimes still contained the base and feet of a human figure in the same

local limestone (Pl. 11, 3). These base-blocks formed four groups, one of three rows, two of

one row, and one quite irregular; but as some of the bases were upside down, their positions

seem to result from a complete devastation of the area; similar bases formed part of a rude

pavement or platform at the south end, only 0o20-0o40 m. below the surface; others lay

partly beneath the monument (2), already described, so the sanctuary must have been partly

rearranged in Hellenistic times. The feet of a statue were found built into the rubble wall

of the 'Deposit Chamber', to be described later; and the lower part of another lay near the

surface.

Stratification.-Only here and there could be seen any sequence of undisturbed deposits,

as follows: (i) undisturbed sand, with variable bands of water-borne gravel, ended at 1'50-

1i60 m. from the surface, covered by (ii) disturbed earth with fragments of terracotta figures,

large and small, and then (iii) a plaster floor o. II m. thick, which abutted against the footings

of a thick rubble cross-wall, running south from the northern boundary wall and apparently

contemporary with it. Then (iv) came 0o50 m. of reddish earth mixed with ashes, stones,

and near the base, a very few rough terracotta figures (544-6 below) much scaled and

damaged. It was in this layer (iv) that most of the disturbed base-blocks lay. Then (v) at

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 A. Small room contain-

O ing deposit of sculpture.

B B. Early stone bases.

C-E. Hellenistic bases.

F. Hellenistic statue.

G. Pavement with door-

sill.

O F \G

FIG. I. LEFK6NIKO: SANCTUARY SITE; SKETCH-PLAN.

(Scale about io feet to an inch: north at top).

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58 JOHN L. MYRES

o.6o m. above the plaster floor, came the footings of a thin wall of poor loose rubble, enclosing

an irregular four-sided chamber (A) about 3'50 m. in each direction, which occupied the whole

north-west corner of the enclosure bounded by the thick rubble wall belonging to layer (iii).

The walls of this chamber rose about I-o m. to the surface soil, and had been gashed and

disintegrated by the plough.

The Deposit Chamber and its Contents (P1. 11, 4, 5, 6).-The whole of this chamber was packed

tightly to the depth of about o05o m.-that is, up to plough-level-with a mass of stone

statuettes and fragments of sculpture, of all periods and styles, from the seventh century B.C.

to the latest Graeco-Roman work of the third or fourth century A.D. The little oriental

bronze figures (598, P1. 12, I) and the four bronze cows (599, P1. 12, 2-4) were found among

these stone figures near the south-east corner of the chamber, and it was within the area of

this deposit that the bronze object had been found previously, which drew attention to the

site, but had gone astray. The figures, many already headless and otherwise damaged, had

been deliberately stacked; the longer ones in nearly upright ranks round the walls, but more

and more inclined towards the centre (P1. 11, 6); then the more irregular fragments had

been packed in the middle, and small heads and other fragments on top (P1. 11, 5). The

whole deposit, therefore, was made in one operation, at the close of the sanctuary's career.

An approximate date for this was given by a couple of very late Roman lamps, and bronze

coins of late fabric, quite undecipherable, deep down in the deposit. Though many frag-

ments were found all through the disturbed soil beyond the walls of the deposit chamber,

the deposit itself did not seem to have been ever much deeper than now. It had consisted,

that is, of not more than one tier of standing figures, and the present ground-level had been

determined by its resistance to the plough, for soil-moisture had cemented the figures firmly

together. As no type of sculpture was found in disturbed earth outside the deposit, which

did not occur also in it, and as there was no trace of any layer of sculpture debris outside it,

it seemed certain that the loose fragments already found in surface soil had been detached

and scattered by the plough.

History of the Site

Taking all the evidence into one survey, therefore, the history of the Lefk6niko Sanctuary

may be reconstructed as follows. On previously unoccupied ground, represented by the

undisturbed gravel and sand of stratum (i) I-8o m. from the present surface, a small sanctuary

was established in the Early Iron Age. The earliest offerings in layer (ii) were rough hand-

modelled terracottas, but these did not remain in vogue long, for they were neither numerous

nor varied in style; and soon, as in some other Cypriote sanctuaries, they were superseded

by stone figures, about the beginning of the seventh century B.C.

The continuous sequence of the stone figures shows that the sanctuary remained in

regular use till the third or fourth century A.D. There was no occasion, therefore, for any

change of floor level, and the single lime-washed plaster floor probably resulted rather from

the cumulative white-washings of the original levelled surface of the older deposits with

terracotta figures-for there seems to have been a complete renovation at this stage-than

from any formal paving. This kind of floor has its counterpart in the lime-floors of Minoan

houses and sanctuaries in Crete, in the Graeco-Roman house-floors of the Bamboula Hill

at Larnaca, and in the present-day houses of Lefk6niko village. The derangement of the

large statue bases, when the sanctuary was wrecked, is quite sufficient to account for the dis-

appearance of so much of this floor.

Though the greater number of the stone figures in the Deposit Chamber were less than

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 59

o'5o m. high, the rough stone bases-more than thirty, including fragments-show that

occasionally life-size statues were dedicated. Heads (160-5), hands, feet (588-90) and other

fragments of such statues were found in the Deposit (588-90, P1. 13, 2); the earliest were in

oriental styles, of the seventh and sixth cenutries; one (P1. 13, 3), of which the body was

found before the excavation, and the head in disturbed earth on the site, may be as late as

the beginning of the fifth; and one large head (P1. 13, 2 (163)) is later in the fifth; but

after that there are no large statues till the Hellenistic Age, when they are represented in the

Deposit by the torso (P1. 11, I) and some damaged heads (397-403) from the south end of

the excavation, and by feet, arms, and other fragments (Pl. 20, hand and lyre).

The original sanctuary-area was bounded on the north, west, and east by thick walls of

rubble, resting on the original ground-level just below the lime-floor. Their thickness-

which was in places as much as a metre, though usually half a metre or even less-and the

rarity of rubble-stones in the disturbed earth, suggest that the rubble walls were never much

higher than now, and that they carried upper courses of sun-dried brick, the disintegration

of which has caused the deposit of fine earth above the lime-floor, almost identical in quality

with the mud bricks made in 1913 in Lefk6niko village and intended for use in modern

houses on just such rubble plinths. There was much brick-earth also outside the west wall,

rising in places nearly to the present surface. In Cesnola's excavation at Athi6nou, Colonna-

Ceccaldi noted a great quantity of brick-earth (Mon. Ant. de Chypre, p. 50).

That the mud-brick courses must have been of some height is to be inferred from the

amount of this brick-earth on the site; and also from the degree to which coloured decoration

has been preserved on the stone statues; for if these had stood for centuries in an open yard,

they must have been rain-washed on head and shoulders, and the earlier ones more than the

later. As nothing of this kind has occurred, either at Lefk6niko or in the sanctuaries ex-

cavated by di Cesnola and by Ohnefalsch-Richter, it must be inferred that all these sanctuaries

had a roof, or pent-house. As there were no tiles or roofing slabs, it must be further inferred

that this roof was of brushwood and earth, protected by lime-wash, as in the modern village

houses. Hence the occurrence of wood-ashes, charcoal, and burned earth, in the layer above

the plastered floor, in which the statue-bases lay. At the last, the sanctuary had been

burned.

In course of time, the Lefk6niko sanctuary, like other Cypriote shrines, became crowded

with dedications, as the statue-bases show, and had to be enlarged. The original east wall

was pulled down, a little east of the Deposit Chamber, where the angle is traceable, and

replaced further east on a different alignment, and very clumsily connected with the old

north wall. This later wall contained a stone torso and a base-block, and overlay another

base and a small deposit of stone figures resulting from the disturbance of this side of the old

enclosure.

The original south wall, also, has quite disappeared. Probably it lay about 9 metres

from the north wall, as there were no early bases so far south as this; and it is here that the

structures of squared masonry, and the stone pavements lay, on ground apparently undis-

turbed, though at a rather higher level than the old plaster floor and its rude statue bases.

But even the boundary wall of this later annexe was almost wholly destroyed, being of more

attractive material than the old rubble. This annexe in turn became crowded with more

pretentious monuments in classical style.

Then, when Christianity came, the old sanctuary was neglected and fell into decay.

There was certainly some burning. The mud-brick walls crumbled, and smothered the

floor with brick-earth. The large statues fell, or broke off, leaving their feet to weather in

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6o JOHN L. MYRES

their sockets. The pavement was partly grubbed up, and the larger blocks of stone were

carried off as building material. Compare the disordered statue-bases at Agia Irini (SCE II.

pl. xxix. p. 796).

But this period of neglect was not the end. In some interval of reaction, or mere regret,

pious hands built a rough resting-place for the relics of the old cult, and collected into this

' Deposit Chamber' all that seemed worth saving, of the votive sculpture, before its painted

decoration had had time to fade. The date of this last episode is given approximately by the

lamps and coins which were accidentally included in the deposit; and one late Roman lamp

lay under the north wall of the Deposit. Nothing, however, seems to have been built over the

old site; there was even no domestic pottery. The ground was perhaps held uncanny, or

it may have been included, like so many other pagan sanctuaries, in the precinct of a

Christian church, the precursor of the little chapel hard by.

Two observations may be permitted, in regard to earlier excavations on similar sites.

In the first place, the discovery, for the first time, of an actual deposit chamber, confirms the

explanation offered long ago by Ernest Renan of a collection of broken sculpture found by

peasants at Amrit in Phoenicia (Mission en Phdnicie p. 850).1 His allusion to the 'great

number' of these deposits in Cyprus suggests that some details which have escaped publica-

tion were current locally in 1873 as to the source of the statues which were being exhumed

in large numbers by General di Cesnola, R. Hamilton Lang, and others, in the years

preceding Renan's visit to the Levant. With this clue, it is worth while to re-read the

published narratives, which will be seen to contain rather more information than they have

sometimes been given credit for. Ohnefalsch-Richter's unpublished report on Akhna is in

the British Museum (CMC p. I). For Dali, compare the building marked R in Colonna-

Ceccaldi's plan (i.c. pl. i.). On the other hand the statement of Colonna-Ceccaldi (i.c.

39-40) who visited Athienon in Cesnola's time: 'beaucoup de ces statues et ornaments

avaient df etre transf6res dans un edifice plus moderne, sa succursale, qui 6tait devenu

bient6t en quelque sorte la paroisse metropolitain d'Athienou,' seems to refer to a general

reorganisation of the site, like that in Hellenistic times in Lefk6niko, and in Cypro-Geometric

times at Agia Irini (SCE II. 821-2).

In the second place, the disordered state of even the lowest stratum at Lefk6niko suggests

that the published plans of other Cypriote sanctuaries do not necessarily represent the

original arrangement of their contents. This applies particularly to the sanctuary at Voni

near Kythrea (Ohnefalsch-Richter, Athenische Mittheilungen IX 127 ff. 139 ff. pl. iv. v.; Kypros,

the Bible, and Homer (Engl. ed.) p. 2, pl. v., cf. iv.-ix. xl. xli. ccxv.), and to that at Idalion

(KBH pl. Ivi.-vii.), where the bases were found crowded together or irregularly spaced,

and even overlapping; and where the roughly four-sided chamber which projects into the

middle of the enclosure may have been a deposit chamber like that at Lefk6niko.

1 Renan, Mission en Phinicie p. 850: letter from M. PNreti6 dated Nov. 18, 1873. ' Dans un caveau ou souterrain

pres du Maabed' the fine monolithic chamber 'probablement parmi les debris de constructions figures a ]'angle N. O.

de l'enceinte taillk dans le roc (voir P1. VIII) on a trouv6 un assez grand nombre de debris de statuettes, dont les tetes,

comme cela a lieu a Chypre, sont separ6es de corps.' Sixty-four such heads were brought to M. Pereti6; together with

bodies of statues, and of animals much damaged. One body was as much as 40 cm. high; the head and part of the legs

were missing: ' cependant, a un reste d'un petit lion que le personnage tenait de la main gauche, et dont on ne voit plus

que les pattes, ou reconnait que la statue a du ressembler a ces colosses trouv6s 'a Niniv6 (maintenant au Musee du Louvre)

qui ecrasent un lion contre leur ceinture. Toutes les autres pieces que sont entre les mains de M. Pereti6 sont des totes

ressemblant beaucoup 'a celles qu'on a decouvertes 'a Chypre.' The letter goes on to describe their ' type semitique tres

accus6', and especially an 'Assyrian' bearded head with conical cap and curly beard. The deposit, as a whole, is

described by M. Renan as 'un de ces dep6ts de statues brisees, comme Chypre en possede un grand nombre, et qui

remontent certainement A l'epoque de la destruction du paganisme.'

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 61

The South Excavation

On information from the owner of the land, soundings were made on a plot about

140 m. south of the Sanctuary. The proprietor said that about thirty years ago, he and his

father discovered foundations of walls and some statues here, and also a 'square room' of

masonry, which they did not open. This sounded rather like an echo of our own experiences;

but a few men were diverted to this plot. The first trenches yielded nothing, but at last a

wall-footing was found, running east and west, and other traces of walls too much devastated

to yield any plan. There was a good deal of plaster foundation and pavement. Below a

plaster floor, at 0-50 m., lay an earlier floor of thin plaster at 1.75 m., and below this an oval

cistern about o-6o-o-8o m. in diameter, lined with plaster. This cistern went down 2-oo m.,

and was then contracted by a shelf 0-25 m. wide, within which the cavity went down o'30 m.

further, to a plaster bottom. From it came late unpainted sherds, Hellenistic or Graeco-

Roman, pieces of large jars, a bowl, and a cup. Level with the east-and-west wall-footing, a

plaster floor o I5 m. thick extended northward sloping a little to the west. A similar floor

at the same level extended south of the wall-footing for 3oo00 m., till it was stopped by a

rubble foundation. Our wall-footing was found to cut through this floor and was therefore

later. After four days' work, it became clear that the site was not worth further examination.

Similar foundations were said to be encountered by the plough over a considerable area,

but nothing was shown that justified trenches. It is remarkable how completely an ancient

settlement can disappear in the lowlands of Cyprus, under the combined assault of stone-

robbers and winter rains.

The small finds were very few, and included bits of pink wall-plaster, a Cypraea shell, a

Conus shell, a flat circular weight, without inscription, one bit of shapeless bronze, and frag-

ments of Bronze Age pottery-ordinary ' white painted ware' (one),' white slip ware' (one),

Late Minoan III cream-coloured ware (one) with bands of red glaze-paint. But there was

nothing to show whence these early fragments were derived, and no similar fragments were

brought in from the surface of the fields. I suspect that they were brought by a workman

to substantiate the story of the ' statues and closed chamber '.

THE STONE STATUES AND STATUETTES

These are male, as at Voni where the cult is identified by three dedications (CMC 5143-45)

as that of Apollo, and where some of the figures (CMC 5048-52) have an eagle (CMC 5048-49),

a Nike (5050) or a fawn (5051-52) as attribute. At Dali, whence come most of the figures

in the British Museum's collection, the deity is Apollo Amyklos, the Phoenician Reshef

Mikal. But as at Voni and Dali, most of the offerings at Lefk6niko represent the idealised

votary, holding dove, incense-box (pyxis), or lustral spray of foliage. Only very few are

more precisely characterised; the scribes with outspread roll (P1. 12, 123; 17, 426) and the

family group of father and sons (P1. 12, 6 (I14)). These seem intended to be portraits.

There are, however, a very few stray female figures, such as occur on other Cypriote

sanctuaries for male worship (P1. 17, 425).

The figures are all cut in a white local limestone, with characteristic use of the knife as

well as the chisel. As the limestone is tabular and thin-bedded, they are flat behind; the

head is uplifted to reduce the risk of damage to the nose; the arms are pressed closely to the

sides, or upon the breast; and the feet are foreshortened and protected by a base by which

they could be secured in a separate pedestal: but no such were found except for the largest

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62 JOHN L. MYRES

figures: the small ones were simply set up against a wall, or in front of previous dedications.

The earlier draperies were very simply rendered, with a few shallow grooves and overfolds;

in the fifth century the under-garment shows the characteristic 'crinkled' or 'crepon'

texture, still commonly woven in Cyprus for underwear. But at all periods red paint was

used for eyeballs, lips, hair, and the borders and seams of garments.

The summary classification and description which follows is abridged from the very

detailed inventory prepared by Mr. Menelaos Markides, who was Keeper of the Cyprus

Museum in 1913, for the series selected by him for exhibition-only a small part of the total

contents of the 'Deposit Chamber' (nos. 1-132 (P1. 12)). It has been thought sufficient to

compare the series from Voni and Tamassos, fully described in the Cyprus Museum Catalogue

(Myres and Ohnefalsch-Richter) 1899 [= CMC]; from Dali, in the British Museum Catalogue

of Sculpture I ii. z C (F. N. Pryce) 193I [= BM. C]; and from Athienou (Golgoi) and other

sites, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Handbook to the Cesnola Collection

(Myres) 1914 [= Cesn.].

Oriental Style : seventh century B.c.1 Nos. 1-132 (PL. 12).

Votaries, erect, flat-backed: strongly 'oriental' features and prominent nose; Cap

pointed, concealing the hair in front, but exposing the large ears; in series A no side-flaps

are shown, but in series B the side-flaps are turned up and secured in front of the peak, as

shown in detail on larger figures, such as Cesn. 100oo4, 1257, 1284, 1352. In nos. 48, 60o, 62

the cap is coloured red. Behind the head, the hair hangs in a heavy mass, without any

details. A foldless tunic falls from neck to ankles, usually with a broad border in red

paint; on no. 29 the whole tunic is red. A heavy cloak hangs in straight folds from the left

shoulder, and is caught up from behind under the right arm and thrown over the left

shoulder again, displaying in front either a heavy tasselled fringe in relief and coloured red,

or a plain red border. The left arm hangs by the side; the right is slung in a fold of the

cloak across the breast. The feet are close together and bare. Compare Voni (CMC

5003-4), Tamassos (CMC 6074-7), Dali (BM. C 39-84), Cesn. Hdbk. oo00-5; KBH XLI.

5, hands by sides, 6, right hand slung.

This is the widespread costume of Syria and Asia Minor in pre-Hellenic times, familiar

from Assyrian reliefs and the engraved bowls and sealstones of Syria and Phoenicia. It may

have persisted later, alongside Hellenic dress, but there is no stratigraphical evidence.

1-42. Series A. Heads 43-65 (P1 12, 5 (I, 2, 3)). Very long and narrow, simply cut, with few sculptured details, but

much use of red paint. No trace of Egyptian influence. Cf. Voni (CMC 5003-4); Cesn. 1001-5.

H. I-oo-o-I2 m.

66-86. Series B. Heads 87-97. Ear-flaps and cloak-fringes and the free end of the cloak are cut in relief. The features

are fuller and softer, under Egyptian influence, during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty occupation of Cyprus. Red

paint as in Series A. On the head no. 92 the side-flaps are indicated in red paint. H. o.75-o015 m.

98-IO6. Series C. Heads 107, io8. Egyptian influence is more evident, and the costume changes. On 98-101oi is a

tunic with short sleeves, falling on each side to a point, and cut away in front to expose a belt, in low relief,

and a broad kilt to the ankles: over all is a cloak like that of Series A. There is copious use of red; e.g., the

front of the cap of io8. H. o.67-o0I6 m.

Io9-22. Series D. Statuettes with attributes.

1o9-12. Double-flute players (P1. 12, 6 (og9, III, II2). In long foldless tunic without cloak; cap flat (1o9-It) or pointed

without ear-flaps (112). On Io9, though the face is damaged, there are traces of the mouthband (phorbeia)

which compressed the lips and held the flutes in place. Cf. Voni (CMC 500oo1; I{BH XLII. 6); Khytroi

(CMC 5302-3); Cesn. 1023-8; Dali (BM. C 27-31). H. 0-49-0.33 m.

113. Scribe or Reader (P1. 12, 6 (I I3)). In long tunic and fringed cloak, leaving both arms exposed. The arms are bent

and hold an open scroll. The head is missing, but two locks of hair fall in front of each shoulder. Tunic-

border and tasselled cloak-fringe in red. H. 0.26 m.

I 4. Father and Sons (P1. 12, 6). Three standing figures, the middle with long square beard and turban; the others

1 For the general question of dates, see p. 0oo.

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 63

beardless with Egyptian head-dress: probably representing a father with his two sons. The father wears the

cut-away tunic (cf. 109-12) with belt beneath, and a fringed scarf or broad stole covering both shoulders,

with a necklace painted in red and a pendant in front; both arms are concealed. Belt and lips also in red.

The sons, who are beardless with Egyptian wig, wear only the long tunic; that on the left holds in his left

hand what looks like a rectangular bag; that on the right has his right arm hanging free; the inward arms

of both are not shown. Nothing resembling this group has been found on any Cypriote site. H. 0o20 m.

115-16, 118. Votaries holding some object in both hands (P1. 12, 6). From the position of the hands, it is certain that it is not

the double flute: on 118 two loose ends fall below the hands, and above them the margins of the object

diverge. The pose of the hands is exactly as in Cesn. 1029, where the figure is holding in place an animal's-

head mask: the dress is the same cut-away tunic as in 98 ff. For figures with bull's-head masks at Agia Irini

see SCE. II. 823.

117-I 19. Votary with clasped hands, in the same costume as I 15-18: very small but carefully cut: no trace of flute or

mask-strings. H. o I2--07 m.

120-2. Votaries bearing a calf (Moschophoros) or ram (Kriophoros) (P1. 12, 6). In long tunic, foldless except 120: a pointed

cap is worn by 122. The animal rests on the back of the neck, with two legs in front of each shoulder, all

grasped in the right hand; the left hand hangs free. Compare Cesn. 1119-20, bearing a ram (Kriophoros

type). H. o-o8-o-o7 m.

123-32. Series E. Egyptian influence predominant. The head-dress is a frontlet such as is worn by Cesn. 1251; the dress

a long foldless tunic, with short sleeves, and a cloak hanging from the left shoulder, leaving the right arm free.

123 wears the long tunic with right arm resting in a fold of the cloak as in Series A, B.

124 has the cloak hanging from the left shoulder, leaving the right arm free and exposing the short-sleeved tunic.

125 ff. wear only the short-sleeved foldless tunics, and both arms fall free; the tunic of 128 and 132 is painted red.

Mixed Oriental Style. c. 650-550 B.c.

133-5. Votaries with various attributes (P1. 13, 133-5). All wear the long short-sleeved tunic: 134 has also a cloak: 133

has the frontlet head-dress with a broad mass of hair behind the head. 134-5 have rows of small curls below

the frontlet.

136. Votary in unusual costume (P1. 13, 136: = 144 MS. Inv.). The head is missing. The under-garment beneath the

cut-away tunic ends in a blunt point at the knees. The shins are bare, with well-marked kneecap and ridge

in front; the left foot is advanced. This is an unusual variant, but the workmanship is the same as 133-5.

[In this section the numbers in the MS. Inventory do not correspond with those on the objects. Nos. 136-44 in MS.

Inv. are in continuation of the series 133-5. Nos. 137-41 in Plate 13 are identical with MS. Inv. 145-9.]

137-41. Votaries in tunic and Cypriote loin-cloth (P1. 13, 137-41). Only 139 preserves the hand, but the head associated

with 138 is of the same type. In this type both hands hang freely, and the left foot is advanced. The close-

fitting tunic is not indicated in these small ill-cut figures, but is well seen on larger examples, and sometimes

has red borders to neck and sleeves.

The characteristic Cypriote loin-cloth or kilt (Cesn. 1040-7; KBH CCXIV 15; BM. C 7) falls from a broad belt

which is worn over the vest, and is fitted closely to the hips, with a long point behind, which is drawn forward

between the thighs and upwards towards the belt, where it was fastened by a button or hook. It seems to

be derived from the Minoan kilt, and to have been retained in Cyprus as a ceremonial dress to the end of

the sixth century. On these small figures, only the lower edge of the garment is shown, below the belt.

Archaic Cypriote Style with Greek Influence.

153, 154, I55. 142-7. Votaries in long tunic and short cloak. The heads are missing, but the square-ended lapels on the

shoulders of 154-5 belong to the characteristic peaked cap which is worn by Persians in Greek vase paintings

and on reliefs at Susa, and represented on the head I56. The cloak hangs from the left shoulder, but only

reaches the knee, exposing the long tunic, with a single deep fold between the legs. The feet of 143, 145, 146,

i58 are shod. Both arms hang freely.

158. A fold of the cloak merges in that of the tunic below it: but on 159 and 161 three folds are distinct.

[Here again there is a duplication of nos. 154-64 with the large heads described below.] H. 0-27-0-I2 m.

159, though small, is more carefully cut, and has the head, with two rows of curls above the forehead. H. o-oI m.

16o. 148, better cut and of stout proportions. with some modelling of the arms, has one row of curls beneath the pointed

cap with ear-flaps raised and tied as in the earlier figures. The face shows archaic Greek influence, and the

' archaic smile ' which in Cyprus is still a common feature among the women and boys. H. 0o35 m.
161-2. Votaries with kid. The costume is the same as in 159-60: and 162 has two rows of curls and the rest of the hair

is parted from front to back. Both arms are bent forward at the elbow and much foreshortened: 161 holds

a kid in the right hand; 162 in the left, with the right hand raised palm forward, in adoration. Only the

head and forelegs of the kid appear. H. o028-o-I6 m.

Fragments of Larger Statues in Oriental and Archaic Cypriote Styles.

Very few of the statues whose presence is attested by the large stone bases are repre-

sented even by fragments, but fortunately just enough to compare with the series from Voni

and in the Cesnola collection.

159 (PI. I3, 2 = MS. Inv. I77) is the front of a head in the most conventional oriental style, strongly influenced by

Assyrian work of the eighth and seventh centuries. The head-dress is the peaked cap with raised ear-flaps,

represented as composed of smooth horizontal bands probably representing leather with embroidery or fur

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64 JOHN L. MYRES

between them; the ear-flaps are plain. The eyebrows are arched and heavy, but too much worn to make

certain the traces of the characteristic 'feathered' treatment. The nose and mouth are damaged, but the

beard remains, in ten or twelve smooth vertical masses each ending in an outward curl: compare the colossal

head Cesn. I257 and BM. C 67-75.

16o, 16I, 162 (lips and beard only) (P1. 13, 2 = MS. Inv. I78, 179, i8o) are in the mixed oriental style, with some Greek

influence in 161-2. Above the forehead are two rows of curls, and 16o wears a wreath of two sprays of leaves

which meet in front. The eyebrows are no longer prominent. There is a clipped moustache with long ends,

exposing the lips, and I6o has a triangular patch of clipped hair below the mouth. The beard is otherwise

full, in four or five rows of out-turned curls, recalling the Persian fashion.

163. Complete head (P1. 13, 2 = MS. Inv. 192), see 192 below.

164. Only nose and lips preserved, clean shaven but not therefore necessarily in the Egyptian style; P1. 13, 2 compare

Cesn. 1257, 1258, 1352-3, where the full beard does not reach the lips.

165 (i76). Bearded head, smaller with two rows of curls below a wreath of outward-pointing laurel-sprays. The eyebrows

are not indicated, and the beard and moustache are smooth: behind the ears heavy tresses of hair fall to

the shoulders. H. o2-o0-0o5 m.

166-76, 181. Beardless heads (except perhaps 172 which is weathered (P1. 14, I)) with curls or plaits, laurel wreath, and

on top of the head are grooves or crossed grooves; knotted fillet, variously treated: on 175 the hair falls in

long ringlets below the fillet. The eyes of i66, 168, 177, 178, 179 are carefully cut, but the rest are prominent

and flat, to be finished in paint. Within the limits of archaic Cypriote style, there are several types of face,

and some attempt at portraiture. H. oI12-o-o5 m.

The head of 179 (MS. Inv. I81) supports a large torus moulding like the foot of a vase, but the object to which

it belonged is shattered.

Archaic Greek Influence, c. 500 B.c.

I8o. Life-size statue, on square base (P1. 13, 3). Only the hands are missing, for the head, missing when the body was

found by villagers in 1913, was recovered in excavation. The long foldless tunic-of crinkled material

indicated by wavy grooves--descends to the ankles, and has short sleeves. The feet are bare, the left slightly

advanced. A heavy cloak hangs in solid folds from the left shoulder, leaving the right arm bare, and is

gathered in the left hand, with a stiff zigzag fold nearly to the hem of the tunic. The right arm is cut clear

of the body, but with a small attachment above the wrist. The head has two rows of large curls below a

filleted wreath; the eyebrows are faintly indicated; the eyes prominent but ill modelled. There is neither

beard nor moustache. Hard grayish sandstone. H. 0-75 m.

181-91. Beardless heads, smaller, with curls now continued as long tresses within the wreath: the modelling of the eyes

varies, but sometimes Hellenic influence is strong. H. o025-o0Io m.

I81*-6*. Statuettes of Herakles (Pl. 14, 2). [Again there is some duplication of the numbers: these small figures in

archaic style belong to the same series as 406-10 below.]

192. Life-size head (P1. 13, x63), with one row of curls below a wreath of out-turned laurel-leaves with lattice grooves on

top. The eyebrows, in relief, are rendered with oblique lines; the eyes fairly well cut. There is no beard,

but a small pointed moustache. The lips are painted red. There is some attempt at portraiture here.

H. o'30 m.

Mature and Decadent Style : fifth and fourth centuries B.C.

193-237. Heads usually beardless, with curls and wreath like the preceding group, but becoming conventionalised and

careless; sometimes the hair falls heavily behind the neck. The eyes are prominent, and tabular.

H. 0-20-0-07 m.

223-4. Bearded heads in the same style, treated like the large heads i6o (MS. Inv. 178) but more simply with two or

three rows of curls, and long drooping moustache: in 224 the eyeballs are hollow.

Hellenistic Style : third and second centuries B.C.

238-318. Heads usually beardless, with ill-cut curls or radial tresses. The eyes are prominent and flat, to be completed

usually in red; but in 253 they are in yellow. In 241, 254, yellow is also used for the wreath. The mouth also

is ill cut, and in 308-318 it becomes a mere straight groove, to be painted. H. oI4-o0o7 m.

Hellenistic or Graeco-Roman : Life-size Male Heads. With some attempt at portraiture; Nos.

397-403, cf. Cesn. I323, I326; BM. C I73-98.

397. Life-size; wreath of long leaves (P1. I6), convergent above long loose coils of hair which cover the ears but do not

reach the neck: hair parted and wavy within the wreath. Eyes fully modelled, nose straight from the brows,

face round and full; cf. Voni (KBH xl. I, Apollo with Eagle); cf. Cesn. I318. H. o'28 m.

398, 399. Life-size (P1. i5). Narrow wreath and short, wavy hair; some attempt at portraiture; cf. KBH xli. 3.

H. o025 m.

4oo. Life-size (P1. I6). Narrow wreath and short,wavy hair. The eyes are hollow, to be filled with coloured paste.

H. 0o22 m.

4o0. Life-size (P1. i6). Wreath of rising leaves, above loose coiled tresses, which cover the ears, as in 397. H. 0'29 m.

402. Life-size (P1. i5). Wreath and fillet over short roll of hair: rather firmer mouth than the preceding. H. 0o27 m.

403. Life-size (P1. 15). No wreath; hair in short locks: the portrait of an elderly man; compare Cesn. 1323. I-I. 0o25 m.

With these heads should be compared the complete standing figures from Voni CMC

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 65

5037, 5054-6, KBH xl. 3; ccxv. 7, and the headless figure at Lefk6niko (P1. 11, I), which was

installed in the portico of the village church. The remarkable series of Ptolemaic portrait-

heads from Dali (BM. C I75-91) has no counterpart at Lefkdniko.

Other Hellenistic Types.

319-47. Heads of votaries, young men or boys, wearing a peculiar flat round cap (KBH xcii. 6; BMC 199-201), from

which the hair is parted on the forehead, with shallow grooves, or in a plain mass, sometimes with indented

margin. The eyes are sometimes fully sculptured (319-33), but sometimes (like the mouth) hardly indicated

at all (334-47). Red paint is used for eyes, lips, and cap-border. On 343 long tresses frame the face, as in

358-60. H. o 13-0o-5 m.

348-57. Larger heads with narrow wreath above short, wavy locks. H. o.I8-o-II m.

358-60. Similar, but the hair frames the face in long, curled tresses. H. o.I4-o-o9 m.

361. Similar, but without the long tresses. H. 0-07 m.

362-69. Similar, but without wreath; the hair is in wavy locks. In 362-3 two plaited locks descend from the top of the

head to the back of the neck: these are clearly children, and all these heads may be from ' Temple boys' like

430-69 below. H. 0o20-o-0IO m.

370-74. Pan or the rustic 'Shepherd's Patron', Opaon Melanthios (P1. I9). Small heads with long ears, and horns on the

forehead; from figures like 470-80 below, cf. Amargetti (N.W. of Paphos), CMC 590 1-9, where inscribed bases

5921-4 give the dedication 'Orr0ovt Mehaveicp (JHS XI pp. I 15 ff). Compare also Cesn. 14-18; BMC 230, 23I.

H. oI15-o-Io m.

375-81. Small heads in ' Phrygian ' peaked caps with wreath of leaves, and hair above the forehead (Pl. 19). These also

seem to represent a pastoral deity, Tamassos (CMC 6127-8), Cesn. 1143, and the larger figure 1231, in full

Persian dress.

382-96. Heads probably from 'Temple boys', like 430-69 below.

Figures of Herakles of various periods and styles.

406-10o. (P1. 14, 2, 3, 4): compare I8I-6 above (P1. 14, 2). Herakles in Cyprus is represented on several sanctuary

sites, by a composite type, armed both with club and with bow-and-arrows, which suggested the epithet

app6tStos in the Cypriot- inscription Cesn. Appx. 1843. Herakles is also the lion-killer, wears the lion-skin,

and sometimes has a lion as attribute (Cesn. 1097-8, 1101-15, cf. the relief Io109 and Tamassos (CMC 6i i16). So

complicated a type challenged abridgement in a series of phases from Archaic Cypriote style (1092) to

Hellenistic (1098). Compare Voni (CMC 5136-9); Tamassos (CMC 6116-18); Dali (BM. C 206-20). At

Dali the club seems to be omitted (BM. Cat. p. 83).

406. Archaic Cypriote Style (P1. I4). The right arm and both feet are missing, and the left arm below the elbow. The

figure advances with left foot forward, and brandishes the club behind the head. Over a shallow-grooved

tunic, which descends to a point between the knees, the lion's skin is girt closely round the waist by a belt;

the fore-paws are drawn over the shoulders and knotted on the breast; the scalp is worn like a hood, with ears

erect, and three rows of small curls above the forehead; the lower jaw encloses the hero's cheeks, concealing

his ears. His eyebrows are in relief and lightly 'feathered '; eyes, nose, and lips well modelled, with clean-

shaven chin. The left hand held the bow and quiver against the left thigh. A vigorous work of the late sixth

or early fifth century. H. 0o40 m.

407. Smaller and rougher work (P1. 14). Right arm, face, left forearm, and both legs are missing. The pose is as in 406.

408. Smaller still: both arms and both legs missing (Pl. 14). The pose is as in 406, but the club is held obliquely, the

lion's scalp has slipped off the head behind, and the tunic falls below the knees. The eyes are prominent and

tabular, in the later manner.

409. Head and breast of a smaller figure (P1. 14) with fillet and one row of curls, and stronger Hellenic influence: the raised

right arm is clearly seen.

41o. Another type, without visible club (P1. 14): head, parts of both arms, and both legs missing. The costume is the

same as in 406-9, except that there is no belt, and the lion-skin is not clearly defined. The right hand was

held to the side, grasping a quiver full of arrows across the right thigh. The left hand, level with the elbow

and foreshortened, held the bow erect in front of the shoulder. Compare the colossal Herakles Cesn. 1360,

wrongly restored with a club in the left hand, though the back of the bow is clearly preserved. The whole

bow is preserved on Cesn. 1092-92a, 1093.

Figures of Herakles from Voni (CMC 5136-9), and Tamassos (CAM1C 6 116-18) are of later and different types.

Zeus Ammon (P1. 17, 411-21).

This deity, or a native god whose symbol was a ram, is, like Herakles, a concomitant of

the principal cult elsewhere in Cyprus (Tamassos, CMC 6162; Dali BM. C 222-4; Cesn.

I136-41; KBH CXCI. 4). There are several types, more or less abbreviated.

411. I Ram-horned deity seated in high-backed chair, of which the arms are not modelled as rams: beardless, in Oriental

style. H. 0"09 m.

412. The deity is still beardless, but wears a long folded tunic, and his hands rest on the heads of rams which support his

seat. Traces of red paint about the feet. Archaic Cypriote style. H. oI6 m.

412a. Bearded, but headless and damaged below. Over the folded tunic a sheep-skin, rendered by rough-tooling, falls

from the shoulders and is fastened on the breast. The fleece of the rams is shown by similar tooling. Decadent

Cypriote style. H. o022 m.

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66 JOHN L. MYRES

413, 413a. Head and rams damaged; but three long locks of hair fall on the shoulders: very poor work with few details.

H. 0-23-0-25 m.

414. Lower part only; flat backed and much foreshortened, but with Hellenic rendering of tunic folds and an overmantle.

The head of the ram on the left rests against the god's knee. H. o. I m.

415, 416, 417. Fragments in later styles. H. o0Io-o-o7 m.

418, 419. The bearded god, in heavily draped cloak painted red, reclines on the back of a large ram: 419 is damaged.

420. The bearded god is seated on the front edge of a round base, with a ram under his right hand only. His left hand,

raised, holds a sceptre. His head supports a large shallow bowl for libations, of which the near side is carried

by a round column. This is an abridgement of the bowl or laver, supported by three or four figures. Compare

the ram-headed 'kriophoros' supporting a bowl Cesn. 1141; the female votary KBH CXXXIV. 2, CXCVII. 2;

and the sphinx Cesn. I087-9. Late Hellenistic work. H. o II m.

421. The bearded god supports a bowl with his head, as in 420, but his body is concealed by a large ram, as in 418.

Rough late work. Compare BM. C 44o. H. o-o8 m.

422. Within a framed rectangular shrine the god sits between rams: his head is missing. Very rough work. H. 0o07 m.

423-4. Upper parts of small figures of Zeus Ammon.

Nursing Mother: 425 (P1. I7).

This votive type, appropriate to the cult and shrine of a goddess, only occurs once at

Lefk6niko; but there are parallels in two bearded warriors and five other bearded votaries

from the Kamelarga' sanctuary site at Larnaca (CMC 5535-9, 5541-2), where all the other

figures are female, the two Artemis figures (CMC 5140-41) from the Apollo sanctuary at

Voni and the Apollo from the Artemis-site at Akhna.

For the type, which has its precursors in the Bronze Age, compare the series Cesn.

I 124-32.

425. The Mother is seated on a high-backed throne with arms, flat-backed and much foreshortened. The body of the

child is not shown at all, and only its head, with characteristic pointed hood, is shown upright by the Mother's

right side. Much bright red paint, as on similar figures from the sanctuary site at Akhna, a few miles south

of Lefk6niko, excavated in 1882 for the British Museum (CMC p. s; KBH p. I, no. i; 'Nursing Mother',

KBH XXXVII. 4; BM. C 424; also 414-23 without locality. H. o-18 m.

Seated Reader 426 (P1. 17).

426. A male figure, seated in a chair without back. On the lap is spread a roll of manuscript held open by both hands.

The head is a little upturned, as if reading or reciting. On the head is a wreath of convergent leaves with two

rows of curls below. The long-sleeved tunic reaches the ankles, and on the feet are red shoes.. Over it a

cloak is indicated summarily by shallow folds and a double border of red paint: it is draped over the left

arm, but otherwise confused with the tunic. Decadent Cypriote style, with flat tabular eyes. Red paint also

on the chair. Cf. I113 above. H. 0o28 m.

Votive Animals 427-9.

427. Bull, on square base, which supports the body with the legs in relief, and is painted red: the head is missing:

probably mature Cypriote work. Carelessly incised graffito on the side of the body (1. i) M H 5... (1. 2)

B/I//BOPT///A///. H. 0-14 m.; L. 0-20 m.

428. Goat; head only, of Hellenistic work; perhaps from a votive statue larger than 161-2. L. o Ii m.

429. Horse, or Bull; head only, much damaged, but eye and muzzle vigorously cut. L. oo09 m.

Temple boys 430-69 (P1. 18).

These votive-figures are characteristic of the sanctuaries of male deities in Cyprus: Voni

(CMC 5112-35); Tamassos (CMC 6II9-26a); Dali (BM. C 160-72); Cesn. 1204-22; de

Ridder, Collection de Clercq; Antiquite's Chypriotes no. 16 P1. vii, where the type is fully discussed.

They seem to represent real children dedicated to the service of the sanctuary, like the infant

Samuel. At Carthage the type recurs on a votive or funerary relief (Perrot-Chipiez, Histoire

de l'Art dans l'Antiquiti III. p. 458 fig. 327).

430-69. A stout, fleshy infant sits resting on the thigh and hand of one side or the other--occasionally on both hands (465-6),

while the other leg is in sitting posture, and the hand on that side usually holds an attribute-usually a bird

(e.g. 431-5), but also a hare (439, L 60o), apple (445, 456), pomegranate (442), or lustral spray (438, 455).

The hand on which the figure leans holds an incense-box. The usual dress is a short tunic, usually drawn up

in front to expose the groin. The head is usually bare, but 464 wears a soft Phrygian cap, and elsewhere a flat

cap like 319-96, which may belong to figures of this type. The hair is in short curls (440) or wavy locks

(441), or emerges below a wreath of leaves (430), or a plain frontlet (432).

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 67

Some ' Temple-boys 'wear earrings (440, 457, 465) or bracelets (431, 436, etc.), or a long chain with many pendant

amulets, either as a necklace (440, 451-61, 464) or over one shoulder and under the other (467). Central

pendants are a satyr or Bes-head (451-56, 458, 461), or a spindle-shaped phylactery (457, 460, 464; cf. KBH

XCII. 4). Other pendants are signet rings (451, 464) or sprigs of coral (451, 452, 459). For this necklace,

compare KBH XCIII. 2; BM. C 160-5 (with many kinds of pendant charm); Cesn. 1211, 1218, 1220, 1221;

and the Homeric ' girdle ' of Aphrodite, Iliad 14, 214-16, which was a KE-rbs ld~&s, including AKYCpita rrdVTra,

and was worn on the bosom (223). The workmanship is usually rough, and the style decadent, from the

fourth century at earliest on this site, to Graeco-Roman: a few show some attempt at portraiture (432, 441,

442).

Pan or Shepherd's Patron. 470-80 (P1. I9), cf. 370-74 above.

Similar figures occur at Tamassos (CMC 6118), misdescribed as Herakles, and as holding

a book and perhaps the heads 6127-8 and Cesn. 1114-18.

470-80. Heads and feet missing; but compare the heads 370-4. The body is nude except for a short cloak drawn

round the shoulders, and tied in front of the breast. The right hand falls by the side, holding a long shepherd's

staff, curved like a hockey-club (470-2), or rests on the hip (478-9); the left holds the pan-pipe (470; cf.

BM. C 230) or rests on the hip (475). The figures 475 and 478 are ithyphallic, like Cesn. 1 17-18.

H. 0o30-o.i5 m.

Votaries, headless but with various attributes, 481-586. These correspond with the series of

heads (1-132, 193-396), and supplement the few complete figures (133-62, 510, 511). The

costume is usually a sleeved and folded tunic-sometimes of crinkled material (493-6, 536)-

with a cloak drawn under the right arm and falling in front over the left shoulder. In 532-7

the cloak is worn on both shoulders and hangs with broad folds in front. Compare 538,

where the cloak does not hang down in front.

Many of these figures hold attributes-a goat (484-5, 488-93, 495), bird (486-7, etc.),

apple (483), incense-box (494), saucer-lamp (499; cf. the clay figure from the Kamelargi

site (CMC 5540)), lustral spray (489, etc.; cf. KBH XLII. 7), or a combination of these. In

others the hands hang by the sides: cf. KBH XLII. 4. Many show traces of red paint. There

are a few special types. H. 0-I2-O-80 m.

531. Wears only a tunic foldless to knee, with sleeves to elbow (P1. 20), and a chain with pendant amulets, over the left

shoulder, like the ' Temple-boy' 467. For similar standing Temple-boys compare Cesn. 1191.

539. Wears a short tunic, and a cloak thrown over the left shoulder and arm, with its ends clasped on the right shoulder.

The right arm, by the side, rests on a damaged object (club or bird ?), the left holds an incense-box (?).

H. 0-38 m.

540. Same costume as 539, but rendered in fully Hellenistic style, the garments fastened with round brooches or buttons.

The right foot is advanced, and in front of it is a little rough-haired dog, with fore-paws raised. H. 0-32 m.

541. Wears a tunic to the knees, with belt, and a cloak over both shoulders, falling behind; in the left hand an apple;

Head, hands, and feet missing. H. 0-23 m.

542. No trace of tunic, but a short cloak, fastened on the right shoulder, and falling in front to the knees. The arms fall

by the sides, and the left hand holds an apple or cake. The feet are shod. Between the feet sits a rough-

haired dog, looking upward. Head, right hand and left shoulder missing. H. 0.40 m.

543-5. Smaller statuettes in short tunic and cloak: in 543 the right hand rests on a club; in 545 both hands are covered

by the cloak. H. 0-22, o0I9, 0o12 m.

546-7. Votaries holding a dove in the left hand, while the right touches its beak: 547 has the cloak clasped on the left

shoulder. H. o20o-o I6 m.

548. Votary or priest (P1. 20), wearing a cap with long lappels covering the neck behind, under a wreath of erect leaves.

Features of Hellenistic style. A folded tunic, with long sleeves, to the knees, is girt by a cord with long ends.

Over both shoulders is a short foldless cloak tied across the breast. The right hand is raised, palm outwards,

in adoration; the left, by the side, holds a bird by the wings. The feet are missing. H. 0-40 m.

549- Votary in harder stone than usual, and full Hellenistic style; nude except for a cloak over the left shoulder, and

modelled behind. Head, right arm, and feet missing; the left hand holds an incense-box, and a bird by the

wings. Much red paint on the cloak. Compare Voni (CMC 5063). (P1. 21). H. 0.35 m.

550, 55I. Fragments of similar figures. H. 0-25, 0.17 m.

552-86. Votaries in late Hellenistic style (P1. 20, and 21), in tunic and cloak, with flat cap (552-8) like the heads 319-96

on wreath. The arrangement of the cloak varies, and the hands hold a dove, an apple (560), or both (564),

or one hand or both (581-4) are wrapped in the cloak; 586 wears sandals. H. o40-o0i3 m.

587. Female votary in long folded tunic and cloak over both shoulders: the right hand, on the breast, holds a flower.

H. 0-I2 m.

Various Fragments.

588. Hands from larger statues, some more than life-size, wearing rings and holding a bird, incense-box, scroll (cf. Voni

CMC 5065), or drapery.

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68 JOHN L. MYRES

589. Feet barefoot, or in shoes or sandals, from similar statues: one has a snake bangle a little above the ankle of right foot.

590. Heads of lions, goats, or monsters, and one female head, from similar lyres, or from the arms of thrones (P1. 20);

all of Graeco-Roman work. Compare Cesn. 1265 in oriental style.

591. A lyre with eight strings, and Silenus head on one of the uprights, broken from a larger statue (Pl. 20): compare

Cesn. I I76.

592. Head of a bull, much defaced. L. 0-20 m.

593. Base of a lion or sphinx (P1. 20o) with powerful claws; formed by a capital slightly expanded above, and adorned

with three rows of Egyptian lotus-buds, below a row of Hathor-floral capitals supporting palmettes, with

incurved volutes like those on stelae from Idalion (Cesn. I416-2o) or elsewhere (KBH LVIII. 1-2, LIX. 1-2).

The sphinx, as emblem of Apollo, occurs at Voni (CMC 5156), Tamassos (CMC 6163-4,

6168), Cesn. 1086-9, and the tombstones Cesn. 1410o-13.

TERRACOTTAS.

There was no clear evidence of an early stratum with terracotta figures, as on some

Cypriote sites; only a few fragments of terracottas not much earlier than the first stone figures.

594. Head of a statuette of oriental style, with pointed head-dress entirely covering the hair, but displaying spiral ear-

rings. The eyebrows are feathered. H. o0I3 m.

595. Small horses, of' snow-man' style. L. o-o6 m.

596. Centaur, with human forelegs, much damaged. Compare Cesn. 2063. H. 0-15 m.

597. Female votary in long tunic and cloak, on cylindrical base: Graeco-Roman style: hollow. H. 0oI7 m.

BRONZES (P1. 12).

598. Statuette of a male votary, in Egyptian head-dress, with small curls above the forehead. Short foldless tunic with

short sleeves, girt with a belt from which hangs an Egyptian kilt with central panel, reaching to the knees.

The left arm hangs by the side; the right is bent at the elbow and holds a flower (?). The left foot is

advanced; the legs are bare and slightly modelled. Archaic Cypriote work of the sixth or late seventh

century (P1. 12,1). H. o*21 m.

599. Four small oxen, cast solid: archaic work (P1. 12, 2, 3, 4). L. 0o07 m.

THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF ENKOMI, SALAMIS, AND

FAMAGUSTA

The great midland plain (Mesarid) of Cyprus opens eastward onto a wide bay, between

the long rugged Karpass promontory which shelters it on the north, and the lower and less

prominent headland of Cavo Greco terminating the rolling plateau of recent limestone which

divides the Mesaria from the bay of Larnaca. But the plain does not open freely onto

Famagusta bay. As the Pidias river approaches the coast, its flood plain is confined between

spurs and outliers of the southern upland, on which Famagusta and its modern sequel

Var6sha stand, and a wider plateau, roughly triangular, between the sea front south of

Trikomo, by the middle course of the Khiranka (so named in the Trigonometrical Survey of Cyprus,

but the word is probably Phdranga (' ravine ') which is followed by the road from Lefk6niko

to Trikomo, and by the Gephyria tributary of the Pidias which rises in the North Range, and

crosses that road about two miles east of Levk6niko (p. 54-5 above), to join the main stream

west of Styllos village about five miles from its mouth. The limestones of these two plateaux

are continuous, and their more massive beds, dipping gently seawards, form the shelving

reef-fringed coast from Famagusta northward, but present an abrupt escarpment westward

facing up the Pidias valley. The gap in this escarpment, through which the whole Mesaria

drainage passes, is only about a mile wide, and extends about two miles back from the sea.

On the northern bluff, which is precipitous, and about 50 feet high, stands the village of

Enkomi (said to represent ]Nia kdmi, ' new village '), overlooking the channel. South of the

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 69

river is a lower and narrower ridge, uninhabited, and continuous with the plateau south of

the Mesaria plain. The village of Styllos, already mentioned, has a situation like that of

Enkomi, on a more inland and more ragged spur of the northern tableland. Here the

Swedish Expedition found Early Iron Age tombs described in SCE II 142 ff. (under the

place-name Stylli) as ranging from Cypro-Geometric III A to Cypro-Archaic II A. Between

the dip-slope of the Styllos spur and the escarpment west and north of Enkomi, a shallow

valley, or bay of the Mesaria, about a mile wide, runs some three miles northward, almost

to Limnia village, the name of which marks the former extension of marshy ground. South

of the river mouth, the coast is a string of lagoons, and inland of the plateau edge on which

Famagusta and modern Var6sha stand, is a landlocked marsh formed by a stream which rises

on the moors inland of Derinia and the Paralimni lakes, and runs for some miles parallel

with the coast, reinforcing the natural glacis of Famagusta by a wide fosse along its landward

front. North of the river, the escarpment edge sinks quickly east of Enkomi, till the coast

road from Famagusta to Trikomo is only io feet or so above sea-level. Then, seaward of the

road, lies the chaotic tract of ruins, sand dunes, and recent forest which marks the site of

ancient Salamis; its highest points, some 40 or 50 feet above the beach, on which the

limestone reappears, still dipping seaward, in a fringe of reef, just awash. The sand dunes

extend along the coast as far north as Trikomo, but are nowhere as wide or so high as on the

devastated site of Salamis.

From the sand dunes westward, the gentle dip-slope of the limestones is quite featureless

as far as the villages of Enkomi and Limnia. Its escarpment west of Enkomi village is about

50 feet high, with some 20 feet of compact limestone at the top, resting on sandy marl, which

washes out in the rains, and lets drop the limestone in a chaos of great blocks strewn along

the talus. Towards Limnia the side valley already mentioned is less deeply eroded, the

escarpment less precipitous, and the deposit of marly outwash thicker.

Northward, the country is practically level, with a very slight descent towards a tributary

of the Kharanka stream, which drains very inadequately the slight hollow between Arnadhi

and Spatharik6. Thus the region immediately north of the river mouth offers a larger, and

in many ways a more commodious site for a seaport of the Mesaria than the ridge south of

it, where mediaeval Famagusta and modern Var6sha stand. The whole site, which may be

taken as extending from Enkomi to Limnia, is about 2 miles wide, from the beach to the

escarpment, and about 3 miles from Enkomi northwards. This, however, is only the citadel

of a defensible home-territory; with its outworks on the escarpments of the whole northern

plateau, from Styllos to Gypsos and Synkrasi, and the deep channels of the Gephyria and

Kharanka streams, which at their headwaters beyond Gypsos are barely half a mile apart.

Farther still, beyond the Gephyria stream, bridgehead positions, and a wide prospect over

the Lefk6niko country and the whole Mesaria are offered by the ridge on which Perister6na-

Piyi lies, and by the conspicuous double outlier north of it. These rise to more than 200 feet,

and dominate the line of the ancient road and aqueduct, which probably crossed the

Gephyria near Milea village, and gave this stream its name-' bridge stream'. The rock-cut

tombs on the north end of the Perister6na ridge are further indication of the road-line.

The ancient cemetery west of Enkomi has been often explored; by villagers in all ages;

by Alexander di Cesnola (Salaminia 1882); by Messrs. Murray, Smith, and Walters for the

British Museum (Excavations in Cyprus 1900 pp. 1-54), and since i913 by the Swedish Expedi-

tion (22 tombs: SCE I 467-575 Pll. xxiv-xcii) under Dr. Einar Gjerstad in 1930; and by

M. Claude F. A. Schaeffer (Missions en Chypre 1936 pp. 67-93).

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 70 JOHN L. MYRES

The purpose of the Museum's excavations in 1913 in the neighbourhood of Salamis and

Enkomi was to observe more precisely the conditions under which the rich Bronze Age tombs

opened on behalf of the British Museum were discovered, and to determine the connection

between these tombs and other remains on the site. The search for undisturbed tombs in

the great necropolis was quite unsuccessful. The lower part of this area is notoriously water-

logged, but it was hoped that by working at the end of the dry season, tombs might be found

dry which were flooded at other times. But the necessity of dealing at once with the new-

found site at Lefk6niko cost three precious weeks; the weather broke prematurely with

continuous rainstorms, on the morrow of arrival at Enkomi, and when, after many dis-

appointments, one deep and little-damaged tomb was found, the water was already rising

within it, and prevented further work.' With an earlier start, better weather, and a powerful

pump, something might still be done on this lower margin of the site; and some of M.

Schaeffer's tombs were quite as far from the escarpment as ours, and the Swedish excavation

area even further. But the Swedish Expedition, working further to the noth-west, and earlier

in the season (June-July 1930), met the same hindrance from water in the tombs.

The cemetery area is divided among several peasant-owners, in strips from the escarp-

ment to the marsh; and of these the most southerly, owned by the Muktar of Enkomi, had

not been touched by the British Museum's excavators. It had the reputation of being 'full

of foundations', and it was a fixed belief of Enkomi workmen that 'the best tombs were

found under a wall', as would be expected if a settlement had spread over an older cemetery.

The ' Muktar's field' was indeed 'full of foundations ', some of fine squared masonry, others

of rubble with older ashlar-blocks built in; but all had been looted for building material,

and devastated by tomb-diggers' shafts. There was a good deal of domestic pottery, of

unfamiliar types, but no trace of tombs. The house-walls certainly stood in some relation

to the line of very large stones which bounds the ' Muktar's field ' towards the main valley;

they were the remains of a massive terrace wall, backed by an artificial deposit of stiff clay

(KEVVOs) ; they were certainly not Byzantine nor Graeco-Roman, and seemed to represent part

of the Bronze Age settlement to which the cemetery belonged. But there was then no

domestic pottery of the Bronze Age in Cyprus with which the ware we found could be com-

pared, and we reluctantly put the ' Muktar's field' and its perplexing contents to a suspense-

account.

The Swedish Expedition in 1930 was able to distinguish two layers of buildings, but

regarded them both as Byzantine (SCE I 468), as indeed they probably were, so far towards

the north-west. But doubt was expressed (1.c. 467) whether the great wall had any con-

nection with the cemetery, as most of the Swedish tombs lay beyond it.

Later, M. Schaeffer was more fortunate. He recognised the necks of large vases, which

had been re-used for well-heads in the houses, as of Cypro-Mycenaean type, and could

compare them with vase-necks similarly re-used at Ras Shamva; and in one of the house-

foundations he found a hoard of bronze implements and household gear, which made the

Cypro-Mycenaean date of the whole settlement certain (Missions archdologiques en Chypre,

1936, pp. 83-93).

Disappointed in the 'Muktar's field ', all we were able to do was to clear the few standing

stones, farther north, which marked the line of a great wall like that of the terrace already

mentioned, and eventually abutted on the escarpment a little north-east of the ruined church

of Agios Ydkovos, where a built ramp marked the ascent of a wide road onto the plateau.

1 It is therefore not quite exact that we left Enkomi 'without finding any tombs' (SCE I. 467). The Swedish

Expedition sunk 2oo pits and found 22.

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 19I3 71

Summarising now the indications given by archaeological work hitherto, we can recon-

stitute the human history of the Salaminian site, as follows.

I. Of the Early Bronze Age we have as yet no certain traces, for the Bronze Age objects

in the Lawrence-Cesnola Collection were not necessarily from Salamis, or even from its

immediate neighbourhood: Album of Antiquities excavated by Major Alexander Palma di Cesnola,

London (Holmes) I88I (photographs with printed text).

II. Of the Middle Bronze Age there was already a settlement on the escarpment north-

west of Enkomi, with tombs (1913) containing 'Black Punctured Ware', and a coarse local

fabric of White Painted Ware. The great roadway was not yet built, for one of these tombs

lay under it. M. Schaeffer's Tomb i i (Missions p. 65-9 fig. 30 P1. xxxi) is typical of this

phase, which he rightly regards as marking an immigration from Syria; and in 1894 I had

found tombs with the same 'Black Punctured Ware' at Kalopsida south of the Pidias (JHS

XVII 138-47).

III. In the Later Bronze Age this earlier settlement was transformed into a rich Cypro-

Mycenaean city. The great roadway was built and the massive wall below the escarpment,

and the settlement extended over a large part of the area enclosed by the wall. Later

changes have destroyed all traces of this city above the escarpment, and the breaking back

of the cliff has exposed and destroyed many of its chamber-tombs. In one of these a frag-

ment of a large wheelmade vase bore a scratched inscription in the Cypro-Mycenaean script

(Myres, Man 1934, 26, and Palace of Minos IV 752, fig. 741).

This settlement lasted long, from about 1400 B.C. to about I200 B.C. or even later, and its

later buildings seem to have encroached on earlier burial-places, carrying with them a good

deal of surface soil from the upper part of the slope. The latest tombs on this site belong to

the beginning of the Period of Transition from Bronze to Iron.

If we compare the position of this settlement and its burials, withdrawn from the sea,

and facing inland on a defensible site, with the distribution of contempoary burials round

the Salt Lake behind Larnaca, which formerly lay open to the sea, like the lower valley of the

Pidias above its narrow exit (sketch-map JHS XVII, I49, fig. 6), we are brought to the con-

clusion that the choice of both these sites was deliberate, and due to similar causes in each

case. As the civilisation of both settlements was predominantly Mycenaean (using this term

to denote that variety of Aegean civilisation which originates on the Greek mainland in the

Late Minoan periods I and II and spreads widely over the Mediterranean coasts in Late

Minoan III), and as these Cypro-Mycenaean settlements are shown by the contents of their

tombs to have been in frequent intercourse with Egypt and the Syrian coast, it seems likely

that they were planned as harbour-towns, using respectively the Salt Lake at Larnaca and

the mouth of the Pidias river. The latter, after many centuries of neglect and ill-regulated

agriculture up-country, and perhaps also of diminished or more spasmodic rainfall, has become

silted nearly to the coast-line; but even now there is a slight indentation at its mouth, and

much less submarine delta than off the mouth of the far smaller Khiranka stream. It may be

inferred that before the present marshes east of the gap in the escarpment were formed, the

river channel as far as Enkomi was kept scoured, much as the Mersey is, by the alternate

flow of floodwater outwards, and of seawater inward in the dry season, to make good the

loss by evaporation. This consideration will also explain the present saltness of the lower

Mesarid. Until, therefore, the advancing delta came abreast of Enkomi, there was access

for boats to the marly slope below the escarpment, and perhaps even some way into the side

valley between Enkomi and Styllos. Some such risk of erosion will explain the very massive

construction of the terrace wall which bounds the south side of the Muktar's field. The

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 72 JOHN L. MYRES

Cypro-Mycenaean city, that is, lay with its back to the sea, and faced up the Mesaria plain,

as Cypro-Mycenaean Larnaca faced away from the present Skala frontage, and dominated

the coast plain towards Stavrovouni. Both, like Boston, New Haven, and New York,

Philadelphia and Baltimore, were the homes of men who had come to stay and to enjoy

their new abodes in peace.

IV. But to the Cypro-Mycenaean site at Enkomi-which came to an end, as M. Schaeffer's

researches have since confirmed, without any trace of Early Iron Age culture-succeeded the

Hellenic Salamis on the sea-front, as Phoenician Kition succeeded the Cypro-Mycenaean

Larnaca. Greek tradition assigned its foundation to Teukros, brother of Aias, and dated it

shortly after the Trojan War-that is to say, in the early part of the twelfth century. In

later tradition, Teukros is also the name of the eponymos of the Teukroi, a Hellespontine

people of European origin, akin to the Phrygians. The connecting link with Teucrian

Salamis is probably supplied by the Tikkara, who are repeatedly mentioned in Egyptian

documents of the XX and XXI Dynasties as dangerous sea-raiders, with a settlement

eventually at Dor on the Palestinian coast. That the same piratical folk should have visited

Cyprus, too, is to be expected. That they should have established themselves on the sea

front of the Mesaria in only what other forcible invaders of Cyprus have attempted sooner or

later-Saracens, Genoese, Turks, and the English Government with its port at Famagusta,

and railway thence to Nicosia. That they should have been held aloof by the occupants of

the Enkomi site, and at first confined to the sea front, is in any case likely; and it is certain

that the sea-raiders of the Early Iron Age, unlike Minoan and Homeric navigators, shunned

inlets, and preferred open sea-beaches where they could draw their ships ashore, and launch

them promptly if they were forced to retire. Similarly at Larnaca, the settlements and

cemeteries around the Salt Lake were deserted for the open beach and mere boat-cove below

the Bamboula Hill, which began to be occupied in the earliest phase of the Iron Age, and

became later the headquarters of Phoenician exploitation, as Salamis was of Hellenic. For

confirmatory evidence on this point see pp. 94-5 below.

LAPITHOS (LAMPOUSA: ACHEIROPOIETOS): ACROPOLIS

DEVASTATED BY QUARRYING

WITH PLATES 22, 23

The North Range of Cyprus is a long, narrow, rugged ridge of hard steeply-inclined

limestones, flanked southwards by coarse grits and sandstones, also steeply-inclined. On both

sides of the range the lower slopes consist of later and softer limestones and marls, which overlie

the rocks of the range unconformably, and have not been much disturbed since they were

formed. The contrast is very marked between (I) the rugged peaks and spurs of the moun-

tains, which run up, barren or sparsely forested, to more than 3000 feet, with passes as low

as ooo feet; (2) the dry brown barren 'hummocks' of the grits and sands, and (3) the

light soil and great local fertility of the recent lowlands. This fertility depends, however,

directly on the water supply; and as the greater part of the rainfall of Cyprus seems to come

up from the south-west, and is liable to be intercepted by the hills, the north coast depends

mainly on the discharge of the hill rainfall in springs, which break out at intervals along the

upper margin of the later limestones, particularly if they are marly, and cut steep-sided

torrent beds which widen seawards, and have formed alluvial coast deposits here and there.

At present the north coast is moderately depressed, and there is but little accumulation of

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 73

such deposits about the stream-mouths; but the level has not altered materially since classical

times, and the sea, which can be violent in a north wind, has begun to cut low cliffs into the

gentle seaward slopes of the limestones. Only here and there is there a minute fishing-cove

or anchorage. Kerynia port is such a drowned torrent-mouth, and Lipithos was another.

The human occupation of the north coast depends, as will be obvious, on two chief

factors in this physical regime: the water supply, and the means of access to the sea and to

the Mesaria plain beyond the North Range. From the Frankish occupation onwards, the

only considerable centre has been at Kerynia, nearly due north of Nicosia, where a low but

very defensible pass, the ' Hole in the Hill' (Tr pa Vounofi),l descends, by one of the largest of

the ravines, upon the best natural harbour. But this ravine contains no great spring, and

conveys surface water mainly; and it is only by the fortunate accident that it now reaches

the sea a long mile east of the harbour, that Kerynia is safe from the wash-outs which ever

threaten Limassol. The fertility of Kerynia, in fact, depends not on the ravine water, but

upon springs further west, and it is upon these springs, and the old gardens which they fed,

that the Byzantine fortress of St. Hilarion, on the precipitous ridge which masks the pass on

the north, depended for supplies as well as for water to supplement its rain-tanks. At best,

Kerynia is rather a port and a market than an agricultural centre. The fertility of its

surroundings is not greatly above the average of the whole coast.

Between 6 and 7 miles west of Kerynia, however, a very different state of things

begins. The main ridge draws nearer to the coast, and becomes higher and steeper,

till at i I miles from Kerynia the peak called K6rnos reaches 3Io6 feet and is only 24 miles

from the sea. At the foot of the principal slope, which for several miles east of K6rnos is

precipitous, are several copious springs, comparable with those of Kythraea on the south

slope, and among the most famous water-supplies of the island. At the present time the

gardens and plantations which they irrigate extend northward for nearly 2 miles, and over

nearly as great a frontage this effluent reaches the sea, supporting large reed-beds wherever

irrigation is incomplete. This region, then, has always been one of the paradises of Cyprus,

and, like Kythraea, might be expected to offer a complete sequence of human settlement

and endeavour. The modern townships of Lipithos and Karavis, which lie immediately

below the great springs, and straggle through the gardens to less than a mile from the coast,

are among the largest and most prosperous of the island. One may compare them with that

other Greek paradise, around Aspenditi and PFlli on the north flank of the Dikaios ridge

in Cos.

Below Karavis village, an ancient site on the sea front, called Laimpousa, clearly represents

a town of considerably larger extent than Kerynia, bounded westward by a shallow bay with

a beach, commodious except in north-westerly winds. The name Lipithos or Lapathos

goes back to classical times, when it denoted a city in this district, reputed to be a colony

from Laconia, and probably regarded as coeval with the Laconian colonies of Melos, Thera,

and the west of Crete. To this settlement belong the Early Iron Age (Cypro-Geometric)

tombs from an illicit excavation [CMC p. 8 and nos. 387, 434, 435, 442; KBH CLVII 2 c-f:

a is in the Berlin Antiquarium; Dtimmler, Mitth. Ath. XI 289] and the cemeteries excavated

at Kylistra, Agia Anastasia, Kastros, and Plakes, high on the hillside, by the Swedish

Expedition (SCE I pp. 162-276).

For a long while, the ancient site at Limpousa has been habitually pillaged for building

materials, and from time to time notable finds of Byzantine age have been made among the

1 Mr. Dikaios states that the name is also given to the peak south-west of Bellapais: Bellamy and Browne, The Geology

of Cyprus.

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74 JOHN L. MYRES

ruins. During the Turkish administration, a jewelled cross was found on the top of the

highest mound, near the middle of the south edge of the site; in 1883 a fine set of jewellery,

consisting of two gold bracelets, two finger rings, and two pairs of gold earrings, one chased,

the other set with amethysts and pearls, was acquired by the Cyprus Museum (CMC 4891-97)

about a mile from Kerynia (Myres, Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist March 1898).

Before 1894, the late Inspector of Antiquities, Mr. Evstathios Konstantinides, had

completely cleared the rock-cut chapel called Acheiropoietos, near the west end of the site.

And about 19oo, in the foundations of a ruined church near the sea, nearly north of the highest

mound, a very rich collection of silver vessels was found by people from Karavis. Four pieces

from this were seized by the police, and are in the Cyprus Museum; some of the silver

spoons were acquired by the British Museum; but the best pieces were bought in Paris by

Pierpont Morgan, and are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. In consequence

of what may conveniently be described as the Morgan Hoard, the whole site was proclaimed

an ' ancient monument' under the Antiquity Law of 1905 (B. M. Cat. Early Christian Antiq.

Nos. 397-424: Dalton, Byz. Art and Archaeology, 572: Early Chr. Art, 328).

The objects of the investigation undertaken by the Cyprus Museum in 1913 were two-

fold: (I) to examine the site at LMmpousa, and determine its age, quality, and state of

preservation, and in particular to ascertain whether it deserved systematic excavation; and

(2) to discover the distribution of tombs and other remains throughout the district, as the

first step towards reconstructing a continous history of the human occupation of this excep-

tionally favoured locality, for comparison with the record already available for an analogous

district round Kythraea, on the south side of the range.

Operations began with the complete excavation of the north face of the highest mound

at Limpousa (Pl. 22, 2). Then, when the work here was already nearly finished, the chance

discovery of a rich Bronze Age necropolis, at the extreme north west of the district, gave

exceptional opportunity for the other kind of enquiry (pp. 78-85 below).

THE ANCIENT SITE AT LAMPOUSA

North of the village of Karavais, the coastline projects half a mile seaward in a flat-fronted

promontory nearly 2 miles wide, with a sea cliff rising in places to 20 or 25 feet. This is the

front of a bed of sandy limestone, rather higher and drier than most of the coast land west

of Kerynia, and more like the similar plateau on which Kerynia itself is built. It runs back

southward, rising gently for about 2 miles, till it is dominated by a spur of the North Range

west of the villages of Motidhes and Palai6sophos. It is bounded on the east by the Kalemb6ri

River, which comes down past Phtirycha and Elaia, reaches the sea at Ap6stolos Andrias,

and is intersected near its eastern edge by the parallel stream from Motidhes and Palai6sophos

which runs out in the eastern horn of the promontory. Westward it is bounded by the large

perennial stream which is fed by the Karavis springs, in the ravines west of Palai6sophos, and

is intersected likewise near its western edge by a smaller watercourse which rises in the spur

west of Motidhes and skirts the east edge of Karavais village, running out just east of the

western horn of the promontory.

Between this stream and the mouth of the Karavas river the ancient site occupies the

whole seafront, which here faces sufficiently north-west to break the worst swell (which

comes from the north-east) and even to form a small deep fishing cove under its western end,

where the monastery of Acheiropoietos stands, and a deeply worn roadway descends from

the plateau to sea-level. For the limestone plateau ends rather abruptly at this point, so

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 75

that the last half-mile of the Karavais river lies under an escarpment of the limestone, with a

long stretch of alluvial flats and open beach westward to the second Lapithos river. Then

comes about a mile of older alluvial plain, lying IO-2o feet higher and eroded seawards into

a low cliff, in front of Lipithos village, the irrigated lands of which come down to the sea-

front, the effluent falling into the sea over a low cliff. Then the limestone reappears forming

a gently sloping plateau which dips to sea-level beyond the chapel of Ag. The6doros, in the

north-west corner of the irrigated ground.

From this account of the foreshore, it will be clear that the Karavais and Lapithos rivers

have long been engaged in silting up the re-entrant angle between the north-west-facing

escarpment of the plateau where Lampousa stands, and the line of the limestone foreshore

beyond Ag. The6doros, which faces a few points east of north, and (if produced eastward)

would cut the escarpment nearly half-way from Acheiropoietos Monastery to the Karavis

post office on the high road. The value of the little cove at Acheiropoi6tos has therefore

Il

Wa J cll

/I 9

- ------------

1ron a's t.Y Ck-a prT.ck

'IG. 2.-SKETCH PLAN OF 'I'OWN SITE AT LAMPOUSA WITH ACHEIROPOIeTOS MONASTERY:

A = ' ACROPOLIS' EXCAVATED IN 1913.

probably diminished considerably with the lapse of time; and intense cultivation of the

alluvial tract has probably increased the rate of silting. Certainly in the rainy weather of

November and December 1913 a good deal of soil was being carried off the fields and spread

along this stretch of the coast.

The continuous ruin-field extends now from the seafront about half a mile south of the

Lampousa promontory, and the same distance east of the fishing cove, over a roughly triangular

area bounded by the stream already mentioned, and by the cultivated lands and the cart-road

from the cove to Karavais. Eastward, beyond the stream, a trial excavation showed late

tombs, so that here we were already clear of the town, and probably its defences followed the

steep west bank of this stream. Southward, the ancient city probably extends under the

cultivated land; and in 1913 a recent cutting close to the seaward road, a few yards north

of the last houses of Karavwis, had revealed a substantial mass of masonry, and a late inscription

recording a refortification of the city in the Byzantine Age:

EKTI-rlOr Tr TE"riXlq Eri AEov-rov c iapXrpo-rxrou O'rrdpxou ....

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 76 JOHN L. MYRES

At present, most of the site is nearly level, with a shallow depression running across it

from east to west, and a small acropolis rising rather abruptly near the middle of its south edge,

nearly opposite the straight road which runs north from Karavis, and turns west to the cove

along the seaward edge of the cultivated land. But this apparent uniformity has been pro-

duced artificially; for we were able to show that this summit is but the core of a much larger

ridge, which has been deeply quarried, but once ran westward to include the rock-cut chapel

at Acheiropoietos overlooking the cove (P1. 22, I). The mass of rock, in which the chapel

is cut, is in fact the core of the west end of this ridge; and other upstanding rock walls and

hummocks of limestone are to be seen between it and the ' acropolis-mound '. Eastward the

mound known as 'Troullos' Hill (-rpoiAXos = a dome) seems to be a similar relic of the same

ridge.

The whole ruin-field is covered with piles of earth and rubble, the result of persistent

search for stones and treasure. Among them project many bits of rubble walls, occasional

angles of late masonry, and in the neighbourhood of the former ' acropolis-ridge ' the masses

and walls, already noted as cut in live rock and completed in late walling. The top of the

'acropolis-mound' was nearly flat, partly natural rock, partly old quarry-scars, partly a

tangle of party walls of rock and rubble, obstructed by heaps of loose stones.

The north and west faces (P1. 22, 2) rose less abruptly, and seemed deeply imbedded in

rough walling and heaps of debris. Low down near the south-east corner a large loot-pit

had struck a rock-face like the dromos of a tomb.

The east face (P1. 22, 3) was cut away vertically, and showed a row of artificial cavities,

like late rock-tombs, and above them the rock-cut emplacements for a set of floor joists, as

though a house had been built against the vertical face after quarrying had broken into the

tombs. Nearly in front of this was the deepest loot-pit on this part of the site, going down

about Io feet from the present surface, and partly choked with debris and vegetation.

Only on the north side, therefore, did the ' acropolis-mound' seem to be comparatively

undisturbed, with a long even slope of debris and dusty soil. At the base of this slope, it is

true, and at the north-west angle, there were deep loot-pits exposing cut faces of rock, like

tomb dromoi, but there seemed a better chance here than elsewhere of discovering the sequence

of deposits, at small cost. We had also, close at hand, the deep loot-pit on the east face of

the hill, by which we could attack the lower layers without waiting for the removal of the

upper. In this way we had available a total thickness of some 40 feet of deposit.

We had no railway, and indeed the work which we planned did not require one; and

by careful arrangement of our barrow roads we were able to put a large number of men to

work after the first day, and run out our spoil on high-level and low-level dumps, into the

nearest loot-pits. By these economies of time and transport, in ten days we had the north

face clear down to ground level, and a large excavation at the north-east angle to about

20 feet below it.

But the result was disappointing. The upper part of the 'acropolis-mound' was of

solid rock, deeply dissected by house-basements with rock-cut doors and staircases; there

were late chamber-tombs on the eastern face; and deep quarries on the northern (P1. 23,

I, 2) filled with quarry-debris and a diminishing quantity of Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman

pottery. There was no perceptible stratification, for the quarries were of the latest classical

period, and had cut away everything earlier. This was the more disheartening, as in addition

to a gypsum cornice (P1. 23, 3) red-glazed 'Samian' ware, stamped OFVI and L. NON. F,

painted Hellenistic pottery, late terracotta figures, and imitations of Attic black glaze ware

from the fourth century onwards, there was a scrap of a fine black-figured ' eye '-kylix, some

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 t-00

o70

Q UARRY 0

A Quarry with unused blocks.

40

WIT C B Tombs re-used as cellars under east face of the hill.

C Basement-room with sockets for joists of floor above.

D Stair-case descending southward.

E Rock-cut threshold.

F Cement floor over debris-filling.

G Basement with central pillar.

H Deep foundation wall, with external angle to south-

west

J Domed tomb or cellar.

ROAD LIVEL

WITH RoOL X

B d ocK 2 co-

ROCK

S- 2 -

00

so @0 STUCCO CORNICE

D 0ORIC CAPITAL

020 O O

40r' r
170 LEVEL8e~

z 50

60 .t-D SOFT ROCK b)ROr(EN WAz-

"V OF

45 20 2 0 AAC
S45 5MALL STONE oo

RUBBeLE $9.

Roc ov RIc C
WALL ROCK

LEE OCW 0s LEVEL

130. FAT 0 fo
STONE "

H0

WALL 20 uU

ROCKWALL OVER

ROC ROK i 50

LATE WALL (D

ROCK 40

C. 40WA~~ROUGH

4 WA WALL LEVEL 100

1.40 R, K Rmx ROCK

It so PILso

50 ILLAR, 4

90) 90.0 WALL WITH ROCK FACE BEHIND

ROC 1 .40 50ERIRWLt

J '" 7 SOFT. ROCK UNDERP LATER WALL

BcrEEHIVE ROCK

r \ so

ROCK ROCK

BROKEN F-zBONDED

AWJAY DEPWL FRBL ANGLE

FIG. 3.--LPITHOs: SKETCH PLAN OF 'ACROPOLIS' OF LAMPOUSA.

The south is at the top. Levels are measured in metres downwards from point 0 on the summit of the

hill. Scale about I : 150

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 78 JOHN L. MYRES

Graeco-Phoenician ware of the Early Iron Age, fragments of Late Bronze Age fabrics-

'base-ring' ware with white paint-Middle Bronze Age painted ware, black on buff, a

Bronze Age eyelet pin, and fragments of neolithic celts. Comparison with the chamber-

tombs in the ' acropolis-mound ' made it certain that the miraculous church 'not made with

hands', which gives its name to the monastery, had been another such tomb in the west end

of the ridge, rediscovered by quarrymen in Christian times, and converted to purposes of

worship (P1. 22, I).

In these circumstances, the small finds (P1. 23, 3-4) were negligible: in the absence of

undisturbed stratification, even the Graeco-Roman and Byzantine fabrics, which were fairly

copious, added nothing to knowledge. All that is certain about the Lampousa site is that

(i) it was a small coast town in the Late Bronze Age and in Classical times; (2) that it cut

into its own foundations for accommodation and building material; (3) that in the eleventh

or twelfth century A.D. it was devastated by war or earthquake, and consequently may conceal

other treasures like the Morgan Hoard; but only a complete clearance of the whole site

could demonstrate this; and short of this, further excavation would be a gamble.

A BRONZE AGE CEMETERY AT LAPITHOS

PLATES 24-9

As the excavation at Lampousa was coming to its close, news came that tombs of the

Bronze Age had been found about a mile further west, in a field bounded by the coast; and

leave was at once obtained to examine the site. During most of this excavation, Mr. Leonard

Buxton was in charge, and this summary of results is collected from his tomb-plans and field

notes, as war-service and other duties thereafter prevented him from preparing a formal

report. All the objects from these tombs were sent to the Cyprus Museum, repaired by that

skilful veteran, Loizo of Dali, and registered by Mr. Markides.

The same nearly level and fairly recent deposit of sandy limestone and calcareous

sand as forms the acropolis at Akheiropoi'tos, here forms the foreshore, with a low ragged

cliff about Io feet above sea-level, and a level surface of sandy soil for about a quarter of a

mile inland, till it is smothered by sandy hill-wash, full of springs, and mostly planted with

olives. There is a general view of the site in Schaeffer, Missions en Chypre 1936 P1. iv. 3. East of

the cemetery one or more of these springs breaks out in a copious stream-one of these, ' The

Old Man's Spring' (Vrjsi tou Bdrba) gives its name to the locality-and the olives come down

to the water's edge. In wet seasons, the ancient tombs are filled with water, and the empty

pots have floated about in disorder, and were even occasionally found adhering to the marly

roof, against which their buoyancy had pressed them. The bronzes and even the skeletons

were less easily deranged, and much could still be learned about the disposal of the bodies

and funerary gear. Mr. Markides continued to open tombs here in 1917, and many more

were opened in 1927 by the Swedish Expedition (SCE I 33-162). Even these, however,

were found in the same state of disorder, as the published plans show.

The Tombs

The harder limestone which caps the shore-cliff is about 2 feet thick, and tombs were

easily excavated in the soft marl in which it rested. Only in some of the larger tombs had

the limestone roof collapsed, and admitted surface soil to the chamber. One tomb even

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 79

contained the remains of a camel. The tombs were entered by a narrow passage (dromos),

sometimes wider below than above, with a rectangular doorway (stomion in SEC descriptions)

closed by a limestone slab. Sometimes there were one or more niches (loculi) in the sides of

the dromos, containing supplementary furniture. The lintel of the doorway was usually level

with the roof of the chamber, and its sill from I to 2 feet above the floor.

The chambers were usually circular or oval, of the size which a single workman could

excavate sitting or kneeling. But many chambers had apsidal alcoves of various sizes,

sometimes with their floor a step above that of the main chamber: and these alcoves usually

contained burials. That these tombs were customarily re-used was clear not only from the

number of skeletons more or less in place, but from one or more heaps of bones and pottery

cast aside against the walls, and for the most part broken. Sometimes there had been an

early fall of rock from the roof, separating the original occupant from subsequent burials.

As Mr. Buxton's descriptions of the tombs have been published already in Dr. Einar

Gjerstad's Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus (Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift I926), pp. 73-83, it is

not thought necessary to reprint them here. His sketch-plans of a few of the least-disturbed

tombs gave sufficient indication of their shape and equipment, and illustrated the varied

postures of the bodies, and the disposition of the more important objects in regard to them.

EARLY CYPRIOTE II

SINGLE BURIAL. Ldpithos I. Along one side-wall were remains of a skeleton, along the other side the gifts to the

deceased.

Ldpithos 55c. The body was placed along the back wall of the tomb, with the head at the left side-wall, probably in a

straight [extended] position. Four vessels were set on either side of the body, and others not far from the door.

Two OR MORE BURIALS. Ldpithos 53. Two persons had been buried, one along the right, the other along the left side-

wall of the tomb, with their heads towards the doorway. [Compare Ldpithos Io (EC. III). This is also the

regular arrangement in tombs of the Graeco-Phoenician Iron Age and later.] All the vessels, of Red Polished II Ware,

were placed behind the skull, between the two skeletons, except one bowl, which was placed close to the right side-

wall, to the right of the skeleton, at a short distance from the skull.

Ldpithos 60. Three persons had been buried, one along each side wall, the third along the back wall, with two distinct

groups of tomb-gifts.

Ldpithos 62. Two persons, one along the back wall, the other on the niche.

EARLY CYPRIOTE III

Ldpithos Io. Two (possibly three) persons: one to left, one to right, against the side-walls: to the left, semi-contracted

on its left side; to the right, probably squatting.

Ldpithos I2a. Two skeletons along the side-walls; a third, at the back wall, indicates quite convincingly the method of

burial in a squatting position.

Ldpithos 13. One corpse had fallen on another it was therefore placed in a squatting position, and collapsed later.

Ldpithos 24. Two skeletons; one with the femora and tibiae parallel, and the head close by, indicating a cramped

position.

Ldpithos 20 b. Of two skeletons, one was stretched on its back in the middle of the tomb; the other fragmentary.

Ldpithos 205a. Two skeletons. To the right of the door was the skeleton of a middle-aged woman, propped up in a

squatting position behind three stones. There was just room for a corpse in this position between the stones and

the tomb-wall; both the forearms and legs were crossed, as would happen in falling from this position.

MIDDLE CYPRIOTE I

Ldpithos 4. At least six burials. A fairly complete skeleton was lying on its side in a stretched [extended] position.

Ldpithos I8a. Several burials. A fairly complete skeleton had the femora lying on the ossa innominata; another was

curiously twisted, but the vertebra were not disturbed, which gives the impression that the body had fallen forward

from a sitting position.

Ldpithos 29. One skeleton was found in a huddled position: one scapula lay almost on the mandible, but the ribs were

in order, and this position probably could not have been assumed if the body had been buried extended.

Ldpithos 66. Three burials, one on a niche, one below it. Of the third, the skull was found near the entrance, but other

bones farther up at the right side-wall; so the body was probably laid along this wall, with the head towards the

door.

Ldpithos 203a. At least four burials. The skull of one skeleton lay next to the sacrum, and beyond that one of the ossa

minnominata, showing that the corpse must have collapsed.

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80 JOHN L. MYRES

Disposal of the Bodies.-Thus most of the bodies lay in what is commonly known as the

'contracted posture', with knees up to the chin, common to neolithic and chalcolithic

pre-dynastic Egypt, Crete and the Cyclades, Cyprus, Italy and Sicily, and other parts of the

Mediterranean world. But this was not here due to the narrow dimensions of the chamber,

and did not explain several divergences from the normal posture. Sometimes the legs were

not fully flexed; one or other hand lay along the side of the body; the knees were spread

apart in front of the pelvis, and the vertebral column and shoulder-blades had either collapsed

in a heap on or around the pelvis, or lay prostrate, ribs and all, between the knees, or lay on

one side of the pelvis as in the ' contracted posture' but out of all relation to the pelvis and

legs. Usually the head remained associated with the upper vertebrae; but in one instance

the skull lay in another part of the chamber, with ear-rings still adhering. This could only

have happened if the head on becoming detached had sufficient momentum to roll to the

place where it lay; that is to say, it fell from some height, namely from the top of an erect

and coherent backbone, with the ears still carrying their ear-rings. All these anomalies are

explained, if it is inferred that the bodies were buried sitting, and fell to pieces, some in one

order and direction, some in another. Compare SCE I 472, 514, 543, 570 (at Enkomi).

Though this conclusion was a novelty for Cyprus, it is in accord with observations else-

where. Colini concluded from similar evidence that some of the early Italian bodies at

Remedello in the Po valley were exposed for a while, crouched or sitting, in the open cist

grave, before it was filled or covered.' Orsi in Eastern Sicily found the bodies in communal

or family chamber-tombs grouped on a low bench around a large open jar, as if at a festive

meal.2 It is not necessary to suppose that all bodies in the tombs at Lapithos were so

arranged, and the lateral niches, like those in the larger tombs near Syracuse, were hardly

high enough to hold a seated corpse, unless bound together like the seated bodies of pre-

Columbian Peru. But the Swedish Expedition recorded similar indications in Bronze Age tombs

(SCE I 37, 55, 79, 84, 89, ioo), and the practice may now be regarded as established for Cyprus.

Race and Breed of the Occupants.-The human remains were in so good condition that

Mr. Buxton was able to prepare by far the most thorough analysis that had yet been made

of the physical anthropology of early Cyprus. As was to be expected from the geographical

situation of the island, there were two strongly contrasted types; one, with cephalic index

about 73, related to the widespread 'Mediterranean' group of breeds, from Egypt and

primitive Palestine to Spain, essentially ancestral to the majority of the modern inhabitants,

with oval head and face, and delicate modelling; the other (cephalic index 78-80) more

massive in brow and jaw, with broad face, and skull either globular, or wide above the ears

and flattened behind, like the ' Anatolian' inhabitants of Asia Minor, Armenia and Syria

at all periods. But besides a long series of hybrid intermediates between these main breeds,

there were other ingredients, notably a primitive low-crowned variety which recalled Egyptian

representatives of Hittites and their allies in the Syrian campaigns of Rameses II in the

thirteenth century, and probably of North Syrian origin, though their actual counterparts

have not yet been discovered there, except as an ingredient in the modern peasantry, and in

the palaeolithic cave at Tabgah in Galilee.

For anthropometric details it is sufficient to refer to Mr. Buxton's memoir in Biometrika

XIII, and, for the primitive 'Australioid' variety, to W. L. H. Duckworth, Studies from the

Anthropological Laboratory, Cambridge I904 203-II, and Sir A. Keith, Researches in Prehistoric

Galilee (Mem. Brit. Sch. Arch. Jerusalem 1927).

1 Peet, Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy, 187, quoting Colini, Bull. Paletn. Ital. xxv, xxviii.

" Peet, l.c. 211 ; BPIt. xxvii.

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 81

Funerary Equipment (Pll. 24-9).-The furniture of the interments consisted, as usual,

mainly of pottery, with copper implements of a few simple types, a few characteristic clay

figures, small objects of bone, and occasional chains of paste beads. All these except the

clay figures have been frequently described on other sites, and only the local variations need

be noted here. The pottery fabrics are as described in the Cyprus Museum Catalogue and the

Cesnola Handbook.

Pottery.-Two standard fabrics were represented in most of the tombs, (a) the older ' Red

Polished Ware ', either plain or incised with simple ornament derived from basketry and straw-

bindings; (b) the 'Black Slip Ware', often dark grey or brown, with leathery surface, and

ornament usually in low relief, but sometimes incised with a sharp point: the shapes are

sometimes derived from the 'Red Polished Ware', sometimes nearer akin to those of the

next fabric; (c) the later 'White Painted Ware' of the Middle Copper Age of Cyprus, usually

of smaller dimensions than the older fabric, but very copious and variable in shape.

The foreign ' Black Punctured Ware ' which intrudes from Syria and Palestine into Middle

Copper Age tombs at Kalopsida, Enkomi, and elsewhere, and belongs to the period of Hyksos

domination at Tell-el-Jahudieh in Egypt, does not appear; but this absence is of less signifi-

cance, because the north coast of Cyprus is secluded from south-eastern immigrants. Nor is

there any example of the 'Unpainted White Ware' which usually accompanies the 'Black

Punctured Ware ' in Cyprus.

There was one example of the rare 'Black Glazed Ware with Red Paint'; its forms are

close to those of the ' Red-Polished Ware ', but the clay under the black slip is light-coloured

like the 'White Painted Ware': the ornament imitates the lozenges or rectangles formed

of parallel lines, which are characteristic of the ' Red Polished Ware '.

The leathery ' Base Ring Wares' of the Late Copper Age are quite absent.

From these indications this cemetery may be securely dated in the Third Early (E.C. III)

and First Middle (M.C. I) periods of the Copper Age, with a few tombs (I, 53, 6o, 62) going

back to E.C. II, and a few others (4, I8a, 29, 66, 203a) forward into M.C. II. Only a few

tombs contained the very large bottles and amphorae characteristic of E.C. I and II, or

vessels decorated in relief. Several, however, had vessels with the pointed base, which becomes

common for a while at Vounous and elsewhere, in E.C. III. A more precise correlation is

furnished by the spouted bowl of E.M. III ware with black geometrical ornament on buff,

found on this or a neighbouring site by the mission of the University of Pennsylvania in 1931

(Casson, Ancient Cyprus p. 2o7. Compare V. Grace, Am. Journ. Arch. xliv. Io ff.: CM

Inventory 6A. 16). I saw the vase itself in the Cyprus Museum during a brief visit, and am

satisfied that it is of Aegean and probably Cretan fabric.

Clay Figures of Women.-An unusual feature in this cemetery is the frequency of flat rect-

angular slabs of Red Polished Ware (P1. 26, 2; Fig. 4, T. 20I, 43 ; Fig. 5) surmounted at one end

by one or two narrower rectangles, on which are incised the features and necklaces of a female

head. Usually the nose is modelled in relief, and sometimes the outward ear is a perforated lug

like those on the smaller vessels. Where there are two heads, they are usually joined between

the ears. The surface of the body is decorated with transverse bands of incised zigzags or

lozenges, through which the breasts project: below the neck there are sometimes V-shaped

or crescent-shaped bands of similar ornament, for necklaces or drapery. One smaller figure

(T. 21) has large ears projecting from a better-modelled head, with a turban about a point

above, and the left arm is shown in relief, obliquely downwards across the body. A still

smaller one (T. 2ol) carries an infant in both arms. A similarly rectangular object (T. 201)

is composed of three upright bars and two cross-bars, with a third missing below: the middle

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T o1013 -.L

T, 201. O33

T.8.U +.

T. 8.W +.Z

T. 46.A.9

ST, I 8.A.31

FIG. 4. OBJECTS FROM TOMBS AT LAPITHOS, EXCAVATED NOVEMBER 1913.

Numerals refer to the Cyprus Museum Inventory.

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 ex in cy 1913 83

Drawn by Miss A. M. Calverley from photographs.

FIG. 5. FIGURINES OF INCISED REDWARE FROM

bust. To the right are other figurines; 21 in w

figure on jug, as if holding an infant ; 201 (in

Numbered by tomb-groups. Some are two-headed,

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84 JOHN L. MYRES

cross-bar is moulded in front, but defaced. It may represent a woman in a high-backed

seat, carrying a child. Compare SCE I, pl. xviii-xxvi.

Another rectangular slab (T. 15) has two semicircular loops projecting at right angles,

and within them two roughly modelled rolls of clay. They may be infants in a hooded

cradle, or embraced in the arms of a mother otherwise aniconic.

Similar figures have been found in contemporary tombs elsewhere in Cyprus, and no

doubt represent a Mother-Goddess or a pair of Goddesses like Demeter and Persephone at

Eleusis. Two-headed figures are also found in early tombs in Central Anatolia (Ankara

Museum).

I,

t! LI

11i

A ti I I

FIG. 6. OBJECTS OF COPPER FROM TOMBS AT LAPITHOS.

Copper Implements.-These were numerous, and in unusually good condition. Those figures

in P1. 24, 25, 26 and Figs. 4 and 6 are identified by their tomb-numbers. Besides the customary

flat adze-blades (P1. 42, I), leaf-shaped daggers (P1. 26, I), longer daggers or spears with mid-rib

and hooked tang (P1. 24, 2), and pins, plain (P1. 25, 3) or mushroom-headed with perforated

stem (P1. 25, 2), and tweezers (P1. 25, I), there were several well-made needles (P1. 25, 3),

long narrow chisels (P1. 24, 3), ' meat-hooks' for suspension (P1. 24, 3, 5o), a 'flesh hook'

(P1. 21, 50) for serving boiled meat from a pot, notable for its partially tubular socket; and

several rings or ear-rings of thin wire twisted on itself for fastening (T. 8. u). There were

several thick spirals of base silver, as usual in tombs of this period, found sometimes on or

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 85

by the skull, and used therefore as ear-rings or hair-binders. There was one small ring of

thin gold wire (T. 209. I I, Fig. 4). There was one collection of the globular paste beads

with pale blue glaze-a XII Dynasty type-which are fairly common in Middle Copper

Age tombs (cf. Gjerstad, Studies, p. 268; SCE I. pl. cxlix, 20), and a few very small disk-

beads, of dark stone or shell: no sealstones, scarabs, or cylinders.

When the number of shafts, most of them rewarded by a tomb, passed 200, it was clear

that this cemetery, though of considerable extent, was of rather limited range in time, from

Early Copper Age II to Middle Copper Age III, and that its main characteristics had been

sufficiently established for our purpose. While the excavation was going on, much informa-

tion was collected about casual finds in other periods, which was at the disposal of the Cyprus

Museum, and in due course of the Swedish Expedition, and of the University of Pennsylvania.

Lapithos evidently had a long and prosperous career in prehistoric as well as in classical

times.

THE BAMBOULA HILL AT LARNACA

PLATE 30

The Bamboula Hill lies in open ground between Scala and Old Larnaca, about Ioo

yards north-west of the Roman Catholic Convent, and about 30 yards east of the road which

runs past the front of the Convent into Old Larnaca. Another track, which diverged in

1913 from this road at the Convent, and led to the village of Livadhia, separated the

Bamboula Hill site from the Bamboula Marsh, which extended nearly as far east as the

carriage road from Scala to Famagusta.

The Bamboula Hill was once of much greater extent than now, and was described by

old residents as having had a steep slope towards the marsh. It was on or in the Bamboula

that the inscribed conquest-stele of Sargon was found in 1845, which is in the Berlin Museum.'

But soon after the British occupation (1878) a large part of the hill was cut away and thrown

into the marsh, which was stagnant and dangerous to health.2 No accurate record seems to

have been kept of this operation, in the course of which a number of ancient objects are said

to have been found; among them the fine early Ionic capital, of grey limestone, now in the

Cyprus Museum.3 Another portion of the hill, of less extent, was used for the same purpose

more recently: but of this also there was no accurate record.

It is commonly believed that the Bamboula Marsh represents the ancient harbour of the

Phoenician city of Kition, which certainly lay where Larnaca lies now. This opinion is

probably well founded, but cannot be proved without excavation round the edges of the

marsh. When the house of Kosti Paluta was built, on the Famagusta road a little south of

the marsh, a large wall was found running along the site, from the sea inland; and a number

of squared blocks of sandy limestone were to be seen in the autumn of 1913 near this house,

of the same shape and size as the regular masonry of the Great Wall (to be described below)

on the Bamboula Hill. But without further excavation it is not possible to be certain of the

purpose of this wall, or of its relation either to the ' Great Wall' on the hill, described below,

or to the well-marked ridge which crossed the ploughed field from Kosti Paluta's house to the

Convent.

1 Zeitschr. f. ZEg. Sprache IX 68-72; Oberhummer, Aus Cypern 203-21; Die Insel Cypern 1903 p. 9; Schrader, Abh.

Bul. Akad. 1881.

2 Ausland 1879 P. 970; compare Ohnefalsch-Richter's plan, KBH CCI (which gives no recognisable landmarks) and

P. 479.

3 Cyprus Museum Catalogue (1899) no. 5599; KBH CXCVII I; and the Hathor-stele, KBH CC 1-3-

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86 JOHN L. MYRES

. i/,- 0 "00 'o

I !/s6 "- 0

P~m30 tS%- 0 0L

GmO.. oo oo

/ItAA~ O ._t

. i -.,o,o - -7.1oo~r

-,,op , -

6-0 0 Von

O-J~ or~. cD`~ 4 7

FIG. 7.-SKETCH-PLAN OF THE BAMBOULA HILL, LARNACA.

Letters A-Q, refer to trenches cut in the autumn of 1913.

Heights are measured downwards from the summit of the hill.

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 87

2-.

L...L.l .5

258

7YO~ te Ar~hA i:::~~. iilii~~~i~iii:~..

...... ,. l..-.-

::.::::::'.':...::::: 6x'..e& A:::or~.

q~ v::lljxoutL>:::rr~:::::

.... . ... .

FIG. 8.--VERTICAL SECTION OF THE SOUTH END OF THE BAMBOULA HILL BETWEEN P AND Q

IN FIGURE I, LOOKING NORTH-WEST.

Heights are measured downwards from zero on the summit of the hill.

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88 JOHN L. MYRES

All that was left of the Bamboula Hill in 1913 was a steep-sided platform about 60 m.

from north to south, and 15 to 20 m. wide from east to west. At one point it is nearly cut in

two by recent rain-channels running east and west. Its longer axis lies about 250 west of the

magnetic north, and nearly parallel with the Larnaca-Scala road. The top is nearly flat,

but slopes about 20 downwards to the north, and descends easily at the north end onto the

field-level. On the west side the slope towards the road has been cut away for about 30 m.

in a nearly semi-circular form, leaving a steep face which rises from the field-level at the

north-west corner of the hill, to a height of about 5 m. above the road at the south-west.

Subsequently a small quantity of town rubbish had been thrown upon this hollow. The

road itself rises a little as it passes the hill, and in fact crosses the outskirts of the hill itself;

for the lime-works west of the road, and the site for the electric light works projected in 1913

lay distinctly below the road-level. But along a line running west from the north-west

corner of the hill, the ground is almost level as far as the first houses of Old Larnaca and the

Kamelarga field beyond them, where part of a fortification wall of ancient Kition was

excavated in 1894 (JHS XVII. 167-8).

The south and east faces of the hill had been more deeply cut away, and in the southern

half they were precipitous for a height of about 5 m., with a short steep slope of rain-washed

soil at the foot (P1. 30, I). Then, around the north-east corner of the hill, is a nearly level

platform of harder material, as much as 12 or 15 m. wide at the corner, sloping rather abruptly

on the south into a recent cutting originally about 2 m. deep and 15 or 20 m. wide, which

ends abruptly opposite the south-west corner of the hill. On the east this platform is less

well defined, and the slope into the field below is more gradual. From the north-east

corner of the hill, again, there is a well-marked terrace running nearly due north as far as the

footpath from Old Larnaca to the Livadhia road, and sloping steeply down nearly 2 m. into

the low-lying ground eastward. This probably marks the north-western limit of the great

spoliation of 1879.

Thus all that is left of the original Bamboula Hill is a narrow ridge containing, at a

rough estimate, some 3000 cubic metres of material, standing on a rather larger platform

below the level of the Larnaca-Scala road, but considerably higher than the marsh and the

low-lying field west of the Livadhia road.

The purpose of the excavation in the autumn of 1913 was to discover the composition of

this hill, and to determine its date, and its relation to the other remains of ancient Kition.

For this purpose advantage was taken of the precipitous face left by previous clearance

at the south end of the hill, to clean carefully the whole of the front of this promontory, along

the line marked PQ in the plan. The general appearance of this part of the hill, before

excavation began, is shown in P1. 30, I. Taking the highest point of the hill, which lay

immediately above the precipitous face, as zero, all measurements were made downwards

from this, to a total depth of 9 m. at the bottom of shafts B and C. Thus the detached

pinnacle, which is conspicuous in P1. 30, I, 2, had its upper surface at - I.oo m. below zero;

the uppermost floor-level, which crosses the precipitous face below it, stands at - 4-oo m.;

and the level ground in front, resulting from the last previous excavation, at - 6- o1 m. These

measurements are sufficient to indicate the scale of operations, and the proportions of the

precipitous face in these photographs.

z I. The Structure of the Bamboula Hill.

The material of the hill was removed in layers of half-metre depth, except where an

ancient floor or other change of bedding made more accurate dissection necessary. All the

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 89

excavated material was picked over by hand, and all fragments of pottery which showed

identifiable form or ornament were set aside for cleaning. All pottery was roughly cleaned

on the spot, and a large proportion of it was set aside for transference to the Nicosia Museum,

where it forms the first stratified series of remains from a Cypriote site. The detailed

description of the successive strata is only of technical interest,; only the broad results must be

stated here.

The first four metres (P1. 3o, 2), lying above the uppermost floor-level on the precipitous

face, were in loose dry builder's-rubbish, consisting of brick earth and small rubble-stones,

with false-bedded layers of sand, sea-shingle, and limestone chips. This rubbish had the

appearance of having been dug over again and again in search for building-stones. There

was no continuous bedding, and the pottery, which included a number of common Graeco-

Roman forms, with a good deal of blown glass, showed no clear gradation throughout this

disturbed series.

At - 4-20 m. we reached the uppermost floor (i) an uneven layer of lime-cement about

0o02 m. thick, spread over a burnt layer of ashes and charcoal which lay upon the second

floor. This floor (ii), of similar lime-cement, was itself a reconstruction of a house or court-

yard, the walls of which had been grubbed up, though the line of one of them could be

traced by the upturned edge of the cement floor running east to west i.e. about 900. This

rim of wall-cement was in places as much as o. o m. high, and leaned appreciably to the

north, as though the wall to which it belonged had fallen over. This wall seemed to have

been of mud-brick, on a cemented rubble footing. North of it there was no trace of floor (ii).

Below the second floor lay floor (iii), traversed by a deep plastered drain, originally open,

but filled with rubbish and plastered over by the second floor. This drain was first made in

hard white plaster, over the cemented rubble of the third floor, but it had been relined with

a coarse grey cement containing bits of charcoal. This floor, like floor (ii), was not traceable

north of the grubbed-up boundary-wall already mentioned.

It should be noted that the whole of this system of floors did not now lie quite level, but

sloped slightly northward, as though the whole mass had subsided a little unevenly. This

slope, as will be seen from shaft N, runs right through the hill.

The upper part of the Bamboula Hill was thus shown to consist of an accumulation of

house-debris, of Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman date.

z 2. The Great Wall.

Meanwhile, work was going on at the base of the precipitous face (P1. 30, 3). The rain-

washings were soon cleared away to the level of the platform resulting from previous excava-

tions, which lay at - 6- o m. Beneath the rain-washings we struck at once on the ragged

top of a mass of soft limestone masonry, evidently the core of an important wall running 630

between east and north-east. This will be known hereafter as the ' Great Wall.' We cleared

the south face of this wall continuously for a distance of 6-8o metres, and began a series of

trial pits B-K to trace its course farther east. Westward it ran under cultivated ground in

the direction of the road, and it was not thought necessary to pursue it at present; especially

as it had recently been grubbed up for building-stone for some distance west of the excavation.

That this had happened was only too clear, when we began to descend below - 6.oo m.;

for we found ourselves in a recent trench full of surface rubbish about a metre wide from the

south face of the limestone wall-core. From this trench every fragment of the facing-stones

of the Great Wall had been removed, leaving only the soft shelly sandstone of the core, and

frequently cutting into this also. From this trench, however, we obtained the information

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90 JOHN L. MYRES

that the Great Wall had been designed to face towards the south, and that it had a total

thickness of at least 2 m. We followed the Great Wall to its foundations which lay at

- 8-oo m. The lowest course was of larger and more irregular stones, but the second and

subsequent courses consisted almost wholly of squared blocks set transversely to the face, and

usually on their narrowest sides. Most of the stones approximated to the average dimensions

0-.2I m. X 0o28 m. X o50o m. indicating a mason's unit of about 0-07 m.: but the largest

dimension varied a good deal. The foundation course and courses two and three had been

laid in a shallow trench below the ground level which stood at - 7-oo m. when the wall was

built, and was clearly traceable by the change from brown sandy marl (which the workmen

called XwSvos) to grey-green sandy debris derived from the weathering of the wall itself. As

has been already noted, the facing stones, which seem, from the debris, to have been (at

best) selected blocks of the same shelly sandstone as the core, had all been grubbed up, and a

good deal of damage had been done to the core as well. At the east end of section A,

however, the outer face of the core was in good condition as high as the seventh course-i.e.,

for a depth of nearly 2 m. Above this, the second and third range of blocks (reckoned back

from the wall face) were traceable as high as the ninth course, but only here and there, and

in very bad condition. Neither the lost facing nor the inner and outer ranges of blocks in

the core were bonded to each other at all. The whole wall consisted, in fact, of several

distinct but contiguous walls, each built of similar transverse blocks.

The Great Wall had evidently lain ruinous and exposed to weather for a long time, and

had mouldered to a mere mound of shelly sand before the site was levelled up to receive the

lowest of the plaster floors already described (z I).

To explore the back or northern face of the Great Wall without unduly disturbing the

late floors and drain which surmounted it was not easy; but a trial pit A2 was sunk behind

it. Below the upper floor (i) (which was partly composed of common slabs of local gypsum

bedded in 0-02 m. of shelly sea-sand) was chaotic debris with several large blocks of stone,

and among them the stone bed of an oil-press, which was transferred to the Nicosia Museum.

It was found set on edge, as if it had been re-used in a wall. Floors (ii) and (iii) were not

traced in this pit, as it lay north of the grubbed-up boundary wall of the courtyard to which

they belonged. Another large gypsum slab, displaced, was found at - 5-00 m. and a frag-

mentary floor (iv) of gypsum slabs at - 6-oo m., about level with the top of the Great Wall.

In all this debris there was very little pottery: it consisted essentially of builder's rubbish

brought here to level the site for the house to which floor (iii) belonged.

At the west end of trench A we were stopped (as has been noted already) by the edge of

the cultivated ground; but just as we were completing our clearance of what we now knew

to be the recent trench cut by the stone-seekers, we found in the old ground south of it the

remains of an ancient rubbish-heap, nearly 2 m. in diameter, composed of cowbones, sea

urchins, and a quantity of broken pottery. This heap (which I will call 'Anastasi's Heap,'

after one of our old Dali workmen), had accumulated against the face of the Great Wall,

and was found to lie on the original ground-level at 7.oo00 m.; it was therefore formed while

the wall was still new, and unencumbered by debris along its foot. That this was so is further

shown by the close similarity of its pottery and the pottery from the rubbish-heap in shaft D,

which is traversed by the Great Wall, and therefore older than it. These two rubbish-heaps,

the one a little earlier than the Great Wall, the other only a little later (as their similarity

shows), belong collectively to the period of the Great Wall itself, and serve to date its erection

to the seventh or eighth century B.c.1

1 When we had been working at ' Anastasi's Heap' for about half a day, one of the workmen handed to me a worn

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 91

The pottery from these two rubbish-heaps belongs to the same period and style as the

earlier tombs of my former excavation round the Turabi Tek6, published in JHS XVII

155 ff.

At right angles to the Great Wall a smaller 'Cross Wall' was traced southwards for a

distance of 7'30 m. It was not quite straight, but deflected a little eastward near its south

end. Like the Great Wall, it was built in a foundation trench, but as this went down only

to - 6-8o m., from a ground-level at - 6o50 m. indicated by workmen's d6bris and weather-

ings, it must belong to a rather later period: 'Anastasi's Heap,' indeed, was nearly buried

in surface soil before the Cross Wall was begun. The structure of the Cross Wall resembled

that of the Great Wall: the blocks were of about the same average size, and were laid on

edge in three independent ranges, not bonded together: the blocks were, however, laid

longitudinally, not transversely, as in the Great Wall. The foundation course, which alone

had been laid below ground, was of larger stones, only two blocks wide, and about 0o07 m.

(one builder's unit) narrower than the superstructure. At its south end the Cross Wall

seems to have returned eastward at a right angle: one transverse bonding stone of the third

course remain in place at the corner, but all beyond had been grubbed up. This agrees

with the mode of construction of the wall itself, for the foundation and superstructure were

flush on the western face, and this face was set firmly against the side of its foundation

trench; all the overhang and filling-up were on the east, which I infer to have been the inner

side of the wall. We may therefore regard the Cross Wall as the western face of a rectangular

building, perhaps a tower, added later to supplement the Great Wall on its outer side. The

destruction of the facing of the Great Wall, however, has made it impossible to determine

directly the connection of the two structures.

z 3. The Site Before the Building of the Great Wall.

Finding that there were still occasional potsherds in the sandy X0*voS on which the Great

Wall stood, we sank a third shaft in the middle of Section A nearly opposite the north end of

the Cross Wall. Only about 0-30 m. below the foundation of the Cross Wall, and almost

flush with that of the Great Wall, we came upon the top of an irregular wall running nearly

north to south at 1730, mainly composed of rough, water-worn boulders and other unhewn

stones, about 0-30 m. thick, and standing as much as 1-50 o m. high above its footing-stones at

- 8-70 m. Just before this 'Old Wall' ran northwards under the foundation of the Great

Wall, it contained in its thickness a sort of cist composed of two large gypsum slabs standing

edgewise on a third horizontal slab, and leaning gable-fashion against each other. This

chamber looked like provision for a foundation-deposit, but contained only some soft earth.

Southwards we traced the 'Old Wall' for about 3 m., underlying 'Anastasi's Heap': then

it passed under cultivated ground.

This made it certain that we were still in made earth, and careful examination of the

XcovoS in which the Old Wall was found suggests that it contains a large proportion of

disintegrated mud-brick, such as we had learned to recognise in the Sanctuary Site at

Levkoniko (p. 59). It contained a few fragments of early fabrics of White Painted Ware,

with simple geometrical ornaments; and at the bottom of our pit, at about - 9.00 m., we found

one fragment of Cypro-Mycenaean ware, so much worn and defaced that it must have been

Ptolemiac bronze coin, for which he received a small reward. Encouraged by this, he handed me a little later a Roman

Imperial bronze coin. For this he received no reward, as it smelt strongly of tobacco. The smell of the Ptolemaic coin

was not so strong, but its patina was damaged by recent wear. No other coins were offered in this part of the work, and I

record these only to justify my disregard of them.

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92 JOHN L. MYRES

lying about for some while before it became embedded. It cannot therefore be taken as

proof of a Late Minoan settlement on this site; but may have wandered from one of the

settlements of that type in the neighbourhood of Larnaca, which are attested by the tombs

of Aradippou, Laksha-tou-Riou, Hala Sultana Tek6, and Arpera Chiflik.

A large rough stone found isolated in the XOvoS a little farther east at - 7-o8 m., on the

surface-level of the Great Wall period, probably came from the ' Old Wall' or some similar

structure. It should be noted here that both the bearing of the Old Wall, I73o, and its

depth, - 8-70 m. to - 7.Io m., nearly coincide with those of the 'Old House' in shaft N

below the east face of the hill.

To trace the Great Wall eastwards, other shafts B-K were sunk at frequent intervals

along its course. In shafts B, C, D, E, F, G the wall was easily found, though its upper surface

was much destroyed. Its foundation level remained nearly constant; at - 8-oo m. in

B, C; rising a little in F, G. Beyond this point the present surface slopes more rapidly

eastward, and in shafts H, J, K we found only surface soil, resting on hard, light-coloured

marl at - 8-70 m. in J, K: this marl the workmen called KatlS (' rock '), not XCSvo (' marl ')

as in the other shafts. Modern excavation has evidently cut away all ancient deposits beyond

the point H.

In shaft B six courses of the Great Wall were preserved; the two lowest of rather larger

and more irregular stones, the others mainly of standard blocks: it was here three ranges in

thickness. The facing stones seem to have been removed here as in Section A, leaving a

trench of about I-oo m. wide full of disturbed earth. Beyond this, to the south (and therefore

outside the fortified area) an early ground-level, perhaps contemporary with the Great

Wall, could be traced by a layer of vegetable soil at -6.50 to - 6-65 m. A single bonding

stone in the second course projected about - 5o0 m. from the core at - 7-oo-7.50. Below this

level, as far as - 8-oo m., the earth was full of large loose stones, including water-worn

boulders like those in the 'Old Wall.' These seemed to represent another ruinous wall of

the older settlement. A few stones, which seemed to be still in place, ran about 2800; approxi-

mately at right angles therefore with the 'Old Wall' in shaft C below. Below --8-oo m.

there was only grey sandy X&Svos, with streaks of grey clay. It seemed to be partly water-

washed; and yielded almost at its upper surface a parcel of well-preserved grape-stones,' and

at - 8-50 m. the head of a small animal, which was skilfully extracted for me by Mr. Stebbing.

So far as I know, it has not been possible to identify it.

In shafts C and D similar masses of rough stones were found below the surface level of

the Great Wall period; and a bit of continuous wall in C ran about 80, approximately at

right angles with the bit of the ' Old Wall' in B. All these ruins seem to belong to the same

older settlement as the wall in section A, though they have not quite the same bearing

(1730).

In addition to the shafts along the Great Wall, I sank one other at N about 30 m. north

of it, at a point below the east face of the hill, where a large piece of slab-floor, projecting

from the hill-side, gave a convenient base for measurement. This floor lies at - 4.70 m.,

and probably belongs to the same period of occupation as the series of floors between - 4-2o m.

and - 4"80 m. in section A. It has the same slight dip to the north as those other floors,

showing that the change of horizon has affected the whole hill. Below it, at - 5.00oo m., is

another similar floor, and then rubble and refuse down to - 5.60 m.; then cleaner bands of

clay and sandy marl corresponding with the surface layer of the period at which the Great

1 The Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew writes that ' in view of the large size of the majority of the seeds,

it is probable that they are from some large-fruited variety.'

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 93

Wall was falling into decay. Down to - 6-oo m. modern excavation had cut away the east

face of the hill: from this point onwards our shaft begins to go down. The sandy marl

continued with a layer of rock debris at - 6-50 m. Then at - 7-20 m. came a change to a

more ruddy sand, corresponding with the original surface-level of the Great Wall at - 7-oo m.

in section A. At this level (P1. 30, 4) we found a single large water-worn boulder, which

had stood on this old surface. Immediately below this surface we struck the ruined top of

a wall about 0-50 m. thick, of the same rough construction as the 'Old Walls' in sections

A, B, C. It had been grubbed up in parts as far down as -8-2o m., and the loose boulder

at - 7.20 m. was probably derived from it. This 'Old Wall' was traced round the sides

of a small room, with sides running 2850 and 150; very nearly therefore ranging with the

' Old Walls' at B, C (2800 and 8'). The side running 2850 was 2-70 m. long: the two walls

transverse to it ran out about 2 m., and passed beyond the limits of the shaft. We probed

as far as was safe (about 3'50 m.) to discover a fourth wall, but found nothing; and it was

not worth while, for our immediate purpose, to extend so deep a shaft for this purpose.

Very little pottery came from shaft N; a few pieces of the brown domestic ware, and

some fragments of white painted ware of the Early Iron Age, with the usual bands and

geometrical patterns.

z 4. The Pottery Jrom the Deposits contemporary with the ' Great Wall.'

THE common domestic ware had a brick-red or salmon-coloured paste, and a deep red

slip, hand polished, but easily abraded in daily use. There was no painted or incised ornament.

The forms included open bowls, bowls with incurved rim, deep globular pots with low rim and

vertical side-handles set at the greatest diameter and sometimes very prominent, and narrow-

necked jugs with trefoil lip, and often a pear-shaped body tapering to a longish neck.

The largest and roughtest vessels were the lightest-coloured, and passed over into heavy

store-jars and amphorae.

Some of the salmon or buff-pink vessels had simple bands in lustreless black paint, but this

seemed to be in imitation of the painted fabric, to be described below.

Similar pottery, mostly smaller vessels and miniatures, is found in tombs at Larnaca and

elsewhere. On the Turabi site (1894) it ' begins with the earliest fibulae' [ninth or tenth

century?] ' and disappears in the eighth or early sixth century ':-JHS XVII. 153. Compare

Cesnola Handbook Nos. 471-78 and the larger vases, Cyprus Museum Catalogue 920-21.

The nearest foreign fabric is the regular domestic pottery of Ahab's Palace at Samaria,

of the ninth century; and it is widely distributed on the mainland.

Closely related to this domestic series is the fine brick-red ware, hard-baked, burnished

without distinct slip, and painted in lustreless black with broad and narrow bands, and occa-

sional small swastikas and other geometrical ornaments. But those vessels are mostly miniature

and funerary, and do not occur at the Bamboula (Cesn. Hdbk.; CMC as above).

Quite distinct from the ' red wares,' but contemporary with them, are the buff or cream-

coloured ' white wares,' of which the larger and coarser types are without slip or paint, but

the majority of the domestic crockery has a dull cream-coloured slip and simple ornaments in

dull black paint: broad bands alternating with groups of narrow bands; vertical groups of

narrow bands and wavy lines breaking the wider neck or body zone into panels; concentric

circles, compass-drawn; triangles and lozenges, cross-hatched or concentric;-all inherited

from the latest Cypro-Mycenaean decadence, and common to contemporary domestic and

funerary pottery in Phoenicia. The complete absence of pictorial designs distinguishes these

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94 JOHN L. MYRES

domestic types, for everyday use, from the funerary and votive masterpieces, and makes it

hard to assign precise dates; for similar domestic wares were common in the Turabi cemetery

down to the fifth or fourth century, and perhaps later.

On one sherd from a red-ware amphora was a short graffito in black paint, but unfired

and very friable in Phoenician letters n: 2 ) n.1

z 5. General Conclusions.

It will be seen, from the record of excavation, that the deposits on the Bamboula site fall

into three main sections, corresponding with three main periods in the history of ancient

Kition. The absence of any Bronze Age stratum proves nothing either for or against the

existence of Bronze Age settlements in the neighbourhood: it only suggests the probability

that the later harbour of Kition, between the Bamboula Hill and the sea, was not occupied

by any extensive settlement so early. The single sherd of late Cypro-Minoan pottery, from

the bottom of section A, shows, however, that Late Minoan people were in the neighbour-

hood; but this was already known from the rich burial-grounds of Aradippou, Laksha-tou-

Riou, and the neighbourhood of the Hala Sultana Teke and Arpera Chiflik.

The lowest stratum, which I have called the ' Old Settlement,' represented by the ' Old

Walls ' in sections A, B, C, and N, is dated by its pottery to the early part of the Early Iron

Age. The characteristic pottery of the Transitional Period (about I200-1ooo B.c.) was not

found, but there were good early examples of the Geometrical Period (about 1ooo-750 B.c.),

and I am inclined to date the foundation of the 'Old Settlement' not much later than

Iooo B.c. The remains, such as they were, do not give the impression that it was a rich

important place. It certainly fell into decay after a while, and this part of it was ruinous

when the Great Wall was built.

The Great Wall marks a fresh period, when a prosperous settlement found it necessary

to fortify itself on an ample scale, and for this purpose included within its new circuit of wall

ground which was not yet built over, but was encumbered only by a few loose stones and

ruinous walls of the 'Old Settlement.' As the outer surface of the Great Wall and the

Cross Wall which supplemented its defences (probably by a projecting tower) face southward,

the settlement which it was designed to enclose must lie under the Bamboula Hill and the

land north of this; north-west, therefore, of the harbour marsh. If our Great Wall is even-

tually brought into connection with the similar masonry under Kosti Paluta's house, on the

Famagusta road, at the south-east edge of the marsh, this line of defence must have run

south of the harbour, and have been designed to include it. Westward, its relations with the

traditional ' Town Wall ' in the Kamelarga field remain quite obscure.

The date of the Great Wall is accurately fixed by the rubbish heaps in A and in D, E,

which contain, besides domestic ware (which is mainly new to us), examples of the Red

Bucchero Ware, and of the White Painted Ware of later geometric style. The latter (as is

well known) runs on without much change into the sixth and fifth centuries; but certain

fabrics of it disappear much earlier, and attain their culmination in the seventh. Among

these are the 'plain-bodied' style of White Painted Ware, the characteristic 'handle-ridge

jugs' of Red Painted Ware with swastika ornament, and the Red Bucchero Ware jugs, with

globular body and flat-rimmed neck. In the Cesnola Collection, in New York, examples of

the flat-rimmed fabric bear Phoenician and Cypriote inscriptions, and the forms of the

Phoenician letters point to the early part of the seventh century. All these are well repre-

sented in the rubbish-heaps, and are supported by jugs of the same globular flat-rimmed

1 Evidently the name of the owner, [ra]thon-baal.

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 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913 95

form among the brown domestic ware. In the necropolis of Kition, the older tombs near

the Turabi Teke, beyond the Kamelarga Wall, excavated in 1894 (JHS XVII 167-8), belong

to this period of the city. On the evidence of the pottery, I am inclined to regard the 'Great

Wall' as belonging to the period, about 700 B.C., when the recent apparition of Assyria (since

745 B.C.), as a new aggressive world-power, spread terror over all shores of the Levant, and

brought nine 'kings of Cyprus' to offer homage to Sargon in 709-8 B.C. Among the

named kings who sent tribute to Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, there is indeed no king of

Kition,' but it has been commonly supposed that the 'New Town' (Karti-hadasti) in the

Assyrian list, represents Kition, which was in very close relations with the Phoenicians of

Tyre at this time. If my suggestion as to the purpose of the Great Wall is justified, the ' New

Town' was indeed 'new' then and only recently fortified.

The depth of accumulated soil on the inner (north) face of the ' Great Wall,' and above

the 'Old Walls' in N shows that the 'Great Wall' remained in good condition for a long

time. The 'Cross Wall' was added when the surface-level, originally about - 7-oo m.,

had already risen to - 6-50 m., and the layer of limestone ddbris at - 6-50 m. in shaft B

suggests that mason's work was going on along the outer face of the Great Wall itself as well:

it was not found north of the wall, and consequently cannot be attributed to weathering or

destruction, which would have affected both faces equally. For the dressing of a city wall

after construction, compare that of Sakje-geuzi in Syria (Garstang, Liverpool Annals of

Archaeology and Art I. 04, 113 n., pl. xliii). The first layer of wall d6bris, which extends both

inside and outside, is at - 5-8o m.; no less than 1-20 m. above the original surface. At the

period represented by this debris the wall was being dismantled, and a layer of vegetable soil

on top of the external debris in B suggests that, after the dismantlement, this part of the site

was desolate for a while. The Great Wall, however, still stood at least a metre above ground,

and probably more, and the inner and outer deposits continue to differ up to the top of our

section at - 5'3o m. Outside, the removal of the wall-facing has defaced the stratification

badly, but inside (northward) there is another long period of weathering, and then brick-

earth and charcoal, representing a temporary reoccupation by a mud-brick house. Since

Kition remained one of the principal cities of Cyprus from the seventh to the fourth century,

it is difficult to suggest any occasion for such dismantlement of the Great Wall. Two

possibilities are open. Either the Great Wall remained the actual defence of the city, in which

case the dismantlement can hardly have occurred before the momentary Greek occupation of

Kition in 388-7 B.C. and may be as late as the troubled period after Alexander's death

322-295 B.c. Or the city spread during the sixth and fifth centuries beyond its earlier limits,

and the Great Wall was neglected and dismantled. Between these alternatives only much

more extensive excavation can decide.

Then, after the Great Wall had long remained ruinous, and its upper part had decayed

so that its stones were scarcely to be distinguished, a fresh period of building activity set in;

the site of the Bamboula Hill was levelled up to - 5-00 m. at all events on the north side of

the Great Wall, and the lowest plaster floor (iv) was laid down. By this time the common

pottery is wholly Hellenistic or Graeco-Roman; and the finer wares include thin metallic-

looking imitations of the 'Megarian' bowls, and poor late black-glazed fabrics. This period

cannot be earlier than the third century, and I am inclined to put it a good deal later; but

our knowledge of the sequence of these late pot-fabrics in Cyprus is still very imperfect.

Everything above the uppermost floor (i) seems to be of Roman date; and most of it

(to judge from lamps and fragments of glass) is not earlier than the third or fourth century A.D.

I Yuln reterences in U3erhummer, )ze Inset Gypern, 1903 p. 9 12-13-

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 96 EXCAVATIONS IN CYPRUS, 1913

The occurrence of fragments of good Cypriote pottery even in the highest layers obviously

proves nothing except that the subsoil was frequently disturbed by builders and well-sinkers.

These conclusions, slight and vague though they may appear at first sight, really lay

new foundations for the study of Kition and its history.

z 5. Suggestions for Further Work.

Another corollary from our work is of some practical interest. The destruction of so

large a part of the Bamboula Hill in 1879, and at subsequent dates, to obtain ballast for

filling the harbour marsh, was a disaster, the magnitude of which can only be appreciated

now that we know something of the structure of the hill. On the other hand, the most recent

ballast-cutters had done comparatively little damage, because they were stopped by the

compact subsoil of the ' Great Wall ' period, and confined their ravages to the poor house-

foundations of the Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman layer. Even these cuttings, however,

risked the destruction of more ancient objects, built into these later walls. Our press-bed

and the great stone laver in the foreground of P1. 30, 2 were illustrations of this risk.

But the harbour marsh still needed to be filled; all the more urgently, now that it was

known to be the source of much of the malaria in Larnaca. And the Bamboula Hill needed

excavation. Now the excavation of 1913, if it has done nothing else, has shown that the

whole of the hill itself, to a depth of 5.50 m., could be removed, under the supervision of a

trained archaeologist, without serious risk of the loss of any architectural monument worth

preserving. Plans of the Graeco-Roman houses can be made while they are being demolished;

and any excavator who wished to study the earlier strata would in any case have to demolish

them. This sets free some 3000 cubic metres of ballast, as soon as the Island Government sees its

way to provide for its removal under such supervision as I have indicated. Then, with the

experience gained in this first operation, the more delicate task of excavating the 'Great

Wall' layer, right back to the Old Larnaca road, could be undertaken safely, either by

Government, if further ballast were required for the marsh; or by an archaeological expedition

from abroad, such as might well be attracted by the knowledge that the site was being dis-

encumbered of its upper layer, which is very thick and of much smaller value archaeologically.

This second layer, to the base of the Great Wall, contains at a rough estimate 6000 cubic

metres more. The site, when cleared, will probably be found to contain a good deal of open

space and some ancient buildings: it could be laid out at little cost as a public garden, or

used as a nursery or experimental ground by the Agricultural Department, without undue

risk of damage to the ancient remains.

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 THE BLACK STONE ON THE SITE OF THE PAPHIAN

TEMPLE AT KOUKLIA

PLATE 30, 5-

Before leaving Cyprus in December 1913 I accepted the invitation of Mr. Markides to

accompany him on a visit of inspection to the site of the Paphian Sanctuary at Kouklia

which had been cleared by Messrs. Ernest Gardner, Hogarth, and Elsey Smith for the

Cyprus Excavation Fund in 1887-8 (JHS IX 147 ff.). The ancient site lies on a spur of

soft limestone, about a mile from the sea, where in south-westerly gales, such as we encoun-

tered, the reflected breakers, meeting incoming swell at an angle, throw up the remarkable

jets of spray on which no doubt is based the myth of' Aphrodite rising from the waves.' On

the end of the spur stands a large mediaeval building composed of squared blocks of sandy

limestone, of which the seaward wall had fallen only recently. This building seems to stand

clear of the ancient site, and is worth preserving.

Between the mediaeval building and the modern village the soil has been cleared down

to rock level, and is piled in a single dump to the south-west. The modern track which

traversed the temple site was not excavated, but a more recent road clear of the ruins had

superseded it, and it should be removed, and opportunity taken to verify the stratification, and

especially to look for traces of the earlier sanctuary with the clay figurines which the excavators

in 1887 called 'dollies' and failed to preserve, or even to record in detail (JHS XI 168)

in spite of the associations of the place-name Kouklia itself (kouklia 'dolls '). On the

other hand, the field west of the sanctuary is said to have been excavated and filled in. In

any further excavation, this area should be cleared and added to the site. West of the great

stones which form part of the plinth of an important building of late Greek or Roman age,

there is no trace of excavation; and this area too should be cleared, to determine the extent

of the site in this direction.

Much of the ancient site certainly lies beneath the modern village, which stands

immediately on Roman mosaic floors, exposed in the road, in waste land belonging to the

Government, and in the courtyards of the first houses east and west of the road. To examine

what lies beneath them, these mosaics would have to be removed; they show simple

geometrical patterns of no special interest, and are chiefly notable as evidence for the ancient

ground level. The only building in the village of any historical interest is the church, which

may be found to mark a spot deemed holy in pre-Christian times.

The occasion of our visit in 1913 was the discovery, reported by the Commissioner of

Paphos, of a " Black Stone " found imbedded in the courtyard wall of the first house on the

left of the road, immediately beyond the refilled field above mentioned. We found this

stone partly sunk in a large hole which breaks through a Roman mosaic pavement close

below the modern surface, and only about one-third of its height projected above the level

of this pavement. It must have been placed here deliberately. We asked the Commissioner

to allow the stone to be moved to the Kouklia police-station, and the courtyard wall to be

repaired. The further examination of the hole, which was full of rain-water, had necessarily

to be postponed till drier weather. The previous excavators had only missed it by a few feet

(JHS IX 21o).

The stone is a natural water-worn boulder of the same black basalt as is common in all

the river beds of the district, and in the coarse gravels of the neighbouring hills. But I saw

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98 BLACK STONE ON THE SITE OF THE PAPHIAN TEMPLE

no such boulder of as much as half the size. The smooth surface of this stone, too, is quite

different from that of the ordinary water-worn boulders, and certainly results from a long

period of wear and tear, before it was buried in its recent position. But it is not possible to

determine now whether this surface results from the handling of a sacred object by wor-

shippers, or from the traffic of sheep and goats through a farm gateway. The smooth

surface, however, is nearly uniform on all the longer sides and edges, and on the base at the

broader end, and this rather supports the possibility that the stone has been carefully pre-

served for a long period. It may safely be said that the 'sacred stone' in the Temple of

Paphos, described by Tacitus, Hist. II 3: 'simulacrum deae non effigie humana, continuus

orbis latiore initio tenuem in ambitum metae modo exsurgens,' and shown on Paphian coins

of Roman date, was most probably a natural object like this one; but there cannot now be

more than a possibility that this object was the ' sacred stone.'

It stands now, suitably enshrined, in the Cyprus Museum at Nicosia (RDAC. I935,

pi. Xlll, 2).

JOHN L. MYRES

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 APHRODITE ANADYOMENE

In ancient tradition, Aphrodite had her great sanctuary at Paphos, because it was here

that she 'rose from the sea.' And there is a very good reason why she should have been

supposed to have ' risen from the sea' at Paphos; a natural occurrence which it was possible

to study and to explain during a spell of very stormy weather in December 1913.

The edge of the plateau, on which the Paphian Temple stands, approaches the coast a

little south of the outfall of the Xylino stream, whose ravine bounds the sanctuary to the east-

ward. From this point north-westwards to New Paphos (Ktima), where a similar plateau-

spur shelters a precarious anchorage-the Roman, mediaeval, and modern port-is a single

slightly-bayed stretch of steep shingle with level fields inland, the 'fertile plain stretching

down to the sea' in the sketch-map, JHS IX pl. vii. So steep and resistant is this shingle-

beach that in on-shore winds from the south-west-which can be very violent in winter-the

swell reaches it unbroken, and is reflected at an angle which varies with the direction of the

wind. This effect is most conspicuous when the swell strikes the beach at an angle between

300 and 450. The reflected wave in due course encounters the next incoming swell, and causes

it to ' break' into foam; and when the angle of impact is about 90o this break is both

concentrated within a small width of swell, and very violent; so that the 'breaker' shoots

up in a column like a water-spout, I0-15 feet high, and falls back in an outward cascade of

foam, which may be carried some feet to leeward by the wind. It looks exactly like a human

figure literally 'rising from the sea,' and spreading long hair and dripping arms. In

December 1913 Mr. Markides and I watched this effect recurring every few minutes, for over

half an hour: next day, as we returned from Ktima, the set of the swell was different, and

the 'breakers' at the intersection of inward and outward wave were longer and lower, the

foam-crest moving rapidly sideways as the point of impact shifted. Compare the air photograph

in the Cyprus Calendar 1946, which shows yet another type of intersection.

I have watched for similar upthrown 'breakers' on other beaches, but have only twice

seen anything comparable: (a) alongside a groyn at the south end of the beach at Southwold

in Suffolk, with little ' Aphrodites' up to three inches high, and (b) in Carmel Bay on the.

coast of California. In both places the conditions were similar, a steep-fronted, uniform,

and very resistant beach of shingle or compact sand, and an incoming swell at a suitable

angle.

It is perhaps worth noting, though irrelevant here, that whereas the 'Aphrodite' effect

culminates when the angle of impact of the waves is about 90o, the length and the lateral dis-

placement of the ' breaker '-crest increase rapidly as the angle diminishes: at zero-i.e. when

incoming and outgoing waves are parallel, the collision would be simultaneous ' ever so far.'

Just short of this, the lateral displacement of the ' breaker' is very rapid indeed, and resembles

the bow-wave of a swift vessel. Sometimes this is combined with an ' Aphrodite' fountain,

where the angle of impact varies. Is it this rapid laterally-shifting ' breaker' that has been

mistaken for a ' sea-serpent' or ' Lough Ness monster'?

JOHN L. MYRES

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 THE DATES AND ORIGINS OF CYPRIOTE SCULPTURE

WITH PLATES 31, 32

SINCE the publication of my Handbook to the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus

(Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1914) there have been three revisions both of

the chronology there suggested-which was essentially that outlined by Colonna-Ceccaldi

Monuments antiques de Cypre, Paris, 1882-and of the estimate of the debt of Cypriote sculptors

to Asiatic, Egyptian, and Hellenic models and influences. All three regard Hellenic influences

as primary, and Oriental influences as relatively unimportant; and consequently all bring

down the beginnings of sculpture in Cyprus within the archaic period of Greek sculpture, and

the period of easy access to Cyprus from the Greek treaty port of Naucratis, during the Egyptian

occupation of the island between 560 and 525 B.c.

The same distractions which postponed the publication of the sanctuary site excavated at

Levkoniko in 1913, and described at last on pp. 61-8 above, prevented me from replying earlier

to these criticisms. But though the statues from Levkoniko do not contribute much directly,

owing to the lack of stratification, the publication of them seems a proper occasion for a note

on some aspects of the matter which do not seem to me to have received sufficient attention.

(I) The most important criticisms are those of A.W. Lawrence (JHS XLVI (1926) pp. I63-

170). His main contentions are (I) that I was too definite in describing the Oriental influence

as mainly Assyrian; (2) that consequently 'there is no proof that it is as old as the seventh

century'; and (3) that I ' grouped as Oriental certain sculptures which are early archaic Greek.'

With the first criticism I agree in so far as further comparison shows closer likenesses between

Cypriote sculptures and those from other regions of Western Asia, than from the great Assyrian

sites. These other regions were however all under Assyrian dominion during the period to

which I assigned this group of styles, and were admittedly influenced by its art. I regarded,

and still regard, the local styles of Syria and Phoenicia as collateral derivatives of the same

Assyrian style; though no doubt they influenced Cyprus, as they influenced each other.

Let me begin by clearing up a misconception of ancient date. In his Monuments antiques de

Cypre, de Syrie, et de l'Egypte (1882) p. 55, G. Colonna-Ceccaldi refers to G. Rawlinson Five

Great Monarchies II p. 482 for the statement that Cypriote sculptures were found in the palace

of Assurbanipal at Nineveh. If this were so, it would have settled the question of date; but

the statement rests on a false reference, or a misunderstanding of some other passage of Raw-

linson. And Mr. C. J. Gadd, of the British Museum, tells me further that Layard has no

mention of Cypriote figures in his index to Nineveh and Babylon.

Direct evidence, and an initial date, for Assyrian influence in Cyprus is the stele of Sargon

commemorating his conquest in 709 B.c.; found in I845 in the 'acropolis' of Kition (i.e.

the Bamboula hill at Larnaca, p. 85, above) and acquired by the Berlin Museum (Colonna-

Ceccaldi l.c. P1. 20; Oberhummer, Die Insel Cypern 1903, p. 8-io); the first of a long series of

royal portraits of rulers of Cyprus ending in Ptolemaic and Roman times. As the material

(gabbro) occurs in Cyprus, and the stele is of considerable bulk, it was probably made at

Kition, but by Assyrian craftsmen.

There is, of course, no hard-and-fast distinction between the Cypriote sculptures which

exhibit (in this sense) 'Assyrian' influence and those which exhibit Egyptian. The existence

of what has been called a 'Mixed Oriental Style' is admitted, and it is (I think) generally

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 THE DATES AND ORIGINS OF CYPRIOTE SCULPTURE IoI

agreed that whereas, in its earlier phases, Asiatic-if not specifically 'Assyrian '-features pre-

dominate, Egyptian influences become stronger after the rise of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty to

political dominion in Palestine and parts of Syria, and eventually under Amasis (560 B.c.) in

Cyprus. Thus Egyptian influences in Cyprus are not excluded before the political conquest

by Amasis. Objects of Egyptian style are fairly common there and some are apparently of

earlier than Twenty-sixth Dynasty date (664 B.C.), though they are for the most part not

demonstrably of Egyptian fabric. It seemed therefore-and still seems-to me a reasonable

approximation, to distinguish between phases of Cypriote sculpture similarly characterized,

and referable (a) to the period of Assyrian predominance, between Sargon's conquest (709 B.c.)

and the fall of Assyria (606 B.C.), and (b) to the period between 6o6 B.C. and the conquest of

Egypt by Cambyses (c. 525 B.c.).

When Lawrence refers to a 'columnar style' (p. 164) in which 'the bodies are left as

pillars ' like some early Greek figures, he seems to overlook (p. 163) those which show the feet

below the long robe, and also the fact that many Cypriote figures are broken. I do not

remember any which are perfect below and do not show the feet against a background or

pedestal.

On some points of detail Lawrence is not quite correct. He disputes my description of

the dress of the female figure Cesn. No. 1262 (= JHS XLVI P1. vii, 2) as 'Assyrian'; but

his figure 4-the Queen on an Assyrian relief-is in fact what I had in mind when I wrote;

and it still seems to me to represent the same combination of garments as in No. 1262. The

women on his P1. vii, I are, as he says, 'captives', and are in undress, with only the under-tunic,

like the figures of goddesses which he quotes (p. 166, n. 24), and many early female votive-

statues of Cyprus. The contrasts between No. 1262 (P1. vii, 2) and the Kore' of Archermos

(P1. vii, 3) are to me more apparent than the resemblances; and Laurence himself admits

(p. 166) that 'there are difficulties' in his view. The 'half-closed smiling effect' of the

eyes of No. 1262 results from defective lighting in some of the published photographs: the

shadow is on the under side of the eyeball. On the stone the eyes are wide open and look

upward, see Colonna-Ceccaldi, l.c. P1. xiii.

On the male figure Cesn. No. 1352 I do not understand Lawrence's comments. The

fringe, which he denies, is clearly visible even in the small photograph in the Handbook; the

' double-breasted ' robe is the Oriental outer garment thrown over the left shoulder; and both

pose and costume are quite different from No. 1351. The head, like similar heads, Cesn. Nos.

1258-60, seems to me not much more advanced in style than the colossal No. 1257.

It is satisfactory, on the other hand, that Lawrence regards Cesn. No. 1361 as 'purely

Egyptian'. The syllabic inscription which he says ' probably belongs to it' is in fact cut on

the forearm (Handbook p. 224).

(2) In the Catalogue of Sculpture of the British Museum, Vol. I, ii (I93 ) F. N. Pryce regards

all other types as ' merely secondary forms' of the 'main Cypriote type, the draped votary

borrowed from Ionia' (p. 6, n. 2). Even the archaic ' snow-man ' types of terra cotta ' appear

all to be of Ionian extraction, and their bell-bottoms recall the Hera of Cheramyes ' in Samos.

He supposes that 'a Naucratite Apollo . . . drifted across to the island a decade or so before

the [Egyptian] conquest, bringing with it a flat-bodied long-faced island tradition . ..

The long-draped votary also appears to precede the conquest,' and points 'to Naucratis rather

than to direct transmission from Ionia' (p. 7). Then, with the Egyptian conquest, 'at one

stride Cyprus advanced from the statuette to the colossus,' and with the intimacy between

Amasis and Polycrates, Saite influence appears in the sculpture of Samos also. Even Persian

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 102 JOHN L. MYRES

influence at a later date is denied, though the long beard is admitted to be 'ultimately of

Asiatic origin' (p. 8, n. I). A remarkable statement follows on p. I I; as neither the nude

kouros nor the Ionian draped votary ' supplied the sculptor with a model for the bearded man,

who is the Asiatic ideal of manly strength and beauty,' it is asserted that 'the accident of the

Egyptian conquest brought in the image of Pharaoh to fill the gap . . . but the type is alien '

and was replaced by ' a new bearded type, developed from the Ionian votary' who has just

been described as beardless (p. I1).

The peculiar Cypriote loin-cloth is described as a ' half-understood survival' (p. I2); but

how does a man, ancient or modern, get into a garment, however archaic, which he only ' half-

understands'? And Pryce himself quotes examples from Greece to support his statement

that it 'is regularly found in the Greek world down to the end of the seventh century' and

' may be the Homeric eOcopri and 3~copa' (p. 12); in which case, why should it not have been

equally ancient in Greek settlements in Cyprus ?

Some of Pryce's predilection for ' Ionian' prototypes may result from the fact that a large

part of the British Museum collection of Cypriote sculpture comes from a single sanctuary of

Apollo at Dali, in which Hellenic influence is very much stronger than in the Cesnola collection,

mainly from the' Golgoi ' site near Athienou. How far this, in turn, results from handpicking

of finds by excavators and collectors, can hardly be determined now; but the rarity of the

more Oriental types from Dali is remarkable, compared also with the series from Tamassos

and Voni. It is most easily explained by a difference of initial date for the two series of

statues.

Pryce ignores what I described as ' Assyrian' influence except as to ' earrings and spiral

armlets in the Asiatic fashion' (p. I7); but he accepts the long-faced heads with rosette

frontlets as earlier than those which show Egyptian influence and are later than 560 B.C.

Like Lawrence, however, he regards them as essentially Greek, and compares BM. C. I with

the Apollo of Naukratis BM. B. 438.

He regards the ' Phoenician' types of votary as ' simply the Ionian votary equipped to say

his prayers according to Oriental ritual' (p. 29); but admits that the long beard 'must be of

Oriental extraction' and 'may be a gift of Cyprus to the Samian repertory' (p. 35). The

chariots and horse-trappings BM. C. 81-84 ' appear to be Persian,' but do not interest him.

He concludes that the 'Egyptian series ends in 525 . . . and the Ionian votary reigns

supreme save for a spatter of Apollo types' (p. 42). The types of female votary are ' taken over

by Greeks in Egypt from Egyptian prototypes at an early date' (p. 94), and 'passed from

Naucratis to Cyprus' about 560-550 B.C. But of the female head with elaborate jewellery

BM. C. 263 he says that it 'reflects the maximum splendour of the type under Asiatic influences':

it comes from the entrance to a Minoan tomb at Enkomi (1896, Tomb 16 BM. Excavations in

Cyprus, 1899 fig. 3), with which it has nothing to do.

Pryce's whole arrangement of the series depends on his assumption that Cyprus could

not have acquired its knowledge of sculpture from any but Greek sources, and consequently

had no sculpture at all before about 560 B.C. He claims the' Phoenician ' votaries as a variant

of the ' Ionian ', ignoring the occurrence of votaries in Oriental style in mainland sites, where

' Ionian' influence is very unlikely (p. 60 above). He also overlooks the persistent and inti-

mate relations of Cypriote ceramic, metal-work, and gem-engraving throughout the Early

Iron Age, with those of Phoenicia and Syria; their complete isolation from those of the IEgean;

and the extreme rarity of Greek imports before the middle of the sixth century. His descrip-

tion of the curled beard and other Oriental features as 'Persian' rests on no comparative

study of Persian sculpture, but is the corollary of his assumption that such features could not

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 THE DATES AND ORIGINS OF CYPRIOTE SCULPTURE 103

have reached Cyprus before the period of Greek influence, and consequently must be later

than Cambyses' conquest, about 525 B.C.

(3) Stanley Casson (Ancient Cyprus, 1937) admits the necessary connexion between foreign

influences in Cypriote sculpture and in Cypriote vase-painting (p. 177), but thinks there ' is no

conclusive evidence . . . whether the stimuli reached the sculptors in the same order, or

with the same intensity'. Of the ' heavy and semitic faces' on painted vases (Cesn. 751) he

thinks ' the prototype was certainly Assyrian'; he regards it as indifferent whether this

influence was direct or through Phoenicia (pp. 169-170, cf. 176), and regards the 'hollow

grooving between the upper eyelid and the eyebrow' on the statues as 'Assyrian in origin.'

At a later date Persian art influenced the character of the figures rather than their style (p.

193) ; he identifies, for instance, with Cambyses the colossal head Cesn. No. 1257 with fluted and

spiral-tipped beard. He thinks that 'Egypt contributes more directly' to vase-painting-

which is true, especially the use of blue and yellow pigments-and dominated the sculpture

after 550 B.C. (p. 191) : Greek influence only begins ' towards the end of the century' (p. 192) ;

but he finds it 'impossible to assume' that sculpture in Cyprus begins earlier than in Attica,

Peloponnese, and Eastern Greece, and thinks that the demand for sculpture appears more or

less suddenly (p. 177).

The early heads, long and narrow, with rosette-frontlets (Cesn. Nos. 1251 if.) he attributes

to Cretan influence, thus recognizing the difference between these and other results of western

influence. But he seems to assume that in a mixed population people dressed as they pleased,

and were sculptured as they dressed: which presumes very picturesque street-crowds in Cypri-

ote towns, but is a regrettable revival of the notions common among British excavators before

1894 that all sorts of pottery, with fibulae, blown glass, and Roman coins, occurred in Cypriote

tombs of all periods.

It is remarkable that so skilful an exponent of the technique of ancient sculpture should

have overlooked certain technical details, to which I must now direct attention. What none

of these critics has explained is the existence of distinct types of pose and costume, as well as of

facial modelling. Casson seems to suppose (as above) that in a mixed population all styles

flourished together, and a votary had his choice of artist and make-up. Lawrence eliminates the

beardless heads with diadem and Cypriote belt or loincloth (Cesn. 1040-7; heads 1251-6) as

representing young athletes of a period when older men wore beards; * but he has not ex-

plained the contrast between the full curled beards which I described as ' Assyrian' and the

close cropped beards of the belted figure Cesn. 1047 and of I271-3. I still think, with Casson,

that the narrower leaner face of 1251-6 distinguishes them from ordinary archaic heads, and

requires explanation. It may be admitted, however, that some of the figures with Cypriote

belt are of the period of Mixed Oriental, and even of Archaic Cypriote style, e.g. Cesn. o1047.

Eye and Ear in Cypriote Sculpture.

The more it is insisted that Cyprus had no style or technique of its own, the more significant

must be the resemblances, not so much of the general style which resulted from such contact,

as of the technical methods by which the general effect was obtained. Attention is therefore

drawn to the rendering of the eye and the ear in Cypriote statues, in comparison with Greek

and with Oriental renderings. The eye socket, in early Greek sculpture, as in clay figures and

* Pryce (p. 13, n. 7) thinks that the bearded head of Cesn. o1047 may not belong to the body, and I am inclined to agree,

as the combination of beard and loin-cloth is unique. But he does not say whether this is one of the figures which was

dismounted at his request (p. 3, n. 5)-

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 1o4 THE DATES AND ORIGINS OF CYPRIOTE SCULPTURE

in vase-painting, is normally of symmetrical lozenge-shape, without representation of the tear-

gland on either angle.

Ancient Greek eyes are illustrated by sufficient examples in the British Museum Catalogue

of Sculptures I. i. The kouros B 283 (fig. 174), the Elgin head, B 473 (fig. 345) and the head from

Rhodes B 330 (pl. xxxv) have no tear-gland. The kouros B 320 (fig. 189) and the heads B 324

(fig. 194) B 327 (fig. 196) have only a slight notch. But the heads from Naucratis, B 439-

440 (figs. 221-2) show the gland, and B 447 is noted as a Naucratite copy of a Cypriote type,

confirming what is said below about Naucratite ears. Even in the fifth century Cypriote

sculpture preserves the well-masked tear-gland, losing it however in the fourth century: as

in Casson Ancient Cyprus pl. xv.

Professor Beazley has kindly referred me to G. M. A. Richter Kouroi, pp. 28-9, 34-5, pl.

cxxxII, for further examples; and adds that the recess at the inner corner is occasionally

marked by a groove in the 'Orchomenos-Thera' group (c. 590-570 B.C.) : from the 'Tenea-

Volomandra Group' (c. 570-550 B.c.) onwards it is indicated by a loop.

In Cypriote sculpture, on the other hand, even from the least Hellenic phases (Plate 31),

and in the early terracotta heads (Plate 32), the slit in which the tear-gland lies is clearly

indicated and even exaggerated. Compare the careful line-drawings of Colonna-Ceccaldi

l.c. P1. iii. iv. v. xviii. i. It is difficult to believe that if the technique of sculpture in stone was

derived from Greek craftsmen, Cypriote pupils should have acquired a technical mannerism

which their masters did not possess. On the other hand emphasis on the tear-gland is very

marked in specifically Assyrian sculpture; and in other Oriental work from the region of

Assyrian influence (Plate 32). It occurs also in Egyptian sculpture of the XXVI Dynasty.

The ear too is rendered quite differently. In archaic Greek statues it is a symmetrical

C-shaped spiral without internal details or modelling and nearly closed in front by the rising

of the lower coil in front of the ear-hole (BM. C 105, I Io). For archaic Greek ears, it is

sufficient to refer to the 17 examples illustrated in the British Museum Catalogue of Sculpture

I. i. Most of these show a C-shaped rim, and within it either a concavity, or at most a narrow

roll, concentric with the rim. The contrast with the Cypriote treatment is most marked in the

Elgin head, probably Attic B 473 (fig. 245), in the Boeotian head B 474 (pl. XLII), and in the

Strangford Apollo B 475 (pl. XLIII). On the other hand, the greatest resemblance to Cypriote

ears is in those from Naucratis B 448 (pl. XL); B 451 (fig. 230); B 452 (fig. 221); B 439. It

looks, indeed, as though Naucratis had its technical lead from Cyprus, not Cyprus from

Naucratis. Hellenic influence in Cyprus only begins with the Ptoon-12 Group. Richter

Kouroi, p. 216.

Professor Beazley notes that the Greek ear is carved from the Tenea-Volomandra Group

(c. 570-550 B.c.) onward in more than one plane. The tragus is knob-like-either a separate

protuberance on the cheek, or an excrescence from the lobe-until the ' Melos Group' (c. 555-

540 B.c.) in which it assumes a more natural form; in the 'Anavysos-Pt6on 12 Group' the

tragus is natural. The antitragus is not indicated until the 'Melos Group ' (c. 555-540 B.C.);

in the 'Melos Group' it is sometimes indicated tentatively, but wrongly placed ; it is natural in

the 'Anavysos-Ption I2 Group' (c. 540-51I5 B.c.). Compare Richter Kouroi, p. 27-8, pl. cxxx.

In Cyprus, the C-shaped spiral rim is unsymmetrical, the upper lobe much larger than

the lower, which is flattened, broad, and usually perforated to hold massive spiral ear-rings.

Within the upper lobe, however, is a second and broader cushion (as in life), which merges below

in the flattened outer lobe. This treatment closely resembles that of Assyrian sculptors

(Plate 32).

JOHN L. MYRES

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE II.

I. HELLENISTIC STATUE, SOUTH END OF SITE.

2. STELA, COLUMN, AND HEADS, SOUTH END OF SITE.

DISPLACED STATUE BASES ON EARLY FLOOR-LEVEL.

4. DEPOSIT OF VOTIVE FIGURES: LOOKING NORTH-EAST.

5. DEPOSIT OF VOTIVE FIGURES, UPPER SURFACE.

6. DEPOSIT OF VOTIVE FIGURES, SOUTH WEST CORNER.

LEVKONIKO: SANCTUARY WITH STATUE BASES AND DEFOSIT OF VOTIVE FIGURES.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 12.

.:

I it town

'NOM:i::::::::::

2 :r:j:;:

..... . . . . . .::::-

I. BRONZE STATUETTE: 2, 3, 4, BRONZE OXEN. 5. VOTIVE STATUETTES: ORIENTAL.

119 'is 116

118 &

gg

122 121 120

Iff

..... .. .. .... . ..

109 12

113

.114

N.M.REz

lak::

'J

MWz wk

6. FLUTE PLAYERS (109, III, 112); SCRIBE WITH ROLL (113); PRIEST AND Two SONS (114):

MASKED VOTARIES (I15-119: UPPER II12): VOTARIES CARRYING KIDS OR CALVES (120-122).

LEVKONIKO: VOTARIES: ORIENTAL.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 13.

-Ic/konik~

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I. VOTARIES: ARCHAIC (I33-I36): IN CYPRIOTE BELT (137-141).

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3. LIFE-SIZE VOTARY, ARCHAIC:

2. BEARDED HEADS: 159 ORIENTAL; I60--2 ARCHAIC;

I8o.
164 PERHAPS EGYPTIAN; 163 MOUSTACHE BUT NO BEARD.

LEVKONIKO: VOTARIES: ARCHAIC AND HELLENIC.

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 B.S.A. XLI. PLATE I4.

18 4.

VIP

185

,gi

186

-----------

ix

181

183

182

5r

177 78 19 16

Ilk
IND Yz

X,

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Rlzz WM

I.F

I. HEADS OF VOTARIES: HELLENIC.

2. HERACLES: HELLENIC, WITH CLUB.

179 SUPPORTS A VASE ON PEDESTAL.

_i:-i-:-:.iii,-iii,

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:::j ::::::::-:_:.:_,:::::::j

3. HERACLES: WITH CLUB AND LION.

4. HERACLES. 408, CLUB AND QUIVER; 410, BOW AND QUIVER.

LEVKONIKO: VOTARIES AND STATUETTES OF HERACLES.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE I5.

398
399

402
403

LEVKONIKO: HELLENISTIC PORTRAITS, LIFE-SIZE.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE I6.

397

397, SIDE FACE. 400

401: BACK.
401

LEVKONIKO: PORTRAIT HEADS.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 17.

411

42

414

.... . ..

411-424, VOTIVE STATUETTES OF ZEUS AMMON; 425, NURSING MOTHER.

421a, ZEUS AMMON.

426, SCRIBE OR READER.

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 B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 18.

375 3 76 377
3 7 8 aw 379 380 38

372:

360~~ i:

37337

Awm W

361:

'aflr'

351, 359, 361, SMALLER PORTRAIT HEADS. 370-374, HEADS OF PAN. 375-381, HEADS OF OPAON MELANTHIOS

OR 'SHEPHERD'S PATRON.

465 464

--.:::gl:i

:.qN.,

i-iiii~~i---:: :i::::::ii-:iiiiiiiiiiii`~:IM

' TEMPLE-BOYS : 464, WITH NECKLACE OF AMULETS; 465, LATER TYPE.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 19.

432 433

'TEMPLE-BOYS' WITH DOVE AND Pyxis.

475a ~

470

i4

iiiiSp

.... . ....

- -- - ------

.........

470, 475, 478-9, STATUETTES OF OPAON MELANTHIOS OR 'SHEPHERD'S PATRON.'

LEVKONIKO: VOTIVE STATUETTES: PAN: OPAON MELANTHIOS.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 20.

574
548 531

588

590

5 9 1 Isiii:,:i8i:i;i ;i Ii.$;j-i:

FRAGMENTS OF SCULPTURE: HAND WITH ROLL (588); LYRE (591); SPHINX ON PEDESTAL (593); VOTARY WITH

LAMP (499); VOTARY WITH SPRAY (519): FEMALE AND ANIMAL HEADS FROM ARMS OF SEATS (590).

LEVKONIKO: VOTARIES: FRAGMENTS OF SCULPTURE.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 21.

549, BACK.
549, FRONT.

HELLENISTIC VOTARY, HALF LIFE SIZE; HARD LIMESTONE.

*-:.i

.s:
--:-

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j -';.p d i

6i

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: .:: :: : ::i:: -Liiii::-:

~::i ::::: ::-ii8ii-::: ii'iii,_i

s:: .: jiiiii:t-i (:

:-"i::: .;;

pi;i:-::::i:
-:i:!::
::::t

h-iiiiii

:g3 r:

::- iii-:-i~~: ~ 'j :''''

iiit:i-i-iii

~
r

iii~ i

i::i:::-:

:i

:-:-:

~as ': :iii~~~'~iiiiii'-'"~.

i-j'''~:-:-ii -:-:' _ k..~ *-::::: : :::::i-i:ii .:-:_ ::: :: : : : ~~' : I-::liiiri:'i-i'!i:'i.i-:.SWil::iiiii'' ::l::--i- :il~---;::: i:- i:i--;::;-i-i;--i-i*:--~i'_:':.~:i- :

: :::- ::: b a:

::::::

HELLENISTIC VOTARIES: VARIOUS TYPES.

LEVKONIKO: HELLENISTIC SCULPTURE.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 22.

I. ACHEIROPOIETOS: QUARRIES AND HOUSE-FOUNDATIONS, VENERATED AS A CHURCH 'NOT MADE WVITH HANDS';

MEDIAEVAL CHURCH WITH DOME TO RIGHT; LOOKING WEST.

2. LAMPOUSA: NORTH FACE OF 'ACROPOLIS' DEVASTATED BY QUARRYING; THE DEEP SHAFT SHOWN IN PL. 23, I, 2,

IS BEHIND THE FIGURE IN WHITE HELMET

3. LAMPOUSA: EAST FACE OF 'ACROPOLIS' SHOWING CHAMBER-TOMBS ADAPTED AS CELLARS AND PARTLY QUARRIED

LAMPOUSA: HELLENIC SITE DEVASTATED BY QUARRYING.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 23.

:-:-::::,:::

-- :

I. SHAFT ON NORTH FACE, PARTLY EXCAVATED.

3. FRAGMENTS OF PLASTER CORNICE.

4. VASES OF IMPORTED IONIC FABRICS: FOUND IN

THE BASEMENT-ROOM, OF WHICH THE ROCK-

2. SAME SHAFT, COMPLETELY EXCAVATED. CUT DOOR APPEARS IN FIG. I.

LAMPOUSA: HELLENIC SITE DEVASTATED BY QUARRYING.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 24.

21.

'.5 0-i'.~ii

::j::::::::;::iINS =

I. FLAT AxE-HEADS: FROM VARIOUS TOMBS, AS NUMBERED.

18

43B

I2

.5

Ac 8 -0

IIL - i" - 29

439

21:

1.8

X-M .. . . .. . . .....

2. SPEAR-HEADS WITH HOOKED TANG:

3. SOCKETED FLESH-HOOK (21); MEAT-HOOK FOR

FROM TOMBS, AS NUMBERED. SUSPENSION (50); CHISELS (21, 29, 43B).

LAPITHOS: COPPER AGE CEMETERY; METALLIC OBJECTS.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE. 25.

I a)

AMi

iis

I. TWEEZERS: BRONZE.

3 94 7

29-

438 50

15-

50; 29 49 2

2. EYELET PINS: BRONZE.

3. NEEDLES, PINS, EAR-PICK, AWL.

LAPITHOS: COPPER AGE CEMETERY; METALLIC OBJECTS.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 26.

so

919

35':

iii~iiFi-

201:i_

so--:

Imoii--~-~ii

%O r

i:;aso

13::::::ic:i
18i:i:

. ... .... .

I. DAGGERS: BRONZE.

181

i.201

18 1 .... .

15 4

5 0i:iiiii.ii ::::::::::::: ::b :

:::::':'': l

18:::::I:

:.: : . - - -

............i~iiiiiiiiii i :::::ii:: :::::i:.:~~ii: ::::i~i:-

'ii~iii. .j r~~:ill:~iiii ~ ' ': ii'iiiiiiiiiii~~i~ii~i~ii ~

2 1 2 ': :-:(il :::::::;jr2:i:::j::::

4:::::ir::::::::::: . ~ .

~iiiii~iiiiiiii-i-ii~~ii~ii~ii21ii

4:::~i:i:

2. TABULAR FIGURINES, USUALLY TWO-HEADED:

from Tombs as numbered : 21 and 201 carry a child ; 15 seems to lie in a hooded cradle.

LAPITHOS: COPPER AGE CEMETERY: DAGGERS AND FIGURINES.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 27.

X::1

:: :::::-::::::::: :::::pp

-- --- --

28

..:V 4U.:

:::::::::l~r::: :;::: :Z :X

ii~izmx

diA.::

I. EARLY CYPRIOTE III: TOMB 28; RED POLISHED WARE.

2. EARLY CYPRIOTE III: TOMB I2 A-D; RED WARE, POLISHED AND INCISED.

LAPITHOS: COPPER AGE TOMB-GROUPS.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 28.

I. MIDDLE CYPRIOTE I: TOMB 4, TYPICAL POTTERY AND METAL OBJECTS.

2. MIDDLE CYPRIOTE I: TOMB 4, TYPICAL POTTERY.

LAPITHOS: COPPER AGE TOMB GROUPS.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 29.

I. MIDDLE CYPRIOTE I--II: TOMB 18, TYPICAL CONTENTS.

2. MIDDLE CYPRIOTE I-II: TOMB 18, TYPICAL CONTENTS.

LAPITHOS: COPPER AGE TOMB GROUPS

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 30.

I. BAMBOULA HILL, LARNACA: DEVASTATED, SOUTH END BEFORE EXCAVATION.

2. SOUTH-WEST ANGLE, BEFORE EXCAVATION, 3. SOUTH-WEST ANGLE, CLEARED TO SHOW HELLENISTIC

LOOKING NORTH-WEST. FLOORS ABOVE THE GREAT WALL.

t~II)

:::: ::::::i:~
::..:.:: .:.::.::_

I.;i:::::::i.ii:i:i:iij:ii

::: :::::::::- :.~::::::::::

- ::.::'-.i::::::::::: -::;

:::ri:-:::i:-:-:: :::':::-::: :::':::':::":::

.::i.:::::: ;::
::li::.::::..:

~::::::

::.:::::

i7

4. BAMBOULA: SHAFT N SHOWING EARLY WALL. 5. UNWORKED BOULDER ON SITE OF TEMPLE OF

Depths in metres from zero on ridge.

APHRODITE AT KOUKLIA (OLD PAPHOS).

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 3I.

CESNOLA I26I.
CESNOLA 1251.

CESNOLA 1257. CESNOLA 1259.

CESNOLA 1254.
CESNOLA 1274.

CESNOLA 136I.

CESNOLA 1363.

EYES AND EARS OF CYPRIOTE STATUES.

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B.S.A. XLI. PLATE 32.

CESNOLA 1456

CESNOLA 1256.
UESNOLA 1453. CESNOLA 1454. CESNOLA 1474.

[British Museum: Assyrian Sculptures II., 131. XXXII., by permission of the Trustees.

EYES AND EARS OF CYPRIOTE AND ASSYRIAN HEADS.

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