Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 1 of 21
The flow in closed conduit ( flow in pipe ) is differ from this occur in open channel
where the flow in pipe is at a pressure ( does not have a free surface ) .
The flow in pipe can be demonstrated such as :-
- Laminar flow ,
- Transitional flow ,
- Turbulent flow .
To distinction between the above features , the well known “ Reynold, s Number”
can be used , according to experiments that given by “ Osborn Reynold in 19th
century “ .
1-Reynold’s Experiment
In 1883, Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that there are two distinctly different
types of flow by injecting a very thin stream of colored fluid having the same
density of water into a large transparent tube through which water is flowing. And
from the feature of streaming this dye fluid , Reynold give a number can be
considered as a boundary between flow faces , this number is a function of , flow
velocity , fluid density , pipe diameter , and fluid viscosity , where ;
R= f (V , ρ , υ (or μ ) , D ) …………………….. (1)
and then , R= VDρ/μ or R = VD/υ ;
R= Reynolds No.,
μ = dynamic viscosity ,
υ = kinematic viscosity .
See Figure(1) , below for Reynold”s experiments ;
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 2 of 21
Fig.(1) : Experiments shows the flow state as demonstrated by Reynolds
Reynolds Flow
Observations (dye)
Number, Re Classification
<2000 Laminar Flow
2000 - 4000 Transitional
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 3 of 21
Transitional/
Turbulent
> 4000 Turbulent
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 4 of 21
2-Viscous (Real) Flow in Conduits ,Head Loss in Pipes from Friction
( Major Losses)
The head loss between two points in a circular pipe carrying a fluid under pressure
ΔP
can be found by ; hf=
γ
Where: ∆p = p1 − p2 , and can be measured by using piezometer tubes.
The velocity of the flow can be found by using a Pitot tube. The reading of the
Pitot tube is the total head = pressure head + velocity head
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 5 of 21
The total “ friction head loss “ (hL) , can be calculated using “ Darcy Equation” by
well estimating of “ friction factor , f “ ; where :-
Also the “ friction head loss“ (hL) , can be calculated by using Hazen William
Equation , where ;
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 6 of 21
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 7 of 21
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 8 of 21
3-Head Loss versus Discharge
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 9 of 21
The friction factor of “Darcy Equation” can be estimated , using “ Moody Diagram”
as shown in Fig.(2) , below ;
Fig.(2): Friction Factor estimation as presented by Moody
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 10 of 21
4-Method to Determine Darcy-Weisbach friction factor ( f )
PIPE FLOWS
Laminar (R < 2,000) Turbulent (R > 4,000)
f = 64/R
Smooth Transitional Wholly Rough
(δv > e) (0.071e ≤ δv ≤ e) (δv < 0.071e)
Turbulent (Smooth):
1 R√f
Prandtle ……….. = 2 log ( ) for R > 4000
√f 2.51
0.316
Blasisus ……….. f = for 3000 < R < 100000
R0.25
Turbulent ( Transitional) :
e
1 D 2.51
Colebrook …….. = -2 log [ + ]
√f 3.7 R√f
Turbulent ( Wholly Rough ):
1 3.7
Von- Karamen … = 2 log ( e )
√f D
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 11 of 21
5-Minor Losses in Pipe
Losses caused by fittings, bends, valves, enlargement , contraction .
Losses are proportional to – velocity of flow, geometry of device , where;
hL= K (V2/2g)
The value of K is typically provided for various devices , where , K is a loss
factor - has no units (dimensionless) .
The following variation in design and installation devices in pipe systems which
cause “ minor losses “ :-
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 12 of 21
• Sudden enlargement :
Energy lost is because of turbulence. Amount of turbulence depends on the
differences in pipe diameters . The values of K have been experimentally
determined and provided in Fig.(3) , below .
Fig.(3): Loss Factor for Sudden Enlargement
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 13 of 21
• Gradual Enlargement :
If the enlargement is gradual , the energy losses are less. The loss again depends on
the ratio of the pipe diameters and the angle of enlargement.
hL= K (V12/2g)
K can be determined from Fig.(4) , Below ;
Fig.(4): Loss Factor for Gradual Enlargement
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 14 of 21
Notes ;
• If angle increases (in pipe enlargement) – minor losses increase
• If angle decreases – minor losses decrease, but you also need a longer pipe to
make the transition – that means more FRICTION losses - therefore there is a
tradeoff and minimum loss including minor and friction losses occur for angle of 7
degrees .
• Exit Loss :
• Case of where pipe enters a tank – a very large enlargement ,
• The tank water is assumed to be stationery, that is, the velocity is zero.
• Therefore all kinetic energy in pipe is dissipated .
hL= 1.0 (V12/2g)
where K=1 for this case of exit .
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 15 of 21
• Sudden Contraction :
Decrease in pipe diameter ;
Loss is given by :-
hL= K (V22/2g)
Note that the loss is related to the velocity in the second (smaller) pipe . The loss is
associated with the contraction of flow and turbulence at the change of diameter
and vena contracta ,which is formed at the beginning of the smaller diameter . See
fig.(10.8) , below .
The section at which the flow is the narrowest is called Vena Contracta , at vena
contracta, the velocity is maximum .
K can be computed based on diameter ratio and velocity of flow using Fig.(5)
below. Note that the energy losses for sudden contraction are less than those for
sudden enlargement .
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 16 of 21
Fig.(5): Loss Factor for Sudden Contraction
• Gradual Contraction:
Again a gradual contraction will lower the energy loss (as opposed to sudden
contraction). θ is called the cone angle.
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 17 of 21
hL= K (V22/2g)
K is given by Fig.(6) , below , Note that K values increase for very small angles
(less than 15 degrees) .
Fig.(6): Loss Factor for Gradual Contraction
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 18 of 21
• Entrance Losses :
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 19 of 21
• Resistance Coefficient for Valves and Fittings :
The minor losses resulting when using any fittings (such as valve , elbow , bend ,
etc. ) can be computed by :-
hL= K (V 2/2g)
Where “ K “ is computed by using a so called “ Equivalent Length “ as :-
Le
K= fT
D
Le = equivalent length (length of pipe with same resistance as the fitting/valve) ,
fT = friction factor .
The equivalent ratio (Le/D) for various valves/fittings , and “fT” for new steel
pipe can be computed using Tables below ;
For OLD pipes however, fT cannot be computed by this table. You have to use the
procedure we used for Moody’s diagram :-
• Get “ε” for the pipe type from Table(3.8) ,
• Determine “D/ ε” for the pipe ,
• Then use the Moody diagram to determine the value of “fT” , for the zone of
complete turbulence .
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 20 of 21
Created by Simpo PDF Creator Pro (unregistered version)
http://www.simpopdf.com
Lect.No.8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Jaafar S. Maatooq
2nd Semester Flow Dynamics in Closed Conduit (Pipe Flow) 21 of 21
