The Handbook of Morphology

Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics

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Edited by Andrew Spencer and Arnold Zwicky

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The Handbook of
Morphology

Edited by

Andrew Spencer and

Arnold M. Zwicky
Copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1998

First published 1998

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A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the

British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Handbook of morphology / edited by Andrew Spencer and
Arnold M. Zwicky.
p. cm. — (Blackwell handbooks in linguistics)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–631–18544–5 (alk. paper)
1. Grammar, Comparative and general—Morphology—Handbooks,
manuals, etc. I. Spencer, Andrew. II. Zwicky, Arnold M.
III. Series.
P241.H36 1998
415— dc21 97–11770
CIP

Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Palatino
by Graphicraft Typesetters Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed in Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall

This book is printed on acid-free paper

Contents

List of Contributors viii

List of Abbreviations xii
Introduction 1
Andrew Spencer and Arnold M. Zwicky

Part I The Phenomena 11

1 Inflection 13
Gregory T. Stump
2 Derivation 44
Robert Beard
3 Compounding 66
Nigel Fabb
4 Incorporation 84
Donna B. Gerdts
5 Clitics 101
Aaron L. Halpern
6 Morphophonological Operations 123
Andrew Spencer
7 Phonological Constraints on Morphological Rules 144
Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy

Part II Morphology and Grammar 149

8 Morphology and Syntax 151
Hagit Borer
9 Morphology and Agreement 191
Greville G. Corbett
10 Morphology and Argument Structure 206
Louisa Sadler and Andrew Spencer
vi Contents

11 Morphology and the Lexicon: Lexicalization and Productivity 237

Mark Aronoff and Frank Anshen
12 Morphology and Lexical Semantics 248
Beth Levin and Malka Rappaport Hovav
13 Morphology and Pragmatics 272
Ferenc Kiefer

Part III Theoretical Issues 281

14 Prosodic Morphology 283
John J. McCarthy and Alan S. Prince
15 Word Syntax 306
Jindřich Toman
16 Paradigmatic Structure: Inflectional Paradigms and
Morphological Classes 322
Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy
17 Morphology as Component or Module:
Mapping Principle Approaches 335
Richard Sproat

Part IV Morphology in a Wider Setting 349

18 Diachronic Morphology 351
Brian D. Joseph
19 Morphology in Language Acquisition 374
Eve V. Clark
20 Morphology and Aphasia 390
William Badecker and Alfonso Caramazza
21 Morphology in Word Recognition 406
James M. McQueen and Anne Cutler
22 Morphology in Language Production with
Special Reference to Connectionism 428
Joseph Paul Stemberger

Part V Morphological Sketches of Individual Languages 453

23 Archi (Caucasian – Daghestanian) 455
Aleksandr E. Kibrik
24 Celtic (Indo-European) 477
James Fife and Gareth King
25 Chichewa (Bantu) 500
Sam A. Mchombo
26 Chukchee (Paleo-Siberian) 521
Irina A. Muravyova
27 Hua (Papuan) 539
John Haiman
 Contents vii

28 Malagasy (Austronesian) 563

Edward L. Keenan and Maria Polinsky
29 Qafar (East Cushitic) 624
Richard J. Hayward
30 Slave (Northern Athapaskan) 648
Keren Rice
31 Wari’ (Amazonian) 690
Daniel L. Everett
32 Warumungu (Australian – Pama-Nyungan) 707
Jane Simpson

References 737
Language Index 791
Subject Index 810
Contributors

Frank Anshen
Department of Linguistics
State University of New York at Stony Brook

Mark Aronoff
Department of Linguistics
State University of New York at Stony Brook

William Badecker
Department of Cognitive Science
The Johns Hopkins University

Robert Beard
Department of Modern Languages, Literatures and Linguistics
Bucknell University

Hagit Borer
Department of Linguistics
University of Southern California

Alfonso Caramazza
Department of Psychology
Harvard University

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy
Department of English
University of Canterbury
New Zealand

Eve V. Clark
Department of Linguistics
Stanford University
 List of Contributors ix

Greville G. Corbett
Department of Linguistic and International Studies
University of Surrey
Anne Cutler
Max Planck Institute
Nijmegen
Daniel L. Everett
Department of General Linguistics
University of Pittsburgh
Nigel Fabb
Department of English Studies
University of Strathclyde
James Fife
Donna B. Gerdts
Department of Linguistics
Simon Fraser University
British Columbia
John Haiman
Macalester College
St Paul, Minnesota
Aaron L. Halpern
Los Alamos National Laboratory/Santa Fe Institute
Richard J. Hayward
Africa Department
School of Oriental and African Studies
University of London
Brian D. Joseph
Department of Linguistics
Ohio State University
Edward L. Keenan
Department of Linguistics
University of Southern California
Aleksandr E. Kibrik
Philology Faculty
Moscow State University
Ferenc Kiefer
Linguistics Institute
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Gareth King
x List of Contributors

Beth Levin
Department of Linguistics
Northwestern University
John J. McCarthy
Department of Linguistics
University of Massachusetts
James M. McQueen
Max Planck Institute
Nijmegen
Sam A. Mchombo
Department of Linguistics
University of California at Berkeley
Irina A. Muravyova
Faculty of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics
Russian State University for the Humanities
Maria Polinsky
Department of Linguistics
University of California at San Diego
Alan S. Prince
Department of Linguistics
Rutgers University
Malka Rappaport Hovav
Department of English
Bar Ilan University
Keren Rice
Department of Linguistics
University of Toronto
Louisa Sadler
Department of Language and Linguistics
University of Essex
Jane Simpson
Department of Linguistics
University of Sydney
Andrew Spencer
Department of Language and Linguistics
University of Essex
Richard Sproat
Linguistics Research Department
AT&T Bell Laboratories
 List of Contributors xi

Joseph Paul Stemberger

Department of Communication Disorders
University of Minnesota
Gregory T. Stump
Department of English
University of Kentucky
Jindrich
ˇ Toman
Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures
University of Michigan
Arnold M. Zwicky
Department of Linguistics
Ohio State University and Stanford University
Abbreviations

1σ monosyllabic
2D second daughter
2P second position (clitic)
2σ disyllabic
2W second word (clitic)
A adjective
AAM Augmented Addressed Morphology
ABL, abl. ablative
ABS, abs. absolutive
ACC, acc. accusative
act. active
ADJ, adj. adjective
AFF affix
AFFPRT affirmative particle
AG agreement marker
Agr agreement
AgrP Agreement Phrase
ALL, all. allative
AOR, aor. aorist
appl. applicative
arg. argument
art. article
ASL American Sign Language
asp. aspect
assoc. associative
ATR Advanced Tongue Root
AUGM augmentative
AUX, aux. auxiliary
ben. Benefactive
Bg. Bulgarian
 List of Abbreviations xiii

C consonant
C, COMP complementizer
CAUS, caus. causative
circ. circumstantial
cit. citation
CL classifier
cl clitic
cond. conditional
CONN, cn. connective, connector
CP complementizer phrase
CSLI Center for the Study of Language and Information (Stanford)
Cz. Czech
D determiner
DAT, dat. dative
DEF definite
dem. demonstrative
det. determiner
DIM diminutive
DIST distributive
DM Distributed Morphology
DO direct object
DP Determiner Phrase
DR default rule
DS ‘different subject’ (switch reference)
du. dual
DUR durative
ECP Empty Category Principle
emph. emphatic
EP European Portuguese
ERG, erg. ergative
ex. external (argument)
excl. exclusive
F., FEM, fem. feminine
foc. focus
Fr. French
Ft foot
FUT, fut. future
FV, fv final vowel
GB Government and Binding (theory)
GEN, gen. genitive
GF grammatical function
Gr. Greek
H heavy (syllable), high (tone)
hab. habitual
HMC Head Movement Constraint
xiv List of Abbreviations

HPSG Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

IA Item-and-Arrangement
IC intrinsic classification, Inherent Classification
IMPER, imper. imperative
IMP(F), impf. imperfect
INC incorporated
inc. (generalized) incorporation
INCH, inch. inchoative
incl. inclusive
indef. indefinite
INDIC, indic. indicative
INF infinitive
INFL, infl. ‘Inflection’ node (Government Binding theory)
INST Instrumental
int. internal (argument)
inter. interrogative
INTPRT interrogative particle
intr. intransitive
IO indirect object
IP Infl. phrase (Government Binding theory)
IP Item-and-Process
irr. irrealis
L light (syllable), low (tone)
lcs Lexical Conceptual Structure
LF Logical Form
LIH Lexical Integrity Hypothesis
LMT Lexical Mapping Theory
LOC, loc. locative
LRS lexical relational structure
m., MASC, masc. masculine
m/frp/p masculine/feminine realis past/present
max maximal (projection)
med. medial
MinWd minimal word
MS Morphological Structure (Distributed Morphology)
n. neuter
N, n. noun
n.s. noun suffix
NEG, neg. negation
NEGPRT negative particle
NEUT, neut. neuter
NHG New High German
NM Natural Morphology
nm. nominal
NOM, nom. nominative, nominalization, nominalizer
 List of Abbreviations xv

NP noun phrase
nrp/p neuter realis past present
NUM number
OBJ object
OBL oblique
OFr. Old French
OHG Old High German
OM object marker
P preposition
Pa. Pashto
p.c. personal communication
pas Predicate Argument Structure
PASS, pass. passive
PER person
perf. perfect
PF Phonological (Phonetic) Form (Government Binding theory)
PIE proto-Indo-European
PL, pl. plural
pos. possessor, possessive
POSS, poss. possessor, possessive
PPT Principles and Parameters Theory
pred. predicate
PREP, prep. prepositional (case)
PRES, pres. present
PRO, pro. pronoun
prog. progressive
prox. proximal
PRT, prtc. particle
PrWd prosodic word
psc paradigm structure condition
p.t. potential topic
punct. punctual
Q question (interrogative element)
QR Quantifier Raising
recip. reciprocal
Red. Reduplication
redup. reduplicated
REFL, reflex. reflexive
REL, rel. relative
rem. remote
rev. reversative
rf realis future
RHR Right-hand Head Rule
rp/p realis past/present
S subject
xvi List of Abbreviations

SCr. Serbo-Croat
sec. asp. secondary aspect
SG, sg. singular
sgt. singulative
SLI Specific Language Impairment
SM subject marker
SOV Subject–Object–Verb (word order)
Sp. Spanish
SPE The Sound Pattern of English (Chomsky and Halle, 1968)
Spec Specifier
SS ‘same subject’ (switch reference)
SS S-structure (Government Binding theory)
STAT, stat. stative
SUB, sub. subject
SUBJ subject, subjunctive
subjun. subjunctive
subord. subordinator
SUFF suffix
TNS, tns tense
TP Tense Phrase
tr., trans. transitive
UAH Universal Alignment Hypothesis
UG Universal Grammar
UTAH Uniform Theta Assignment Hypothesis
V vowel, verb
V2 verb second
vic verbal inflectional clitic
VOS Verb–Object–Subject (word order)
VP verb phrase
VR verb root/radical
WF West Flemish, Word Formation
WL Wackernagel’s Law
Y/N Yes/No (question)